भारतका पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू ४ (Under construction)
भारतका
पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू ४
;ª\sng tyf n]vg
lbg]z kf}8]n
O6x/L
स्थानसूची–४
!= sf;uGh
@= z]vf kIfL ceof/0o
#= s'rlaxf/
$=
Ujflno/
%= xl:tgfk'/
^= s'?If]q
&= cd[t;/
*= j}i0ff]b]jL
(=
/fok'/
!)= /fp/s]nf
!!= tLy{wfd dª\unfotg
!= sf;uGh
sf;uGh ef/t pQ/ k|b]z
/fHosf] &! cf}F lhNnf xf] . lhNnfsf] gu/ sf;uGh Ps nf]slk|o gu/sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5
. ;'?df of] æsfF;Æsf] Ps hª\undf :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] . d'un / la|l6; sfndf sf;uGhnfO{
ætgoÆ of ævf;uGhÆ klg elgGYof] . sf;uGh clnu9Þ d08nsf] clwsf/If]qdf kb{5 . of]
lhNnf @))* df P6f lhNnfnfO{ ljeflht u/]/ o;nfO{ agfOPsf] xf] . ;'?df o;sf] gfd
sfFzL/fd gu/ /flvPsf] lyof] . kl5 gfd abn]/ sf;uGh agfOof] . lhNnfsf nf]slk|o
If]q gb/O{, ;f]/f]F, kl6ofnL cflb x'g\ . clnu9Þ d08nsf rf/ lhNnfx¿dWo] sf;uGh
gjlgld{t lhNnf xf] . sf;uGhdf tLg txl;n sf;uGh, ;xfj/ / kl6ofnL k5{g\ .
sfnL gbLsf] lsgf/df l:yt
of] ;x/ lxdfno kxf8sf] km]baf6 glhs} 5 . of] uª\uf / od'gf gbLx¿sf aLrsf] If]qsf
;a}eGbf a9L pj{/ If]qx¿dWo] Ps e"ld xf] . cf;kf;sf ufpFx¿sf] 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof
s[lif / ;DalGwt cfly{s ultljlwx¿df lge{/ ub{5 . sf;uGh lhNnfsf] If]qkmn !((#=)* ju{ lsdL 5 . oxfF
&!% ufpF tyf sf;uGh, ;xfj/, kl6ofnL, cdfDk'/, ;f]/f]F, l;9k'/f, uGh 8'G8jf/f
u/L ;ft ljsf; v08 5g\ .
lhNnf d'Vofno sf;uGh u|fG8
6«ª\s -hL6L_ ;8Þs;Fu /fd|/L hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;fy} of] 6'G8nf hª\S;g -lbNnL–xfj8Þf
d'Vo nfOgdf_ sf] ;fydf pQ/–k"jL{ /]nj];Fu klg hf]l8Psf] 5 . sf;uGh lhNnfsf]
k"j{df km?vfafb, klZrddf clnu9Þ, pQ/ / blIf0fdf P6f lhNnf k5{g\ .
sf;uGh lhNnfsf] ;sn lhNnf
3/]n' pTkfbsTj w]/} xb;Dd s[lif / kz'kfng, jg, kl/jxg, vgg / pTvgg / ljlgdf{0f PsfOx¿dfly
lge{/ 5 .
of] lhNnf /fHosf] klZrdL
efudf l:yt 5 . of] uª\uf / od'gf gbLsf] d}bfgL efudf pQ/–k"j{tkm{ uª\uf
gbLn] 3]l/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ uª\ufn] abfo'F lhNnfaf6 cnu ub{5 . lhNnfsf] hn lgsf;L
Joj:yf uª\uf gbL / o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿ sfnL / a"9Luª\uf gbLåf/f lgolGqt 5 .
sfnL gbL afx}| dlxgf axG5 t/ a"9Luª\uf gbL cNksflns 5 .
Oltxf; / o;;Fu hf]l8Psf la/f;tsf]
s'/f ug{] xf] eg] hgkb sf;uGh Ps ljz]if dxŒjsf] 5 . sf;uGhsf] Oltxf; j}lbssfnb]lv
g} k|efljt 5 . hgkbdf cg]sf}F k|frLg la/f;t / k'/ftflTTjs :yn cfh klg 5g\ h'gn]
o; lhNnfsf] ;d[l4zfnL Oltxf; 5 eGg] k|df0f k|:t't ub{5g\ . hgkb sf;uGhsf k|d'v
k|frLg tyf kf}/fl0fs :ynx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf; o;k|sf/ 5–
!= hv]/f k'/ftflTTjs :yn M
ef/tLo k'/ftTTj ;j]{If0f ljefusf cg';f/ hv]/f ef/tsf k|d'v k'/ftflTTjs :ynx¿sf]
;"rLdf k5{ . ;g\ !*^) b]lv !*&) sf aLr ljZjsf k|Voft k'/ftTTjj]Qf cn]Sh]G8/
slgª\3dn] hv]/f k'/ftflTTjs :ynsf] klxnf] k6s pTvgg u/] . o;kl5 ;g\ !(&$ b]lv
!(*& aLr clnu9Þ d'l:nd o'lgel;{6Ln] oxfF tLg r/0fdf pTvgg u/fof] .
t];|f] r/0fdf clnu9Þ d'l:nd
o'lgel;{6Lsf k'/ftTTjj]Qf Pd=8L=Pg= ;fxLn] hv]/f k'/ftflTTjs :ynnfO{ lnP/ ;a}eGbf
Jofks cg';Gwfg u/] . cjz]ifsf] ¿kdf oxfFaf6 x8\8L, kmnfd, tfdf, df]tL, ;'gsf
tf/, cfe"if0f, sfOFof], kSsL e'OF, kSsL 3/, u|fe]n, r'gf n]k, kf]:6 xf]n,
xFl;ofsf ;fy} df6fsf kf]lnPsf / lrlqt jt{g k|fKt eP . hv]/f k'/ftflTTjs :ynaf6 t[tLo
;+:s[lt cyf{t\ Ps xhÞf/ O;fk"j{sf lrlqt w";/ d[bef08 ;+:s[ltsf]
k|df0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ pQ/sfn Pjd\ pQ/j}lbssfn elgG5 . o;nfO{ dxfef/tsf]
;dsfn klg dflgPsf] 5 . o; :yfgnfO{ s';ssf] gfdaf6 hflgGYof] . hv]/f k'/ftflTTjs
:ynaf6 pTvggsf] qmddf e]l6Psf cjz]ifx¿af6 s] s'/f k|:6 eof] eg] oxfF To;a]nf uª\uf
pkTosfsf] Ps cToGt cfw'lgs cfjf;Lo sf]nf]gL lyof] .
@= gb/O{sf] 306f M gb/O{df l:yt ljzfn 306fn] k|yd Pª\Unf]–adf{
o'4sf] :d/0f u/fpFb5 . of] 306f adf{dfly k|fKt hLtsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|tLs
dflgG5 . la|l6;n] cfdL{n] sf;uGhsf n8Þfs' eLd;]gnfO{ Ps 6's8ÞLsf] sdfG8/ agfP/ ;g\
!*@$ df adf{df xdnfsf nflu k7fPsf] lyof] . o'4df ck|Toflzt hLtaf6 la|l6; cfdL{
sdfG8/ eLd;]gsf] axfb'/L / k/fqmdaf6 cToGt k|efljt eP . adf{df k|fKt o; hLtkl5 la|l6;
cfdL{n] eLd;]gnfO{ 7"nf] k'/:sf/ lbg] 3f]if0ff u/], clg adf{af6 NofPsf] of]
ljzfn 306f Ogfd:j¿k pgnfO{ pkxf/ lbP . eLd;]gn] To;nfO{ sf;uGhl:yt gb/O{
ufpFsf] Ps dlGb/df :yflkt u/] .
#= gb/O{ PSjf8S6 M ;g\ !**( df ag]/ tof/ gb/O{ PSjf8S6 OlGhlgol/ª
tyf ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf cb\e't gd'gf xf] . of] PSjf8S6d'lgaf6 sfnL gbL / dflyaf6 nf]c/
uª\uf gx/ hfG5 .
$= uf8{g/ xfp; tyf uf8{g/sf] dsa/f M
c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf Oª\UNofG8af6 ef/t cfPsf sg{n ljlnod lnlgc; uf8{g/n] sf;uGhsf] ;dLkjtL{
u|fd 5fpgLdf Ps cZj–/]lhd]G6sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . o; qmddf sg{n uf8{g/ cfkm\gf]
k"/f kl/jf/sf ;fy sf;uGhsf] o;} 5fpgL ufpFdf a:y] . uf8{g/ kl/jf/sf d[t
k"j{hx¿sf lrxfg cfh klg o; ufpFdf 5Fb} 5g\ . of] :yfg ef/tLo k'/ftTTj
;j]{If0f ljefuåf/f ;+/lIft 5 .
%= lsNnf zª\s/u9 M zª\s/u9sf]
lsNnfsf] lgdf{0f /fhf zª\s/ l;+xhLn] ;g\ !*^* df u/fPsf x'g\ . of] OG8f]–/fhk"tfgf
jf:t'snfsf] Ps pTs[i6 pbfx/0f xf] . o;df Ps eJo ljzfn k"j{d'vL åf/ / gf}
a'hf{ 5g\ . /fhf ;fx]an] o;sf] blIf0fk"j{ a'hf{df Ps u'Dah cfsf/sf] lzj dlGb/
agfpg nufPsf lyP o;nfO{ zª\s/]Zj/ dxfb]j gfdaf6 hflgG5 . o;sf] pQ/–k"j{
a'hf{df ;}ob afafsf] Pp6f dhf/ 5 . o;n] uª\uf–hd'gL ;+:s[ltsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't
ub{5 . kfl/jfl/s lgjf;sf nflu Ps eJo dxn, sf]7L, zfxL ef]hg sIf, sf]7f/, srx/L,
efG;f3/, xfQLx¿sf nflu l5nvfgf / 3f]8Þf /fVgsf nflu ta]nf lsNnfleqsf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{
ejg lyP . zfxL kl/jf/sf ;b:o o; lsNnfdf a:t5g\ / o;sf] x]/rfx klg ub{5g\\ . o;
lsNnfdf cfh klg ;of}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf k'/fjz]if ;+/lIft 5g\ .
^= z]/gfy dlGb/ M sf;uGhsf] /]nj] /f]8df l:yt eujfg\ lzjdf
;dlk{t Ps k|frLg lzj dlGb/ 5 . of] jt{dfgdf gfy ;Dk|bfosf] x]/rfxdf 5 .
&= kf/gf d7 M sf;uGhsf] cfjf; ljsf; sf]nf]gLdf l:yt Ps clt
k|frLg kf/gf d7 dlGb/ eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t 5 . ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf lgld{t o; dlGb/d'lg
;'?ª / txvfgf 5 eg]/ syf–sxfgL elgG5 .
*= dfF rfd'08f b]jL dlGb/ M ;g\ !()! lt/ kLknsf] h/faf6
dfF rfd'08fsf] lju|xsf] k|fs6\o ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nfb]lv cfh;Dd of] dlGb/
cf:yfsf] Ps 7"nf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 . k|ltlbg c;ª\Vo >4fn' oxfF bz{g /
dgf]/y k"lt{sf nflu cfpFb5g\ .
(= e"t]Zj/ dlGb/ M sf;uGhdf eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t Ps k|frLg lzj dlGb/
5 . e"t]Zj/ lzj dlGb/ oxL xf] .
!)= zLtnf dftf dlGb/ M sf;uGhsf] ;f]/f]F u]6df l:yt Ps clt k|frLg dlGb/
5 / Tof] dfF zLtnfdf ;dlk{t 5 .
!!= k|e' kfs{ M sf;uGhsf] ;a}eGbf k|l;4 kfs{ xf] k|e' kfs{ .
of] cfdhgtfsf] dgf]/~hgsf] Ps 7"nf] s]Gb| xf] . o;cltl/Qm o; kl/;/df dlGb/x¿sf]
7"nf] z[ª\vnf klg 5, ltgdf nIdLgf/fo0f, ;"o{b]j, dgsfd]Zj/, dfF b'uf{,
dfF sfnL, dfF ;Gtf]ifL, zlgb]j, gju[x, >Lu0f]z / afnfhL dlGb/ klg 5g\ .
P]ltxfl;s hfgsf/x¿sf cg';f/ ;of}F+ jif{ k"j{ oxfF Ps ljzfn ;/f]j/ lyof] .
!@= ;Ltf/fd dlGb/ M ;f]/f]FhLsf]
;Ltf/fd dlGb/ Pp6f cUnf] l9:sfdf lsNnfem}F cfs[ltdf 5 . o; l9:sfn] k|frLg sfnsf
ljleGg ;+:s[ltx¿ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; dlGb/sf] xfnsf] ;+/rgf Psbd 7"nf] k|frLg dlGb/sf]
9fFrfsf] ar]v'r]sf] Ps lx:;f xf] . o;sf] Ps 7"nf] lx:;f d'VotM ue{u[x jf
cGt/fnf lyof], Tof] klxNo} gi6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfn /x]sf] dlGb/ d08kdf Jojl:yt 5
. o;} d08kdf ;ª\uLt–;fwgf x'g]uYof{] .
clxn] /x]sf] 9fFrfsf]
k'/ftflTTjs Pjd\ :yfkTosf] cWoogaf6 s] ljlbt x'G5 eg] dlGb/sf] jt{dfg 9fFrf b;f}F
jf P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf lgld{t xf] . of] dlGb/ Ps pRr clw:yfgdf lgld{t 5 . jt{dfg
9fFrf Ps d08kdf lgld{t 5 . o;sf rf/} lbzfdf lgsf; åf/ agfOPsf] lyof] . dlGb/sf]
cfGtl/s Pjd\ afXo cfj/0f ax't} pTs[i6 gSsf;Laf6 ;'zf]let 5 . h]–hlt gSsf;L cfh
ar]/ ljBdfg 5g\, ltgn] eujfg\ lji0f'sf ljleGg cjtf/x¿sf] cleJoQm ub{5g\ .
rfn'So / ;f]nª\sL–j+zLo
g[kltx¿sf hL0f{ cjz]if b'u{, sf]Nn's a|fXd0fx¿åf/f hL0ff]{4fl/t >L ;Ltf/fd dlGb/,
;ª\uLtzf:qsf cfrfo{ tyf /fu/flugLx¿sf k|jt{s :jfdL >L xl/x/bf;hLsf] ;dflw
:yn÷;fwgf–:ynL Pjd\ >L t'n;Lbf;hL / :jfdL gGbbf;hLsf] ;ª\uLt lzIff:ynL 5 .
ls+jbGtL s] 5 eg] eujfg\ >L/fd / dftf ;Ltfn] ;"s/ If]q tLy{ofqfsf] l;lN;nfdf
o; :yfgdf k|jf; ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ch{'gsf k|kf}q /fhf hgd]hon] o; :yfgdf Ps
ljzfn o1sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP .
!#= a6's e}/jgfy dlGb/ M ;f]/f]FhLsf] a6's e}/jgfy dlGb/ Ps
kf}/fl0fs :yfg xf] . sfnfGt/df of] tGq;fwgfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s]Gb| lyof] .
o; dlGb/ kl/;/df u[4j6 gfdsf] Ps ;Too'uLg j}lbs j[If cfh klg 5Fb} 5 . a6's e}/j
/ u[4j6sf cltl/Qm oxfF cflbzª\s/frfo{åf/f :yflkt >LoGq / >L b'uf{sf !)*
l;4kL7x¿dWo] Ps >LhofhL kL7 klg l:yt 5 . ;f]/f]FhLsf] hofb]jL l;4kL7
>Lb'uf{i6f]Q/ztgfd:tf]qsf cg';f/ cf7f}F+ v08df ;Gble{t 5 . >Ldb\b]jLefujt,
:sGbdxfk'/f0f / dT:odxfk'/f0fsf] t]O;f}F v08df ;Gble{t 5g\ . :sGbdxfk'/f0fsf
cg';f/ hofb]jLnfO{ ;"s/If]qsL dxfzlQmsf] ¿kdf jl0f{t ul/Psf] 5 . k'/f0fx¿df
of] :yfg u[4j6tLy{ zfsf]6stLy{ / cflbTotLy{sf] gfdaf6 ljVoft 5 .
!$= euL/y / slknd'lgsf] u'kmf M j}ofs/0f e"if0fkl08t
bz/y zf:qLsf] k':ts ;"s/If]q–dfxfTDod\sf cg';f/ /fhf euL/yn] cfkm\gf
k"j{hx¿sf] p4f/sf nflu a|fXd0fx¿sf] cf1f kfO{ ;f]/f]FhLsf] glhs} o; :yfgdf
tk:of u/]sf lyP . of] :yfg cfh euL/ysf] u'kmf gfdaf6 ljVoft 5 . /fhf euL/ysf]
tkf]:ynLeGbf klxn] of] u'kmf slkn d'lgs]f pxL kftfnnf]s lyof] hxfF OGb|sf] 5naf6
c1ft slkn d'lgn] s'lkt eP/ /fhf ;u/sf ;f7L xhf/ k'qx¿nfO{ qmf]wflUgaf6 e:d ul/lbPsf
lyP . s] elgG5 eg] k[YjLdf uª\uf Nofpg] euL/ysf] ;ª\sNk o;} :yfg;Dd lyof] . oxfFeGbf
cufl8 uª\ufn] cfkm\gf] dfu{ :jtM agfpFb} cufl8tkm{ a9Þb} uof] . uª\ufnfO{ k[YjLdf
Nofpgsf nflu euL/yn] ef/tjif{sf ljleGg :yfgx¿df tk u/]sf lyP . ltgLx¿dWo] ;f]/f]FhL
z"s/If]qsf] o; kf}/fl0fs u'kmfsf] gfd k|d'vtfsf ;fy cfpFb5 . o; u'kmfsf] l9:sfdf
uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;hLsf u'? >L g[l;+xsf] ;dflw:yn klg 5 .
!%= jgv08]Zj/ dxfb]j M of] ;f]/f]FhL k~rsf]zL kl/qmdf dfu{df euL/y
u'kmfcufl8 l:yt Ps k|frLg dlGb/ xf], hf] eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t 5 .
!^= xl/kbL cflbuª\uf M kf}/fl0fs cg'>'ltx¿sf cg';f/ ;f]/f]FhL
;"s/ If]qdf q]tfo'udf efuL/yL uª\uf
cjt/0f x'g'eGbf klxn] ;Too'udf klg oxfF xl/kbL cflbuª\uf ljBdfg lyof] .
of] pxL kljq :yfg xf], hxfF eujfg\ lji0f'n] >Lj/fx¿k wf/0f ug'{eof], tyf
b}To lx/0ofIfsf] jw u/]/ e"b]jL k[YjLsf] p4f/ ug'{eof] . clg o; :yfgdf k[YjLsf]
k'g:yf{kgf ug'{eof] . xl/kbLdf d[t k"j{hsf cl:y lj;lh{t ug{] ljwfg 5 .
xl/kbLdf lj;lh{t ul/Psf cl:yn] &@ 306fd} /]0f'¿k wf/0f ub{5g\ . k|To]s
cdfj:of, ;f]djtL cdfj:of, k"l0f{df, /fdgjdL, df]Ifbf PsfbzL cflb k|d'v
wfld{s kj{ / cj;/x¿df b]ze/sf c;ª\Vo tLy{ofqL >4fn' / sfFj/x¿ xl/kbLdf :gfg ug{sf
nflu cfpFb5g\ .
!&= >Lj/fx dlGb/ M eujfg\ >Llji0f'sf] t[tLo
cjtf/ eujfg\ >Lj/fxdf ;dlk{t Ps k|frLg dlGb/ xl/kbL cflbuª\ufsf] lsgf/df
l:yt 5 . k'/f0fx¿sf cg';f/ of] :yfg
>Lj/fxtLy{, rqmtLy{ jf lj>fdtLy{sf] gfdaf6 klg ljVoft 5 . o; dlGb/sf]
k'glg{df{0f g]kfnsf] /fhkl/jf/;Fu ;DalGwt JolStx¿n] c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf u/fPsf lyP
.
!*= >L;"o{s'08 M ;[li6sf ;a}eGbf kf}/fl0fs
:yfgx¿dWo] Ps ;"o{s'08 eujfg\ ;"o{sf] tkf]:ynL xf], hxfF ;Gtfg k|flKtsf
nflu ;"o{n] xhf/f}F jif{;Dd tk u/]sf lyP . o;} :yfgdf ;"o{nfO{ ;Gtfgsf]
¿kdf j}j:jt dg' tyf od / od'gf k|fKt eP . o;} :yfgdf ;"o{j+zsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
xf . >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fsf cg';f/ of] :yfg j}j:jt dg'sf] /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf jl0f{t
5 . k'/f0fx¿df of] :yfg alx{:dtLk'/L j}j:jttLy{ / ;"o{tLy{sf] gfdn] klg hflgG5
.
!(= b"w]Zj/ dlGb/ M oxfF rGb|dfn] zfkaf6 d'lQm
k|fKt ug{sf nflu xhf/f}{F jif{;Dd tk u/] . k'/f0fx¿df of] :yfg ;f]dtLy{sf] gfdaf6
ljVoft 5 .
@)= of]u]Zj/ dlGb/ M ;f]/f]Fdf of]udfu{df
ag]sf] of]u]Zj/ dlGb/ clt k|frLg dflgG5 . of] ;fwsx¿sf nflu eujfg\ lzj kl/jf/ /
xg'dfghLsf] pkf;gfsf] k|d'v s]Gb| xf] . k'/f0fx¿df o; :yfgnfO{ of]utLy{sf] gfdaf6
hflgPsf] 5 .
@!= /3'gfyhL dlGb/ M xl/kbL cflbuª\ufsf] lsgf/df l:yt of] eujfg\
>L/fddf ;dlk{t Ps clt k|frLg dlGb/ xf] . o;sf] k'glg{df0f hok'/ /fhkl/jf/åf/f
u/fOPsf] xf] .
@@= ;f]d]Zj/ dlGb/ M ;f]d]Zj/ dlGb/ xl/kbL cflbuª\ufsf] lsgf/df
l:yt eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t Ps clt k|frLg dlGb/ xf] .
@#= åfl/sfwLz dlGb/ M ;f]/f]FhLsf] d'Vo ahÞf/df l:yt åfl/sfwLz
dlGb/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0fdf ;dlk{t Ps k|frLg dlGb/ xf] .
@$= d]xtf k':tsfno / ;+:s[t kf7zfnf M ;f]/f]FhLsf] Ps ;'ljVoft
k':tsfno hxfF ;+:s[t kf7zfnf klg 5, ;g\ !(@! df P6fsf tTsfnLg sn]S6/ Pg=;L=
d]xtfn] jt{dfg hgkb sf;uGhdf d]xtf k':tsfnosf] gfdaf6 b'O{ k':tsfno :yflkt u/fPsf
lyP . ltgLx¿dWo] Ps k':tsfno tLy{gu/L ;f]/f]Fdf / csf{] sf;uGh ;x/df :yflkt u/]sf
lyP .
@%= af5¿ dlGb/ M of] :yfg eujfg\
>Ls[i0f / uf]kLx¿sf] dxf/f;sf nflu hflgG5 . of] :yfg eujfg\ >Ls[i0f / an/fdsf]
uf}r/0f–:ynL klg xf] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 .
o;nfO{ k'/f0fx¿df jT;qmL8Þgs tLy{sf] gfdaf6 lrlgPsf] 5 . o; :yfg;Fu
hf]l8Psf] Ps dfGotf s] 5 eg] >La|XdfhL eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf] k/LIff lngsfnfo{
pxfFnfO{ w/tLaf6 crfgs a|Xdnf]s nUg'eof] . k|ltlqmofjz eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] o;} :yfgdf a|XdfhLnfO{
cfkm\gf cg]s nLnf k|bz{g ug'{eof] . k/LIffkl5 >Ls[i0f gf/fo0f l;4 x'g'eof] .
a|XdfhLn] >Ls[i0f;lxt pxfFsf ufO{x¿, Ujfnfx¿ / uf]kLx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;f]/f]FhLsf] o;}
af5¿ :yndf 5f]l8Þlbg'ePsf] lyof] .
@^= nx/]Zj/ dxfb]j M ;f]/f]FhLsf] ufpF nx/fdf eujfg\ lzj;dIf
;dlk{t Ps clt k|frLg dlGb/ 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf k'q k|B'Dgåf/f u/fOPsf]
lyof] .
@&= dxfk|e'sf] a}7s M ;f]/f]FhLdf xf]8nk'/
ufpFglhs cfrfo{ dxfk|e' jNnefrfo{sf] t]O;f}F a}7s 5 . of] dxfk|e'sf] ;T;ª\u tyf
tkf]:ynL xf] eGg] klg dflgb} cfOPsf] 5 . o;cltl/Qm dxfk|e'sf k'q >L ljÝngfy
/ pgsf lzio >L uf];fO{+hLsf] klg a}7s l:yt 5 .
@*= cDafu9 cvf8f M xl/kbL cflbuª\ufsf] lsgf/df l:yt of] :yfg
:jfdL >L bofgGb ;/:jtLsf u'? :jfdL >L lj/hfgGbsf] tkf]:ynL xf] .
@(= bzgfd u0fklt cfjfxg ;/sf/ cvf8f M xl/kbL cflbuª\ufsf] lsgf/df
l:yt gfuf ;fw'x¿sf] k|frLg cf>d, hxfF k|ltjif{ dfu{zLif{df x'g] d]nfdf efu lngsf
nflu 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf gfuf ;fw' Pslqt x'g] ub{5g\ .
#)= uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf; hGde"ld M ;f]/f]FhLsf] df]xNnf
of]udfu{df l:yt >L/fdrl/tdfg;sf /rlotf uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;hLsf] hGde"ld
xf] . oxfF t'n;Lbf;hLsf] hGd !%!! O:jL, ljqmd ;+jt\ !%^* jf zs ;+jt\ !$## df >fj0f
df; z'SnkIf ;KtdL ljzfvf gIfqdf z'qmjf/sf] lbgdf ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsL dftfsf]
gfd x'n;L / lktfsf] gfd cfTdf/fd z'Sn lyof] .
#!= ;fWjL /TgfjnL hGde"ld M ;f]/f]FhLsf] lgs6jtL{ u|fd
abl/of uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;hLsL wd{kTgL ;fWjL /TgfjnLsf] hGde"ld xf] .
#@= :jfdL >L gGbbf;hL hGde"ld M elQmsfndf s[i0felQm zfvf /
k'li6dfuL{o ci65fksf k|Voft dxfslj :jfdL gGbbf;hLsf hGd ljqmd ;+jt\ !%&@ sf]
cf;kf; ;f]/f]FhLsf] lgs6jtL{ u|fd /fdk'/ jt{dfg Zofdk'/÷Zofd;/df ePsf] lyof] .
:jfdL gGbbf;hLsf lktfsf] gfd kl08t hLjf/fdz'Sn / dftfsf] gfd rDkfb]jL lyof] .
:jfdL gGbbf;hL uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;hLsf sfsfsf 5f]/f lyP .
##= u'? >Lg[l;+x kf7zfnf
M ;f]/f]FhLsf] df]xNnf rf}wl/ofgdf uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;hLsf u'?
>Lg[l;+xsf] kf7zfnf 5, hxfF uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;hLn] k|f/lDes lzIff u|x0f u/]sf
lyP .
#$= u'?åf/f 5}jLF kftzfxL M
of] u'?åf/f lzv kGy k/Dk/fsf 5}6f}F u'? >L x/uf]ljGb l;+xhLnfO{ ;dlk{t 5 . xl/kbL
cflbuª\ufsf] lsgf/df l:yt o; :yfgdf 5}6f}F u'? >L x/uf]ljGbeGbf klxn] b;f}F
u'? >L u'?uf]ljGb l;+x / k|yd u'? >L u'?gfgsb]jhL klg tLy{ k|jf; u/]sf
lyP . logLx¿sf x:tlnlvt x'Sdgfdf cfh klg
5Fb} 5g\ .
#%= ;Ltf /;f]O{ M ls+jbGtL s] 5 eg] ;f]/f]FhL ;"s/If]q
tLy{ofqfsf] qmddf dftf ;Ltfn] o; :yfgdf ef]hg agfpg'ePsf] lyof] . sfnfGt/df of]
:yfg ;Ltf /;f]O{sf] gfdaf6 ljVoft eof] .
#^= s?cf b]jtf M s?cf b]jtf ;f]/f]FhL kl/qmdf dfu{df efuL/y
u'kmflgs6 l:yt :yfgLo nf]sb]jtf x'g\ .
#&= k~rsf]zL kl/qmdf M ;f]/f]FhL ;"s/ If]q
dxftLy{sf] rf/}tkm{ l:yt j[Qfsf/ dfu{nfO{ k~rsf]zL kl/qmdfsf] gfdaf6 hflgG5 .
of] dxftLy{ kl/qmdfdf s}of}F cGt/jtL{o tLy{ 5g\ . logsf] kl/qmdf ugf{n] ;ft}
åLksf] kl/qmdf u/]sf] kmn k|fKt x'G5 . >L a|XdfhLsf] cf1f kfO{ ;KtClifn] cIfo gjdLsg]
lbg ;"s/ If]qsg] kl/qmdf u/]sf lyP . o;}u/L eujfg\ >L/fdn] df]IfbflogL
PsfbzL ltlydf cGgf]T;j u/L ;f]/f]F ;"s/ If]qsf] k~rsf]zL kl/qmdf u/]/ k'0o
k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
#*= ef]uk'/jfnL b]jL M ;f]/f]FhLaf6
lgs6jtL{ u|fd ef]uk'/jfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/ dfF eb|sfnL b]jLdf ;dlk{t 5 . of] dlGb/
;of}F jif{ k'/fgf] xf] eGg] dflgG5 .
#(= dfF eb|sfnL dlGb/ M ;f]/f]FhLsf] lgs6jtL{ u|fd a|Xdk'/Ldf l:yt eb|sfnL
dlGb/ dfF eb|sfnL b]jLdf ;dlk{t 5 . dfF eb|sfnLsf]
of] lju|x w/tLsf] ue{af6 k|s6 ePsf] xf] elgPsf] 5 . of] dlGb/ ;ofF} jif{ k'/fgf]
xf] .
$)= dxlif{ jfNdLls cf>d /fdl5tf}gL M ;xfj/ / uGh8'G8jf/fsf] aLrdf
l:yt u|fd /fdl5tf}gL kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv g} cf:yfsf] Ps 7"nf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . oxfF dxlif{ jfNdLls cf>d cfh klg Ps l9:sfdf ljBdfg 5 . o; l9:sf]
cyf{t\ jfNdLls cf>dsf cufl8 Ps ljzfnsfo tfn 5 . dxlif{ jfNdLlssf] o; :yfgdf klg
Ps cf>d lyof] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . oxfF dftf ;Ltfn] nj / s'z gfdsf b'O{ k'qnfO{
hGd lbg'ePsf] lyof] . k|ltjif{ r}q df; z'Sn kIf
gjdLdf oxfF Ps 7"nf] d]nf klg nfUb5 .
$!= jgv08]Zj/ dlGb/ M uGh8'G8jf/fsf] jgv08]Zj/ dlGb/ Ps clt k|frLg
dlGb/ xf] . of] eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t 5 . o; kl/;/df agv08L b]jLsf] lju|x klg lj/fhdfg
5 . oxfF cfh klg w/tLsf] ue{af6 b]jL–b]jtfx¿sf lju|x k|s6 eO/xG5g\ eGg] dflgG5
.
$@= /fhf b|'kb lsNnf M kl6ofnL ;x/sf] dfemdf dxfef/tsfnLg /fhf b|'kbsf]
lsNnf cfh klg cfkm\gf] kf}/fl0fs :j¿kdf 5Fb} 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf To;df txl;n
d'Vofno, v08 ljsf; sfof{no, ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo s]Gb| / kz' lrlsT;fno :yflkt 5g\ .
ls+jbGtL s] 5 eg] cfheGbf % xhÞf/ jif{klxn] kl6ofnL / slDknsf] If]q cv08 kf~rfn
/fHosf] k|zf;lgs s]Gb| lyof] . /fhf b|'kb o; cv08 /fHosf clwklt lyP . cv08 kf~rfn
/fHo ef/tsf !^ dxfhgkbdWo] Ps lyof] .
$#= kf6nfjtL kL7 M >Lb'uf{i6f]Q/ztgfd:qf]qsf cg';f/
kl6ofnLsL dftf kf6nfjtL b]jL kL7sf] j0f{g PsrfnL;f}F v08df kfOG5 . ls+jbGtLcg';f/
dftf kf6nfjtL b]jL /fhf b|'kb / u'? b|f]0ffrfo{sL s'nb]jL lyOg\ . b|f}kbLsf]
klxnf] dª\unf cf/tL klg o;} dlGb/df ePsf] lyof] . b|f}kbLsf] :jo+j/df hfg'eGbf
klxn] kf08jx¿n] dfF kf6nfjtLsf] bz{g u/]sf lyP .
$$= u'? b|f]0ffrfo{ cf>d / hGde"ld M kl6ofnLdf u'? b|f]0ffrfo{sf]
cf>d cfh klg cfkm\gf] kf}/fl0fs :j¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . ls+jbGtLcg';f o;} :yfgdf u'?
b|f]0ffrfo{sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} kf08jx¿sf u'? aGg'eGbf klxn] oxLF pgsf]
k|f/lDes hLjg laTof] . o;kl5 pgn] OGb|k|:y -lbNnL_ g]/ Ps u'?s'nsf] :yfkgf u/]sf
lyP, Tof] :yfg cfh u'?u|fd gfdn] k|l;4 5 .
$%= ;"kmL ;Gt cdL/ v';/f]sf] hGde"ld M t]x|f}F / rf}wf}F ztfAbLsf k|d'v
zfo/, n]vs, ufos, ;ª\uLtsf/, sAafnL, l;tf/, /fu, Odfg, lhNkÞm, ;fhu/L cflbsf hgs
Pjd\ tanf jfBoGqsf cfljisf/s, ;"kmL ;Gt, lxGbL v8ÞL af]nLsf k|yd slj, cdL/
v';/f]sf] hGd @& lb;Da/ !@%# df sf;uGh hgkbsf] kl6ofnL s:afdf ePsf] lyof] .
$^= kftfnL dxfb]j M kl6ofnL ;x/sf] kftfnL dxfb]j dlGb/ eujfg\
lzjdf ;dlk{t 5 . o;sf] af/]df ls+jbGtL s:tf] 5 eg] o; lzjlnª\us]f k|fs6\o w/tLsf]
ue{af6 ePsf] xf] . of] dlGb/ dxfef/t sfneGbf cufl8b]lvsf] xf] elgG5 .
$&= d]+Xb]Zj/ dlGb/ M kl6ofnLdf a"9ÞLuª\ufsf]
lsgf/df l:yt d]+Xb]Zj/ dlGb/ eujfg\ lzjsd ;dlk{t 5 . o;sf] af/]df ls+jbGtL 5– of]
dlGb/ dxfef/tsfnLg xf] .
$*= xg'dfgu9LM kl6ofnLdf a"9ÞL uª\ufsf] lsgf/df l:yt
clt k|frLg xg'dfg u9ÞL dlGb/ >L xg'dfghLdf ;dlk{t 5 .
$(= /ª\uhL dlGb/ M kl6ofnLsf] /ª\uhL dlGb/ eujfg\ >Llji0f'sf]
xf] . o;sf] af/]df ls+jbGtL s] 5 eg] of] dlGb/ dxfef/tsfnLg xf] .
%)= ;Ltf/fd dlGb/ M kl6ofnLsf] ;Ltf/fd dlGb/ eujfg\ >L/fd /
dftf ;Ltf;dIf ;dlk{t 5 . of] dlGb/ dxfef/tsfnLg xf] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 .
%!= j/b/fh dlGb/ M kl6ofnLsf] j/b/fh dlGb/ eujfg\ >L j/b/fh;dIf
;dlk{t 5 . of] dlGb/ dxfef/tsfnLg xf] eGg] hgljZjf; kfOG5 .
%@= g[l;+x dlGb/ M kl6ofnLsf] g[l;+x dlGb/ eujfg\ >Lg[l;+xnfO{
;dlk{t ul/Psf] 5 . of] dlGb/ ;of}F jif{ k'/fgf] xf] .
%#= uf]kfnhL dlGb/ M kl6ofnLsf] uf]kfnhL dlGb/ eujfg\ >Ls[i0fdf
;dlk{t 5 . o;sf] af/]df ls+jbGtL s] 5 eg] o; :yfgdf eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] k|jf; ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
%$= bl/ofjuGhglhssf] k|frLg :yn M bl/ofjuGhg]/ l:yt Ps
k|frLg lsNnfsf] cjz]if 5 . o;sf] af/]df s] elgG5 eg] of] lsNnf /fhf b|'kbsf]
;}lgs c8\8f lyof] .
%%= :of]/b]jL 6Lnf M bl/ofjuGhglhs} Ps l9:sfdf lj/fhdfg dlGb/ dftf
b'uf{nfO{ ;dlk{t 5 . of] dlGb/ ;of}F jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . oxfF k|ltjif{ Ps eJo
d]nfsf] cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
%^= Clif dfs{08]o cf>d / 6Lnf M bl/ofjuGhlgs6 Ps k|frLg
cf>d cfh klg cfkm\gf] kf}/fl0fs :j¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . ls+jbGtLcg';f/ of] cf>d
dxfd[To'~ho dGqsf /lrotf dfs{08]o Clif / e[u' Clifsf] tkf]:ynL /x]sf] lyof] .
@= z]vf kIfL
ceof/0o
ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]z /fHosf] klZrdL
If]qdf /x]sf] ;x/ clnu9Þ tflnd / tfnx¿sf nflu rlr{t 5 . clnu9sf tfnf ljZjk|l;4
5g\ . o;/L tfnf, tflnd / tfn o; ;x/sf] klxrfg xf] . nfdf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] o;
;x/df 3'Dg / dgf]/~hgsf nflu klg s}of}F o:tf :yfg 5g\ h'gn] cfkm}F klg vf; klxrfg
agfPsf 5g\ . log}dWo] Ps xf] z]vf lemn kIfL ljxf/ .
clnu9Þ d'Vofnoaf6 sl/a !&
lsnf]ld6/ k/ kg}7L–hnfnL dfu{df z]vf lemn 5 . of] ;g\ !*%@ df ha ck/ uª\uf gx/sf]
lgdf{0f eof], of] cl:tTjdf cfof] . o;sf
k|d'v b'O{ sf/0f x'g ;S5g\– klxnf] t of] e"efu Psbd xf]rf] 5 / oxfFaf6 gx/
agfP/ nUgsf nflu w]/} cUNofpg'k/]sfn] j/k/sf] w]/} df6f] rflxof] / df6f]
vlgPsf] efu ulx/f] eO{ tfnsf] ¿k lnof], csf{]rflxF gx/sf] lgdf{0fn] kfgLsf]
lgsf;nfO{ afwf k'Ug uO{ klxNo}b]lvsf] hndUg efu cem :yfoL ¿ksf] hnfzo aGg
k'Uof] .
P]ltxfl;s hfgsf/ atfpF5g\, d'un
sfndf s:af hnfnLlgs6 z]vf ufpFdf lghfd'l2g z]vsf] l;sf/If]q lyof] . pgL cfkm\gf
efOef/bf/sf ;fy oxfF l;sf/sf nflu cfpg] ub{y] . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 of] If]q jg
lyof] .
o;afx]s ha b]zsf k|l;4 j}1flgs
8f= ;flnd cnL ha clnu9Þ d'l:nd o'lgel;{6Ldf cfP pgn] o; tfnsf] af/]df vf]h u/]
. pgsf] dfucg'';f/ g} ef/t ;/sf/n] oxfF sfg'g agfP/ l;sf/ ug{ k|ltalGwt u¥of] .
;g\ @))# df o;nfO{ pQ/ k|b]zsf]
:yfgLo lemnsf] bhf{ k|fKt eof] . ;g\ @)!^ df o; tfnnfO{ /fli6«o kIfL ljxf/
3f]lift ul/of] . z]vf lemn kIfL ljxf/nfO{ j}lZjs klxrfg lbnfpgsf nflu /fd;f/
;fO6df ;d]t ;fd]n ul/Psf] 5 .
/fd;f/ ;fO6 eg]sf]
s] xf] t <
/fd;f/ ;lGw cfb|{e"ld
cyf{t\ j]6NofG8sf] ;+/If0f / s'zntfk"j{s pkof]usf nflu Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw
xf] . o;sf gfd O/fgsf] ;x/ /fd;f/sf] gfddf /flvPsf] xf] . ToxfF @ km]a|'c/L
!(&* df ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/of] . jt{dfgdf o;df ef/tsf ^$ j]6NofG8 ;fd]n ul/Psf
5g\ .
/fd;f/ ;fO6df s'g} :yn ;fd]n
ul/gfn] o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg ldNb5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|fljlws
;xof]u tyf cfly{s d2t klg k|fKt x'g yfNb5 . o;af6 To; :yfgsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; x'G5
.
jg l8l:6«S6 jg
8]l:6g];gdf klg ;fd]n
xfn} k|b]zsf] of]uL ;/sf/n] Osf]
6'l/HdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbgsf nflu jfg l8l:6«S6 jfg 8]l:6g];g sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . o;df clnu9Þ
hgkbaf6 z]vf lemnnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf/0f ca o;nfO{ lkslgs :k6sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g]5 . oxfF
ko{6sx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfsf] klg aGbf]a:t ul/g]5 .
cS6f]a/af6 dfr{;Dd
/xG5 k|jf;L kIfLx¿sf] a;fO
z]vf lemndf cS6f]a/af6} k|jf;L
kIfLx¿ cfpg] qmd ;'? x'G5 . dfr{;Dd logLx¿ oxL a:5g\ . oxfF cg]s b]zaf6 $) b]lv $% k|hfltsf kIfL
cfpFb5g\ .
slxn] s;/L cfpg]
< s;/L x]g{] <
x'g t h'g;'s} dlxgfdf klg oxfF
k|j]z v'nf 5, / lkslgs :k6sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, t/ oxfF lxpFbsf ;'Svf
lbgdf r/f cjnf]sg ug{sf nflu cfpg' pko'St x'G5 . ;'Svf ofddf j/k/ w]/}lt/sf
hnfzox¿df kfgLsf] dfqf w]/} 36\g] eO{ kfgLsf] If]q tyf ToxfF df5f cflbsf] pknAwtf
Go"g x'G5, sltko hnfzo t k"0f{¿kdf
;'Sg k'U5g\ . o;f] x'gfn] kIfLx¿sf nflu sd ljsNk pknAw x'G5g\ / tL oxfF Pslqt
x'g cfpF5g\ . ;'Svf ofdsf km]a'|c/L of dfr{df j/k/sf cToGt w]/} hnfzo ;'Sgfn]
oxfF r/fx¿sf] cfsif{s hd36 / eL8 b]Vg kfOG5 . slxn]sfxLF clk|ndf klg oxfF
kof{Kt ;ª\Vofdf /}yfg] tyf kfx'gf r/fx¿ b]lvG5g\, vf;u/L olb kfgL kgf{n] df};d
zLtn eO{ tfkqmd pu| gePs]f cj:yf 5 eg] kfx'gf r/f of] 7fpF 5f8]/ hfg plt xtf/
gug{ klg ;S5g\ . t/ clk|nsf] clGtd;Dddf kfx'gf r/fsf] clGtd em'G8 klg labf
eO;s]sf] x'G5 .
oxfF cfO{ zfGt, lgh{g jGo
jftfj/0fdf jgef]h vfg ;lsG5 . kIfL ceof/0o ePsfn] Knfl:6s, sfuh cflbsf]
k|of]udf cToGt 7"nf] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb{5 . oxfF jgef]h ug{]n] r/fx¿nfO{
afwf kg{]u/L 7"nf] cfjfhsf Do'lhs cflb ahfpg ldNb}g . 7"nf] Do'lhs
ahfpg ldNg] s]xL :k6 5g\ eg] ltgdf a]n}df a'lsª ul/xfNg'kg{] x'g ;S5 .
kfl/jfl/s e|d0fsf nflu of] :yfg
Psbd pko'St 5 . oxfF ceof/0oglhs} qmozlStcg';f/sf 9faf, /]:6'/fF, kf6L{ Kofn];
tyf l/hf]6{ xf]6]nx¿ 5g\ . oxfF hfg ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg kof{Kt 5}gg\ . ctM
clnu9af6 z]vf;Ddsf] a; ;dodf kfpg] gb]lvPdf lghL of ef8fsf] ;fwg lnP/ hfg'kg{] x'g;S5 .
oxfF k|j]z z'Ns Go"g g} 5,
gofF ceof/0o ePsfn] ef/tLo ko{6snfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ / k|rf/k|;f/ ug{sf nflu klg
xf]nf . oxfFsf sd{rf/L, r/flj1 / cGo ;xof]uL klg bIf / ;xof]uL 5g\ . vf;}
eL8ef8 x'Fb}g, t/ oxfF laxfg b; ah] g} k'u]sf] a]; . r/f cjnf]sg ug{] laGb'
gx/sf] l8ndf 5, h'g tfnsf] k"jL{ l8n xf] . k"j{af6 dhfn] ;Dk"0f{
tfnsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ / r/fx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw x]g{ / kmf]6f] lvRg
PlG6nfO6 x'g' a]; x'G5 . t/ r/fx¿nfO{ cem glhsaf6 x]g{sf nflu klZrd / blIf0fL
l8ndf k'Ug}k5{ . k|sfzsf] pN6f] lbzfsf] cj/f]w cyf{t\ PlG6nfO6af6 aRg oxfFaf6
rflxF ck/fx\gdf cjnf]sg ug'{ plrt x'G5 . o;y{ oxfF nfdf] ;do lgsfn]/ k'Ug' ;xL
x'G5 . tfnsf] jl/kl/ nueu @ lsnf]ld6/ sRrL af6f] 5, 3'd]/ x]g{sf nflu klg lgs}
;do nfluxfN5 .
#= s'rlaxf/
ef/tsf] klZrd aª\ufnsf] ;a}eGbf k"j{–pQ/df /x]sf]
k|d'v Jofkfl/s tyf P]ltxfl;s ;x/ xf] s'rlaxf/ . of] aª\ufnL lxGb'x¿sf] ;f+:s[lt
/fhwfgL klg xf] . Oltxf;df of] c;ldof / aª\ufnLx¿aLr ;Dks{ / ;dGjosf] s]Gb| klg
/x]sf] lyof] . d}bfgL / a9L jiff{ eO/xg] If]q ePsfn] udL{ tyf af9L o; e]usf]
7"nf] ;d:of xf] . sf]rj+zL /fhfx¿sf sf/0f o;sf] k|l;l4 / ;DkGgtf a9]sf]
lyof] . ef/tLo sf]r hfltsf] of] k|d'v s]Gb| xf] .
Oltxf;
s'rlaxf/ /fHosf] Oltxf; ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf]
. o; ;dodf of] Ps cnu b]zsf] ¿kdf sf]r /fhj+zåf/f :yflkt eof] . sf]r /fHo
cfkm\gf] ;d[4 ;+:s[lt tyf snfsf}znsf sf/0f k|l;4 eof] .
s'rlaxf/sf] af/]df rf}yf] ztfAbLb]lvsf P]ltxfl;s k|df0f
5g\ . ;d|f6\ czf]ssf] lznfn]v, Onfxfafb, df pNn]v 5 . Oltxf;sf] cl3Nnf]
sfnv08df oxfF ad{g j+z, Dn]R5 j+z, kfn j+zn] zf;g u/] .
/fhf ;GWof -!@%)–!@&)_ n] lbNnLsf d'un afbzfxsf nflu
aª\ufnsf ;'a]bf/ dlns OlVtof/ pl2gnfO{ x/fP, p;sf] ;fdYo{ Wj:t kf/]/ To;sf]
xTof klg u/] . o;kl5 pgn] cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL sfd¿kgu/af6 ;f/]/ sfdtfk'/df NofP .
pgn] cfkm\gf] /fHo pQ/L aª\unfb]z, klZrd aª\ufnsf] pQ/L v08, cf;fd, e'6fg
cflbdf km}nfPsf lyP . pgn] Ujfnkf8f, sfd¿k, hnkfOu'8L, s'rlaxf/, aª\unfb]zsf]
/ªk'/ l8lehg / d}d'gl;+x l8lehg cflb If]qdf zf;g u/] . ptf k"jL{ efudf
cxf]d /fHo lyof] . sfdtf /fHo / cxf]d /fHo b'O{ g} k"jf{]Q/ ef/tsf
zlStzfnL /fHo lyP . sfdtf /fHosf] :yfkgfkl5 k"jf{]Q/ ef/tsf] Oltxf;nfO{
dWoo'u elgG5 .
!$(* df cnfpl2g x';]g zfxn] sfdtf /fHosf v]gj+zL /fhf
gLnfDa/nfO{ x/fP . cnfpl2gn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f bflgonnfO{ s'rlaxf/sf] /]vb]vsf]
lhDdf lbP . o;} a]nf k"jL{ cf;fddf af/f] e'og ;ª\3 ag]sf] lyof] . o;n]
cfkm"nfO{ zlStzfnL agfO/x]sf] lyof] . To;n] s'rlaxf/df cfqmd0f u/L
bflgonnfO{ x/fof] . bflgonnfO{ df/]/ pSt ;ª\3n] s'rlaxf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] cwLgdf
Nofof] .
klZrdL sfd¿kdf sf]r / d]rx¿ lyP . d]rx¿sf d'lvof xl/bf;
-xl/ofF_ d08n lyP eg] ptf sf]rx¿sf d'lvof vfhf] lyP . xl/ofF d08nn] vfhf]sf
5f]/Lx¿ xL/f / hL/fnfO{ lax] u/] . xl/ofFsf 5f]/f la:j l;+3f eP . la:j l;+3f
xL/faf6 hGd]sf lyP .
la:jn] sf]r, d]r / uf/f] hghfltnfO{ ;ª\ul7t u/] . of]
;+o'St zlSt af/f] e'ogsf lj?4 tof/ eof] . !%)( df la:jn] af/f] e'ogsf lj?4
cfkm\gf] cleofg ;'? u/] . leGgfleGg} df]rf{df logn] pSt ;ª\3nfO{ x/fP . o;kl5
logn] cfkm"nfO{ !%!% df sfdtf /fHosf] /fhf 3f]lift u/] . o;/L sf]r /fHosf]
;'?cft eof] . sfdtf /fHosf clGtd /fhf sfdt]Zj/ lyP . !%$) ;Dd la:j l;+3fsf]
zf;g rNof] . o;kl5 sf]r /fHosf] lj:tf/ eO/x\of] . sfdtf /fHonfO{ sf]rlaxf/ eg]/
lrlgof] . la:jsf 5f]/f g/gf/fo0f !%*& ;Dd /fhf eP . g/gf/fo0fsf efO lrnf/fon]
;]gfkltsf] ¿kdf bfh'nfO{ 7"nf] e/y]u u/] . /fHosf] lj:tf/ / km}nfj6 eof] .
sf]r /fHosf] k"jL{ efusf ueg{/ lrnf/fo ag], kl5 ltgsf 5f]/f /3'b]j klg
k"jL{ efu sf]r xfhf]sf ueg{/ ag] . g/gf/fo0fsf] d[To'kl5 /3'b]jn]
cfkm"nfO{ sf]r xfhf]sf] /fhf 3f]lift u/] . o;/L sf]r /fHo b'O{ efudf
afFl8of] – sf]r laxf/ / sf]r xfhf] .
;qf}F ztfAbLdf cfP/ sf]r xfhf] /fHo cxf]d /fHodf ljno
eof] . o;/L sf]rlaxf/ of s'rlaxf/sf] cl:tTj klZrdL v08df sfod /x\of] . cfh
xfdLn] lrGg] sf]r /fHo oxL dfq xf] .
sf]rlaxf/df g/gf/fo0fsf 5f]/f nIdLgf/fo0f
-!%*&–!^@!_ /fhf ag] .
!(!# df dxf/fhf hLt]Gb| gf/fo0f e"k axfb'/
s'rlaxf/sf /fhf ag] . logsf] ljjfx a8f]bfsL /fhs'df/L OlGb/f /fh];Fu eof] .
logLkl5 s'rlaxf/sf /fhf hu2Lk]Gb| gf/fo0f eP . dxf/fhf hLt]Gb| gf/fo0f e"k
axfb'/sL Ps 5f]/L lyOg\ /fhs'df/L ufoqL b]jL . !(!( df hGd]sL /fhs'df/L ufoqL
b]jLsf] ljjfx hok'/sf dxf/fhf ;afO{ dfgl;+x låtLo;Fu eof] . logL ljjfxkl5
hok'/sL dxf/fgL algg\ / kl5 hok'/sL /fhdftf klg . logL ;fbuL / ;'Gb/tfsf nflu
ljZjljVoft algg\ . ef]u klqsfn] ljZjsf b; ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/L dlxnfdWo] logsf] klg
gfd 5fk]sf] lyof] .
;g\ !(@@ df ;ft jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/d} hu2Lk]Gb| gf/fo0f
/fhf 3f]lift ul/P . !($& df ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 sf]r /fHo aª\ufncGtu{t cfO{
ef/tLo u0f/fHosf] Ps lx:;f aGof] .
ptf sf]r xfhf] cfh c;d /fHocGtu{t 5 . sf]rlaxf/ /
sf]r–xfhf]sf] ;Ldf/]vf g} nueu cfh klZrd aª\ufn / c;d /fHosf] ;Ldf ag]sf] 5 .
p;a]nfsf] zlStzfnL /fHo sfd¿k cfh c;d /fHosf] Ps lhNnf dfq /x]sf] 5 .
s'rlaxf/ /fHosf] :j0f{o'udf of] ;f+:s[lts tyf af}l4s
ultljlwsf] s]Gb| lyof] . dxf/fhf g[k]Gb|gf/fo0f snf, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / ;ª\uLtsf
kf/vL lyP . pgsf] ;dodf /fHosf] ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, snf / ;ª\uLtsf] w]/} ljsf; x'g
;Sof] . ljlzi6 snfsf/, lrqsf/, slj / ;ª\uLtsf/sf] 3/ ag]]sf] lyof] of] /fhwfgL
. /fhdxn 7"nf7"nf / eJo ;df/f]x Pjd\ kj{–pT;jsf sf/0f klg gfd'b lyof]
.
ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf o; ;x/sf] dxTTjk"0f{
of]ubfg /x\of] . dxf/fhf hug[k]Gb|gf/fo0f ef/tLo /fli6«o sfFu|];sf k|an ;dy{s
lyP . pgn] dxfTdf ufGwL Pjd\ cGo dxTTjk"0f{ g]tfx¿sf ;fy ldn]/ sfd u/] .
!($( ;fndf of] sf]r ;fd|fHo ef/tLo ;ª\3df uflePsf] xf] . !(%) ;fndf o;nfO{
klZrd aª\ufnsf] Ps lhNnfsf] bhf{ ldNof] .
s'rlaxf/sf bz{gLo :ynx¿ M
!= dbgdf]xg dlGb/ M cyf{t\ >Ls[i0f dlGb/ . dxf/fhf g[k]Gb|
/fon] agfpg nufPsf] . /fhdftfn] !*() ;fndf pb\af]wg u/]sL . dfF sfnL, dfF tf/f
/ dfF ejfgL klg ;Fu} 5g\ . k~rd'vL u0f]z / dlxiff;'/dlb{gLsf] klg dlGb/ ;Fu} 5
. bze'hf dfF ejfgL dlGb/ oL ;a}sf] d"n dlGb/ dflgG5 .
dlGb/ laxfg gf} ah]b]lv ;fFem cf7 ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 .
;fFemdf ToxfFsf] jfuau}Frf / kfs{ 3'Dg' ;'vbfos 5 .
@= ;fu/ lbU3L, 5fuf]/ lbuL / nDaf lbU3L
;fFemdf ;fu/ lbU3Ldf emNemnfsf/ b]vf k5{ . ;fFemdf of]
ljzfn tnfpsf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg' ;'vbfos 5 . oxfFjl/kl/ kmf:6km'8sf] cfgGb lng'k5{ .
c;Lb]lv ;o ?lkofFdf dhf;Fu df;'eft, df5feft vfg kfOG5 . of] tnfp dxf/fhf
xL/]Gb|gf/fo0f l;+xn] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ .
#= tf];f{ gbLsf] b[Zofjnf]sg
pQ/aª\usf b'O{ d'Vo gbL l6:6f / lzn tf];f{ x'g\ . t];|f]
gbL hnyfsf xf] eg] c;d / klZrd aª\ufnsf] ;Ldf ag]/ axg] gbLrflxF zª\sf]z gbL
xf] . oL ;a} gbL cGTodf a|x\dk'q gbLdf uO{ ljno x'G5g\ .
tf];f{ Eo' KjfOG6 hfg] . of] tf];f{3f6df 5 . ;x/af6
blIf0fk"j{ k5{ . s'rlaxf/ /]nj] :6];gaf6 sl/a b'O{ lsld k"j{blIf0f .
af6f] Psbd ;f]emf] 5 . s'rlaxf/ sn]h / u'l8ofxf6L ufpF x'Fb} hfg] . /dfOnf]sf
nflu km]/L r9] x'G5 .
$=
s'rlaxf/ /fhb/af/ -/fhaf8L_ M
sf]rj+zL dxf/fhf g[k]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+xn] !**& ;fndf
oxfF Ps ljzfn /fhaf8L agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . !*(& ;fndf cf;fddf uPsf]
e"ldsDkn] o; b/af/sf] dflyNnf] tnf / k5fl8sf] c+z Wj:t kf/]sf] lyof] .
jt{dfgdf b'O{ tnf dfq afFsL /x] klg of] b/af/ bz{gLo / eJo nfU5 . o;nfO{ leS6/
h'anL Kofn]; gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . of] b/af/ OªNofG8sf] alsª\3d Kofn];sf] gd'gfdf
ag]sf] xf] . nueu %! xhf/ :Sjfo/ ld6/df km}lnPsf] of] b/af/ a]nfolt jf:t'sf/
ljlnod Od;{gåf/f l8hfOg ul/Psf] xf] . of] b/af/sf] lgdf{0f pRrsf]6Lsf ;fdu|Låf/f
agfOPsf] 5 . o;df O6flnog dfa{n / adf{sf] l6s sf7 k|of]u ePsf] 5 . b/af/sf]
d"n k|j]zåf/ k:g] lalQs} #(% lkm6 cUnf] u'Dah 5 .
leQfdf sf]r /fhj+zsf] Oltxf; emNsfpg] 5f]la, d"lt{,
kf]zfs / z:qf:q 5g\ . b/af/ ca Do'lhod ag]sf] 5 . dflyNnf] tnfdf ljzfnsfo
xfQLsf] lz/sf] xf8 5, /fhfsf] lalnof8{ af]8{ 5 . zfxL lgzfgf 5fk, df]x/, tfd|kq
cflb 5g\ . cg]s b]jLb]jtfsf ;2] / e+|z ePsf d"lt{ 5g\ . csf{] v08df
z:qfuf/ 5 . tL/, a5f{, 9fn, zfxL tnjf/, aGb's cflb 5g\ . tNnf] tnfdf tTsfnLg
hghLjg, b}lgs hLjgdf k|o'St ;fdfg, kf];fs cflb 5g\ . dflysf] a/G8faf6
k"j{sf] ljzfn rp/, au}Frf, tnfpx¿ b]Vg kfOG5 .
ef/tLo :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf o; /fhaf8Lsf] 7"nf]
e"ldsf / dxTTj /x\of] . sfFu|];sf nflu of] dxn Ps ;ef:ynh:t} ePsf] lyof] .
/fhaf8L k|j]z z'Ns s'8L 6fsf xf] . ;sfn b; ah]– ;fo+sfn
% ko{Gt v'nf /xG5 . z'qmjf/ k"0f{ lbj; aGb . 7"nf] Aofu cflb cg'dlt
5}g, ToxfF /flvlbg] k|aGw klg 5}g . ctM cfkm" a;]sf] xf]6nd} 5f8L cfpg'k5{
. b/af/df 8LP;Pncf/, uf] k|f] cflb cg'dlt 5}g . df]afOnn] kmf]6f] / lel8of]
lvRg ldN5 .
;Fu} s'rlaxf/ OG8f]/ tyf cfp68f]/ :6]l8od klg 5 . of]
klg x]g{ nfos 5 . b/af/ 3'Dg'cufl8 jf 3''ld;s]kl5 oxfF 3'Dg] ;do lgsfNg' pQd
x'G5 .
%= jfg]Zj/ lzj dlGb/
^= s5'jf ;+/If0f tnfp
&= l;4]Zj/L sfnL dlGb/ sfnLaf8L M of] :yfg s'rlaxf/af6 afx| lsnf]ld6/hlt pQ/df
5 . dfly pNn]v ePsf] jfg]Zj/ lzjdlGb/ oxfFaf6 glhs} 5 . s5'jf ;+/lIft If]q klg
glhs} 5 oxfFaf6 . oxfF cToGt w]/} 7"nf vfnsf s5'jf 5g\ . g5'g'xf]nf . oxfF
k'Ug afg]Zj/ of Go' afg]Zj/ /]nj] :6];gdf cf]n{g'k5{ . htfaf6 klg hfg ;lsG5 .
*= uf];fgLdf8L /fhkf6 M
of] sfdtfk'/ P]ltxfl;s :yfgdf 5 .
s'g} ;dodf k"jf{]Q/ ef/tsf tLg /fhj+z d'Vo lyP M
sfdfVof, sfdtfk'/ / sf]rlaxf/ . sfdtfk'/ hfgsf nflu s'rlaxf/sf] k'/fgf] /]nj]
:6];gaf6 lbgxf6f /]nj] :6];g hfg] . ToxfFaf6 nueu afx| lsnf]ld6/ klZrd k5{
uf];fgLdf/L /fhkf6 . of] :yfg kfn /fhj+zsf] ;dosf] xf] .
(= sfdt]Zj/L dlGb/ M
sfdt]Zj/L /fhdftf dlGb/ uf];fgLdf/L /fhkf6g]/} 5 .
!)= s'rlaxf/ /]n Do'lhod M
!!= dxf/fhf g/]Gb|gf/fo0f kfs{ M
dxf/fhf g[k]Gb|gf/fo0fåf/f cg'i7fg ul/Psf] af]6flgsn uf8{]g .
!@= ljZjljBfno
!#= PgPg kfs{ .
;x/sf] aLrd} 5 .
!$= dw'k'/ ;q M
c;ldof hflt, To;df klg j}i0fj ;Dk|bfosf] 7"nf] dlGb/ dxfk'?if z+s/b]j /
dfwjb]j . ;x/af6 * lsld klZrdsf] ufpFdf .
!%= ;fn aufg M
Po/kf]6{sf] klZrdk6\l6 l9:sf] 5 .
$= Ujflno/
!= u'h/L dxn k'/ftTTj ;ª\u|xfno M oxfF k|yd / låtLo ztfAbL O{;fk"j{sf k|frLg snfs[ltx¿ / ;'Gb/
s'FlbPsf kTy/sf d"lt{x¿ k|blz{t 5g\
. of] ;ª\u|xfno Ujflno/sL snfTds lj/f;tnfO{ cGtb{[li6 k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] Oltxf;k|]dL
/ snfk|]dLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ub{5 .
@= O6flnog uf8{]g M Ujflno/df
O6flnog uf8]{g Ps n's]sf] /Tg xf] . o;n] ljz]if dxTTj /fVt5 . ;x/sf] dWodf l:yt, of] zfGt / ;'/Do pBfg ;x/L
hLjgsf xnrnaf6 Ps ;'vb d'lQm k|bfg ub{5 . ck]Iffs[t sd k|l;4 l:yltsf afjh'b
O6flnog uf8{]gn] O6flnog jf:t'lzNk k|efj / ef/tLo k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{zf:qsf] ;fd~h:ok"0f{
ld>0f k|blz{t ub{5 .
#= l;lGwof /fhj+zsf 5qx¿ M l;lGwof /fhj+zsf 5qx¿ l;lGwof /fhj+zsf zf;sx¿sf] :d[lt / ;Ddfgdf lgld{t
:df/s x'g\ . klxnf] lgdf{0f !*!& O{=df hofhL /fj l;lGwofsf] :d[ltdf ul/Psf]
lyof] . of] cfsif{0f :yfkTo ;'Gb/tfsf nflu k|l;4 5 xl/of]–el/nf] rp/sf aLr
u'nfkmL / kx]Fnf] anf}6]–kTy/af6 ag]sf ;'Gb/ u'Dah / ;'Gb/ d08kx/¿ ko{6sx¿n]
x]g{]kg{ vfnsf 5g\ .
$= /fgL nIdL afO{sf] ;dflw
emfF;LsL
of]4f /fgL nIdL afO{sf] ;Ddfgdf lgld{t pgsf] ;dflw Ps k|l;4 cfsif{0f xf] .
;dflwafx]ssf cfsif{0fdf /fgL nIdL afO{sf] cf7 ld6/ cUnf] wft'sf] ;fgbf/
d"lt{ 5 . /fgLsf] ;Ddfgdf x/]s jif{ h'g dlxgfdf o; :yfgdf Ps d]nfs]f
cfof]hg ul/G5 . of] Oltxf;k|]dLx¿sf nflu Ps cfbz{ cfsif{0f xf] .
%= ufGwL k|f0fL–pBfg
Ujflno/
lrl8Þof3/sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(@@ df zfxL kl/jf/ dfwf]/fj l;lGwofåf/f ul/Psf] lyof]
. ufGwL lrl8of3/ jf:tjdf Ps 7"nf] au}Frfsf] Ps efu xf] h'g km"n afu
gfdaf6 lrlgG5 . o;df hgfj/x¿sf ljleGg b'n{e k|hflt 5g\ . Ujflno/ lrl8of3/
kl/jf/sf ;fy, ljz]ifs/ aRrfx¿sf nflu Ps ;'vb e|d0f x'G5 . of] tL pT;fxL dflg;x¿sf
nflu klg Ps cfsif{s uGtJo xf] hf] ;x/df jGohLjx¿ x]g{ rfxG5g\ . oxfF ;]tf] af3h:tf b'n{e / ;+/lIft k|hflt klg 5g\
.
^= lt3/f afFw
lt3/f afFw
dWok|b]zdf Ujflno/glhs lt3/fdf l:yt Ps tfhf kfgLsf] hnfzo xf] . of] Ujflno/ ;x/sf
nflu vfg]kfgLsf] k|fylds ;|f]t xf] . Ujflno/glhs 3'Dgsf nflu nf]slk|o lkslgs
:ynx¿dWo] Ps xf] .
lemndf Ps
/]:6'/fF æljG8\; PG8 j]E;Æ 5 . lemndf gf}sfljxf/sf] cfgGb klg lng ;lsG5 . gf}sfljxf/
Snaaf6 gf}sf Go"gtd z'Nsdf ef8fdf lng kfOG5 . of] hnfzo ljleGg k|sf/sf df5f / cGo hnhLjx¿n] el/Psf] 5 . lemnaf6 kIfL xg]{] klg cfgGb lng ;lsG5 . b[Zo
cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 .
&= ho
ljnf; Kofn]; / ;ª\u|xfno M l;lGwof kl/jf/sf] jt{dfg
lgjf; holjnf; Kofn];df leGg} lsl;dsf] j}ej 5 . @% hlt sf]7fx¿nfO{ hLjfhL/fj l;lGwof ;ª\u|xfnodf kl/jlt{t ul/Psf]
5 . oL sIfx¿df Ps zfxL hLjgz}nL, Tof] ctLt, cBflk hLljt 5 . holjnf; Ps O6flnog
;+/rgf xf] h;n] 6:sg / sf]l/lGyog jf:t'lzNk ljlwx¿nfO{ hf]8\b5 . b/af/ xndf b'O{ s]Gb|Lo em'd/ 5g\ . logsf]
tf}n s]xL 6g 5 . b; xfQLn] dfq 5tsf] ef/jxg Ifdtfsf] k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
luN6, ux|f}F 8«]k/Lx¿ / 6]k]:6«L, pQd kmÞf/;L un}Frf, k|mfG; / O6nLsf k|frLg kmlg{r/sf
5fgfx¿ oL ljzfn sIfx¿sf ljz]iftf x'g\ . oL
klg oxfFsf cfFvf nf]Eofpg] ax'd"No vhfgf x'g\ . uf]?uf8fsf ;fy} Ps rfFbLsf]
6«]g klg 5, To;n] kfx'gfx¿sf] ;]jf ub{Yof] . lsgls of] n3' /]ndf s';L{x¿ rf/}lt/
3'Dby] . O6nLaf6 NofOPsf] sfFrsf] kfngf k|To]s s[i0fhGdfi6dL, rfFbLsf] /flqef]h
;]jf / t/af/sf nflu k|of]u ug{] ul/G5 . of] s'g} a]nf cf}/ª\uh]a / zfxhxfFsf]
klx/g lyof] . o;afx]s l;lGwof kl/jf/sf kl5Nnf ;b:ox¿sf] JolQmut Hj]n/L, lrGs"
/fgLsf rKkn, rf/–kf]:6/ a]8, Jofjxfl/s ¿kaf6 b'lgofsf x/]s b]zaf6 pkxf/, 6«kmLx¿
/ kf]6«]{6 e]nf u/]sf 5g\ . l;lGwof ;ª\u|xfnon]
pSt l/of;tsf] ;d[4 ;+:s[lt / hLjg z}nLdf Ps ck|ltd emns k|bfg ub{5 .
;"o{ dlGb/
df]/f/sf /]lh8]G;Lglhs}
l:yt gjlgld{t ;"o{dlGb/ pl8Þ;fsf] k|l;4 sf]0ffs{ ;"o{dlGb/af6 k|]/0ff
lnO{ agfOPsf] xf] . oxfF k'Ug /]nj] jf a; :6]G8af6 nueu % lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .
uf}; df]xDdbsf] dsa/f
ckmufg
/fhs'df/ uf}; df]xDdbsf] anf}6] kTy/sf] dsa/f klg k|f/lDes d'un nfOgdf l8hfOg ul/Psf]
5 . of] /]nj] :6];g xlh/fglhs} Ujflno/ lsNnf hfg] af6}df kb{5 .
lsNnf
anf}6] kTy/sf]
Ps 7"nf] dfqfdf pleP/ Ujflno/ lsNnf ;x/df kl/ro lbO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;x/sf]
;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ :df/s xf] . of] Ifl0fs 36gfx¿, sf/fjf;, n8ÞfOF / ;fd"lxs
cfTdbfxsf] ;fIfL xf] . h}g tLy{ª\s/x¿sf k|ltdfcufl8 lsNnftkm{ hfg] ;f]emf]
;8Þsdf 9'ª\ufdf a'6\6f s'FlbPsf lyP . lsNnfsf ;fgbf/ aflx/L kvf{n cfh klg dha't
5g\ . b'O{ dfOn nfdf] / #% lkm6 cUnf], ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf ch]o lsNnfdWo]sf] Ps
x'g' o;sf] k|lti7fsf] k|df0f xf] . o; ;+/rgfn] ;d|f6\ afa/nfO{ æef/tsf lsNnfx¿dWo]
df]tLÆ s]f ¿kdf jl0f{t ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] .
lsNnfleq
dWosfnLg jf:t'snfsf s]xL rdTsf/ 5g\ . !% cf}F ztfAbLsf] u'h/L dxn, /fhf dfgl;+x
tf]d/sf] Kof/sf nflu Ps :df/s xf] . u'h/L dxnsf] aflx/L ;+/rgf nueu ;+/If0fsf]
l:yltdf ar]sf] 5 . leqL v08 k'/ftTTj ;ª\u|xfno cfjf; b'n{e k|frLg j:t'x¿df ablnlbOPsf]
5 . logLx¿dWo] s]xL klxnf] ztfAbLdf kms{]/ uPsf 5g\ . x'g t logLx¿dWo] slt
cfOsgf]Snfl:6s d'unx¿åf/f gi6 ul/lbOPs] 5, t/ ltgsf] k"0f{tf ;dosf] b/f/af6 ar]s} 5 .
ljz]if ¿kaf6 x]g{ nfos 5 . lu/;k'/sf] zfnel~hsfsf] d"lt{, j[IfsL b]jL, n3'df
k"0f{tfsf] k|tLs . d"lt{nfO{ ;ª\u|xfnosf So'/]6/sf] lhDdfdf /flvPsf]
5, / cg'/f]w u/]df dfq o;nfO{ b]vfOg] u/]sf] 5 .
;df/f]x M
s= tfg;]g
;df/f]x M l8;]Da/
tfg;]g
;d/f]x dWok|b]zsf] Ujflno/ lhNnfsf] a]x6 ufpFdf x/]s jif{ l8;]Da/ dlxgfdf dgfOG5
. of] Ps $ lbj;Lo ;ª\uLt dxf]T;j xf] . Psbd c;fwf/0f cj;/ xf] . u|]6 OlG8og Do'lhsn
d]:6«f]df tfg;]gnfO{ >4f~hln lbgsf nflu ;+;f/el/sf snfsf/ / ;ª\uLtk|]dL oxfF
e]nf x'G5g\ . of] sfo{qmd dWok|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;+:s[lt ljefusf] csfbdLåf/f tfg;]gsf]
sa|glhs} cfof]lht ul/G5 . d'v/ / jfB k|bz{gsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ ef/tsf snfsf/x¿nfO{
cfdlGqt ul/Psf] x'G5 .
tfg;]g
;d/f]xsf] cfof]hgf p:tfb cnfp2Lg vfg snf Pjd\ ;ª\uLt csfbdL / dWok|b]z ;/sf/sf]
;+:s[lt ljefun] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf ug{] ub{5g\ .
v= /tgu9
d]nf M ltxf/
/tgu9 dftf
dlGb/ /fdk'/f ufpFaf6 % lsld / bfltofaf6 %% lsnf]ld6/ kb{5 . of] kljq tLy{:yn
l;Gw gbLsf] lsgf/df 3gf hª\unsf] aLrdf 5 . x/]s jif{ xhf/f}F eSthg o; dlGb/df
bz{g ug{ / dftf /tgu9fjfnL / s'Fj/ dxf/fhaf6 dgf]sfdgf k"/f ug{sf nflu
cfpF5g\ . ltxf/sf] efO6Lsfsf] lbg oxfF d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . oxfF Ujflno/ /
bfltofaf6 ;xh} cfpg ;lsG5 .
kl/sf/
d'ª bfnsf] dª\uf]8f
M d'ª bfnsf] dª\uf]8fnfO{ lehfOPsf] bfn lk;]/ sfFrf]
vf];f{gL, g'g xl/of] wlgofF, ;'s]sf] vf];f{gLsf] kfp8/ cflb ld;fP/ t]ndf tf/]/
tfQft} dª\uf]8Þf xl/of] wlgofFsf] r6gLsf ;fy vfOG5 .
%= /fok'/
/fok'/
5QL;u9 /fHosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;x/ xf] . ;g\ @))) df 5QL;u9 /fHosf] u7g
x'g'cl3 of] dWok|b]z /fHosf] Ps efu lyof] . of] ;x/ pSt If]qsf] k|zf;lgs s]Gb|
x'g'sf ;fy} Jofkfl/s tyf cf}Bf]lus s]Gb| klg xf] . of] ef/tsf :jR5 ;x/dWo] Ps
xf] . l:6n / kmnfd pTkfbgs nflu of] ;x/ ef/ts} 7"nfdWo] Ps xf] . oxfF b'O{
;ohlt l:6n /f]lnª ldn, !(% j6f :kGh cfO/g KnfG6, 5eGbf a9L l:6n KnfG6, ;f7Lhlt
KnfO{p8 km\ofS6/L, #% km]/f]–cnf]P KnfG6, %)) hlt s[lifhlgt pBf]u 5g\ . o;afx]s
/fok'/df *)) eGbf a9L wfg ldn 5g\ .
Oltxf;
/fok'/
d}bfgL efunfO{ 5QL;u9sf c¿ If]qnfO{ em}F blIf0fL sf];n eg]/ lrlgGYof] . of]
df}o{ ;fd|fHosf] Ps lx:;f lyof] . /fok'/g]/sf] c/ª eGg] 7fpFdf k|fKt 5}6f}F
ztfAbLsf] lznfn]vcg';f/ of] u'Kt ;fd|fHosf] Ps v08 lyof] . ;ftf}F ztfAbLdf
e08ssf af}4dfuL{ /fhfx¿n] zf;g uy{] eGg] s'/f lrlgofF tLy{ofqL ;'cfghfªn] pNn]v
u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] kl/jf/ kl5 l;/k'/ -cfhsf] dxf;dGb lhNnf_df :yfgfGtl/t eof] /
ToxLFaf6 ;d:t blIf0f sf];n b]zdf /fHo rnfof] . ltj/b]jsf] ;do o; /fHosf]
:j0f{o'u lyof] . pgsf 5f]/fn] nueu ;a} dlGb/df lznfn]v /fVg nufP .
kl5 logLx¿nfO{
z/ek'l/ofx¿n] lj:yflkt u/], / s}of}F ztfAbL;Dd ;d:t 5QL;u9df lgoGq0f sfod /fv]
. gjf}F ztfAbLdf cfP/ snr'/Lx¿n] ;Qf xTofP . ;'?df logLx¿n] 5QL;u9dWo] c7f/
u9dfly lgoGq0f u/], / /tgk'/nfO{ cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL agfP . t/ kl5 rf}wf}F
ztfAbLdf cfOk''Ubf 5QL;j6} u9dfly logsf] sAhf /x\of] . o;/L o; e"efunfO{
5QL;u9 elgof] . c7f/f}F ztfAbL;Dd oL
snr'/Lx¿ Ps5q ¿kdf 5QL;u9df zf;g rnfP/ a;] .
t'dfgsf
snr'/L /fhfn] o; lx:;fnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd /tgk'/sf] /fhwfgL agfP . /tgk'/, /flhd /
vNnf/Lsf k'/fgf lznfn]v sfnlrl/ /fhfx¿sf] zf;gsfnsf] pNn]v ub{5g\ . o; j+zsf
/fhf /fdrGb|n] /fok'/ ;x/sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ eGg] dflgG5 . kl5 o;nfO{ cfkm\gf]
/fHosf] /fhwfgL agfP .
xfn /fok'/
;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a ;f9] P3f/ nfv 5 .
/fok'/sf
k|d'v ko{6sLo cfsif{0fx¿
!= dftf
sf};Nof dlGb/ M
@= k'vf{}tL
d'Stfª\ug M
#= gGbgjg
hª\un ;kmf/L M of] Pl;ofs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s[lqd jg ;kmf/L xf] .
$= >L/fd
dlGb/ M eLcfO{kL :Sj]/ .
%= dxGt
3f;Lbf; :d[lt ;ª\u|xfno M 38Lrf]s
^= :jfdL
ljj]sfgGb ;/f]j/ -a'4 tfnfa_
&=
t]nLaGw tfn
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