भारतका पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू २
भारतका
पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू २
;ª\sng tyf n]vg
lbg]z kf}8]n
O6x/L
:yfg–;"rL @
!= gfyåf/f M /fh:yfg
@= s/f}nL M /fh:yfg
#= cnj/ M /fh:yfg
$= /fdb]j/f M /fh:yfg
%= ;Ls/ lhNnf M /fh:yfg
^= kmt]xk'/ l;s/L M pQ/k|b]z
&= z[ª\uj]/k'/ -l;ª\u|f}/_ M pQ/k|b]z
*= cof]Wof M pQ/k|b]z
(= ;'Ntfgk'/ M pQ/k|b]z
!)= k|tfku9 M pQ/k|b]z
!!= uf]/vk'/ M pQ/k|b]z
!@= s'zLgu/ M pQ/k|b]z
!#= ;Ltfd9L e|d0f M laxf/
!$= g}ldiff/0o wfd M pQ/k|b]z
!%= pHh}g M dWok|b]z
!^= af]wuof M laxf/
!= gfyåf/f M /fh:yfg
/fh;dGb lhNnfsf] Ps ;x/
xf] of] . of] c/fjnL kj{tz[ª\vnfdf agf; gbLsf] lsgf/df k5{ . of]
pbok'/ ;x/af6 $* lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df kb{5 .
gfyåf/fdf >Ls[i0fsf]
afNo¿ksf] k"hf x'G5 . klxn] dy'/fsf] hf6k'/fdf oL eujfg\sf] lju|x lyof] .
!^&@ df uf]jw{g kj{taf6 lemsL cfu/fdf nueu 5 dlxgf n'sfOof], To;kl5
;'/Iffy{ oxfF NofOPsf] lyof] . gfyåf/fsf] cy{ >LgfyhL cyf{t\ k/d]Zj/sf]
nf]ssf nflu k|j]zåf/ eGg] x'G5 .
vf;u/L /fh:yfg /
u'h/ftsf k'li6dfuL{o j}i0fjx¿sf nflu of] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tLy{ xf] .
jNnefrfo{sf k'q lj6\7ngfyhLn] oxfF afns[i0fsf] k"hf–cf/fwgfsf] k|aGw
ldnfPsf lyP . cfh klg gfyåf/fsf /fh3/fgf ltg} jNnefrfo{sf ;Gtlt 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{
ægfyåf/fsf ltnsfotÆ elgG5 . o; ;Dk|bfonfO{ k'li6dfuL{oafx]s jNne ;Dk|bfo klg
elgG5 .
eSthgsf nflu k|ltlbg
cf7k6s bz{gfy{ dlGb/ v'nf ul/G5M dª\un, z[ª\uf/, Ujfnf, /fhef]u, pTykg, cf/tL /
zog ;do ljrf/ u/]/ 5f]6f5f]6f ;do pknAw u/fOG5 .
dlGb/df df]afOn kmf]g
cflb On]S6«f]lgs pks/0f, h'Qf, df]hf cflb nUg lgif]w 5 . åf/;Fu} pSt ;fdfg
/fVgsf nflu ns/x¿sf] ;'ljwf 5 .
@= s/f}nL M /fh:yfg
-s/f}nL
lhNnfnfO{ oxfFsf s}nfb]jL tyf dxfjL/ dlGb/sf sf/0f w]/}n] lrg] klg
oxfFsf cGo P]ltxfl;s :df/s, lsNnf, dlGb/, em/gf, afFw, jg tyf cGo k|fs[lts
;'Gb/tfk"0f{ :yfgx¿sf] af/]df sd} dflg;nfO{ yfxf 5 . o; ;x/df
cfPkl5 oxfFsf] :yfgLo vfgf rfVg', oxfFsf :yfgLo ;8sdf rfxfg'{ g} klg Ps ;'vb
cfZro{ x'g]5 .
s/f}nL
;x/nfO{ /fh:yfgsf] j[Gbfjg g} xf] elgG5 . of] ;x/ Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, wd{ /
jf:t'snfsf nflu gfd'b 5 . /fh:yfg, pQ/ k|b]z / dWok|b]z /fHosf] aLrdf /x]sf]
of] lhNnf ;'ud clg ko{6sLo lx;fan] cAan 5 . glhs}sf] /]nj] :6];g lxG8f}g l;6Ldf
5 . csf{] :6];g dxfjL/ h}g :6];g klg plt g} 6f9f cyf{t\ nueu #) lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .
/fh:yfgsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ hok'/af6 !^) lsnf]ld6/, pQ/ k|b]zsf] cfu/faf6 klg nueu
!^) lsnf]ld6/ clg dWok|b]zsf] Ujflno/af6 ;d]t !^) lsnf]ld6/ hlt g} b"/Ldf
5 of] ;x/ . k|frLg ;x/ x'gfn] oxfFsf uNnL agf/;sf em}F Psbd ;fFu'/f
5g\ . o; ;x/sf] k'/fgf] v08df jl/kl/ gf} lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] kvf{n 5 / k|j]zsf nflu
5 7fpFdf åf/ 5g\ . k|frLg sfndf o; ;x/sf] gfd s}nfzk'/L lyof] .
!)$)
df oxfF ljhokfnl;+xn] ofbj j+zsf] /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . ;g\!#$*
df eb|fjtL gbLsf] lsgf/df /fhf ch'{gkfnl;+xn] o; s/f}nL ;x/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP
. klxn] of] lhNnf ;afO{dfwf]k'/ lhNnfsf] Ps efu lyof] ._
!=
s}nfb]jL dlGb/ M s/f}nL l;6Laf6 @@ lsnf]ld6/
blIf0fsf] sfnLl;n gbLlsgf/df s}nf ufFjdf of] dlGb/ l:yt 5 . s}nfbjL kxf8Ldf Ps
u'kmf 5M s]bf/ u'kmf . s}nfb]jL ;j{k|yd oxLF k|s6 ePsL x'g\ elgG5 . oxfF Ps
uf}d'vL wf/f klg 5, afx|} dlxgf oxfFaf6 hnwf/f axG5 .
oxfF
vfg–a:gsf nflu cg]s xf]6n, /]:6'/fF tyf wd{zfnf 5g\ .
@=
>L dxfjL/ h}g lbuDa/ h}g cltzo If]q M s/f}nL ;x/af6 #)
lsnf]ld6/ rGbg ufpFdf uDeL/L gbL -p8ug gbL_sf] lsgf/df of] k|l;4 dlGb/ 5 . o;}
dlGb/sf] k|l;l4 tyf nf]slk|otfn] oxfFaf6 & lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf Ps
/]nj] :6];g ag]sf] xf] M dxfjL/ h}g /]nj] :6];g .
o;
dlGb/sf] af/]df s] elgG5 eg] cfheGbf nueu ;f9] rf/ ;o jif{k"j{ rGbg ufpFdf
eujfg\ dxfjL/sf] k|ltdfsf] pb\ud ePsf] lyof] . kl5 ;qf}F ztfAbLdf hok'/sf Ps
dGqLn] o; ljzfn dlGb/sf] :yfkgf u/fPsf x'g\ . glhs} kfZj{gfy, zflGtgfy cflbsf
h}g dlGb/ klg hfg}kg{] 7fpF x'g\ .
#=
dbgdf]xghL sf dlGb/ M s/f}nL ;x/d} .
$=
l;6L k}n]; M
%=
c~hgL dftf dlGb/ M
=============== qmdzM
#= cnj/ M /fh:yfg
c/fjnL
kj{tz[ª\vnfn] 3]l/Psf] of] cf}Bf]lus ;x/ /fh:yfgsf] k"jL{ v08df
lbNnL–hok'/ dfu{df kb{5 . dflg;x¿ dfpG6 cfa"nfO{ /fh:yfgsf] Psdfq lxn
:6];g dfGb5g\, of] 7Ls xf]Og . cnj/ /fh:yfgsf] csf{] dxTTjk"0f{ lxn :6];g
xf] . cnj/ ;x/ oxfFsf k|l;4 lsNnf, tfntnfp, b/af/x¿ / af3 ;+/If0f If]qsf nflu
gfd'b 5 . log} sf/0fn] oxfF cg]sf}F lkmNdx¿sf] ;'l6ª ePsf] xf] .
cnj/nfO{
/fh:yfgsf] l;dnf eg]/ lrlgG5 . s;}n] o;nfO{ k"jL{ /fh:yfgsf] sZdL/ eG5g\
. o;nfO{ sf]xL /fh:yfgsf] :s6NofG8 eG5g\ t sf]xL l;+xåf/ klg eG5g\ .
of] dxfef/tsfnsf] dT:ob]zsf] Ps gu/ xf] . of] ;x/ dT:ogu/, cNj/k'/, pNj/,
zfnjfk'/, ;njf/ / xnjf/ cflb gfdn] lrlgFb} cfof] .
o;
;x/sf] :yfkgfsf] >]o /fj /fhf k|tfkl;+xnfO{ hfG5 . pgn] o; ;x/sf] :yfkgf
!&&% df u/]sf lyP . pgn] /fhu9nfO{ cnj/ /fHosf] /fhwfgL agfP clg
g?sfj+zsf] :yfkgf u/] .
dxfef/tsfndf
of] dT:o hgkbsf] Ps lx:;f lyof] . p;a]nf o; /fHosf] /fhwfgL
a}/f7 lyof] . a}/f7 cfh lj/f6gu/L gfdn] lrlgG5 . of] hok'/ lhNnfdf
k5{ .
oxfFsf]
;l/:sf jgdf kf08jx¿n] c1ftjf; u/]sf lyP . cnj/ lhNnfleq ax/f]8, lgd/fgf,
d'G8fj/ cflb cg]s k|l;4 :ynx¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] kl/ro / k|efj cnUu} 5 .
cnj/
;x/sf] gfd c/aL efiffsf] zAbaf6 /flvPsf] xf] . d]j /fhk"t gx/ vfgsf j+zh
cnfjn vfgn] o; :yfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL agfPsf lyP . pg}sf]
gfdaf6 o; ;x/sf] gfd cnj/ /xg uPsf] xf] . o; ;x/sf] ljz]if dxTTj s] klg 5 eg]
of] /fh:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ljb]zL sDkgLx¿ ePsf] lhNnf xf] .
ef/tLo
gf]6sf] 5kfOdf k|of]u x'g] d;L o;} ;x/df pTkfbg x'G5 . /fh:yfgsf] k|yd Kofh
dG8L oxLF v'n]sf] xf] . oxfFaf6 cfh Kofh aª\unfb]z, g]kfn Pjd\ ckmuflg:tfg;Dd
lgsf;L x'G5 . o;} ;x/df /fh:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;nfO{sf vf]n agfpg] ul/G5 . oxfF
pTkfbg x'g] ldNs s]s ef/tjif{el/ k|l;4 / nf]slk|o 5 . /fh:yfgel/ o;nfO{ cnj/
kfs jf snfsGb gfdn] lrlgG5 . /fh:yfgdf ;a}eGbf a9L /S;Lsf] pTkfbg klg o;} ;x/df
ul/G5 . o;} eP/ o;nfO{ /fh:yfgsf] :s6NofG8 eGg] ul/Psf] xf] . oxfFsf] ekª\u
jfBoGq /fnh:yfgL nf]suLtsf] klxrfg xf] . of] d]jftL ;+:s[ltsf] w/f]x/ xf] . p:tfb
lbn hfx'b vfgsf] l;h{gf xf] eGg] dflgPsf] 5 .
oxfF
et{[xl/ sf d]nf, gf/fo0fL dftf sf d]nf, rGb| k|e' sf d]nf, anf/L dftf sf d]nf
Pjd\ xg'dfghL sf d]nf k|d'v x'g\ .
ef/tsf]
/fhwfgL gofF lbNnLaf6 of] ;x/ !%) lsnf]ld6/ / /fh:yfgsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ hok'/af6
klg nueu !%) lsnf]ld6/ g} kb{5 . of] ;x/ 3'Dg rfxg]n] sDtLdf b'O{ lbg
5'6\6Øfpg'kb{5, tf ls oxfFsf ;a} d'Vo ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] e|d0f ug{ ;lsof];\ .
cnj/sf d'Vo dlGb/x¿ M
!=
gf/fo0fL dftf dlGb/ M of] ;}gx¿sf] cToGt kljq dlGb/ xf]
h;sf] t'ngf dfpG6 cfa"sf] dlGb/, k'is/hL tyf /fdb]j/fsf] dlGb/;Fu ul/G5
. of] dlGb/ ;}g ;dfhsf nflu pgLx¿sf] cf:yfsf] k|d'v s]Gb| ePsf]
o;af6 k|:6 x'G5 . oxfF k|ltjif{ j}zfv z'Sn PsfbzLdf d]nf nfUb5 .
@=
et{[xl/hL sL ;dflw M of]uL/fh et[{xl/ pHh}gsf /fhf lyP .
pgn] cfkmgf]] /fhkf6 efO ljqmdflbTonfO{ ;'DkL gfy ;Dk|bfosf leIf' eO{ ;+Gof;
lnPsf lyP . pgL u'? uf]/vgfysf lzio lyP . pgn] cg]s ;"qx¿sf]
/rgf u/], cg]s k':ts n]v] . pgL oxfFsf] ;l/:sf jgdf ;dflw:y eP . cfh klg pgsf
eStx¿ oxfF pgL hLljt} /x]sf] ljZjf; ub{5g\ . efb|kb z'Sn k"l0f{df tyf
j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfdf u/L jif{df b'O{k6s oxfF d]nf nfUb5 .
#=
lthf/f h}g dlGb/ M of] dlGb/ Oglthf/f kxf8df cjl:yt 5 .
o; dlGb/df h}g wd{sf cf7 tLy{ª\s/ k|e'x¿sf k|frLg k|ltdf l:yt 5g\
. oL k|ltdf 8f]/f ufpFsf ls;fgn] xnf] hf]lt/x]sf] a]nf e]6]sf x'g\
elgPsf] 5 .
cnj/sf k|d'v bz{gLo :ynx¿
!=
afnf lsnf M o;nfO{ cnj/ lsNnfsf] gfdn] klg
hflgG5 . o; lsNnfsf] lgdf{0f kGw|f}F ztfAbLdf x;g vfg d]jftLn] u/fPsf x'g\ .
of] lsNnf ;x/dflysf] c/fjnL kj{tdf 5 . o; lsNnfaf6 d/f7f, ofbj tyf s5jfxf
/fhk"tx¿n] zf;g u/] . nf]sdfGotfsf cg';f/ of] lsNnf /fhfsf] zfg;f}st tyf
tfutsf] k|df0f lyof] .
@=
d";L dxf/fgL sL 5t/L M of] P]ltxfl;s :yn ;x/sf] Ps k|d'v
ko{6sLo cfsif{0f xf] . oxfF cg]s 5t/Lx¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 . oL 5t/Lx¿ s/f}nLs]f
l;ª\udd{/n] ag]sf x'g\ . logLx¿ x]g{df cToGt ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s 5g\ . d";L
dxf/fgL sf 5t/Lsf] lgdf{0f dxf/fhf ljgol;+xn] cfkm\gf lktf alVtof/ l;+x tyf
kTgL d";L /fgLsf] :d[ltdf dxnsf] kl5Nnf] v08df agfpg nufPsf x'g\ .
#=
ho ;dGb lemn M xl/of–el/nf kxf8 / l9:sfx¿ x'g t
;x/sf] jl/kl/ klg b]lvg]5 t/ otfsf] h:tf] cfsif{s xl/ofnL b]Vg' t b'n{e x'G5 .
dg;'gsf] ;dodf oxfF cfpg' ;a}eGbf pko'St 5 . cnj/ ;x/af6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] tfn
oxL xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f cnj/sf dxf/fhf hol;+xn] !(!) df jgef]h :ynsf nflu
u/fPsf x'g\ . pgn] o; lemnsf] aLrdf Ps 6fk'sf] klg lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP . oxfF
hfg ;fj{hlgs a; kfpg sl7g 5, ctM 6]S;L lnP/ hfg' dgfl;a x'G5 .
$=
l;nL;]9 lemn M dxf/fhf ljgo l;+xn] lgdf{0f u/fPsf]
of] lemn cnj/s} ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ tnfp xf] . tfnsf] jl/kl/ rf/}tkm{ dgdf]xs kxf8,
jg, jg:klt tyf hLjhGt'x¿ b]Vg kfOG5 . jiff{ofddf oxfF cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
7"nf] x'G5 . oxfF uf]xLx¿ klg kfOG5 . ctM oxfF kf}8L v]Ngdf k|ltaGw
nufOPsf] 5 . of] tfn cnj/ ;x/af6 sl/a b; afx| lsnf]ld6/sf]
b"/Ldf cjl:yt 5 . oxfF cfpg]n] sd;] sd cfwf Ps 306f latfpg' 7Ls x'G5
.
%=
l;6L Kofn]; M ljgo ljnf; dxnsf] gfdn] klg hflgg]
l;6L Kofn]; c/fjnL kj{tz[ª\vnfsf] km]bLdf a;]sf] cnj/ ;x/d} 5 . kxf8sf] Psbd
km]b}df cjl:yt pSt eJo dxnsf]aLrdf Ps tfn 5 / lsgf/df cg]s 5t/L / kfs{x¿ ;fFRr}
g} cfsif{s 5g\ . /fhf alVtof/l;+xn] !&(# df agfpg nufPs]f of] b/af/ ;+:s[lt
tyf ;'Gb/tfsf lx;fan] OG8f]–O:nflds jf:t'snfsf] a]hf]8 gd'gf xf] . b/af/ ag]otf
oxfF hlt /fhf eP tL ;a}n] o;} b/af/nfO{ cfjf;Lo ejgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]
. cfh of] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Fb} 5 .
^=
ljho;fu/ Kofn]; M dxf/fhf hol;+xn] lgdf{0f u/fPsf]
of] b/af/ pgsf] cfjf;sf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'GYof] . of] ejg k/Dk/fut
jf:t'snfsf 9fFrfeGbf cnUu} lsl;dsf] 5 . b/af/leq Ps /fd dlGb/ klg 5 .
&=
;l/:sf /fli6«o pBfg M ;l/:sf afFwaf6 lgld{t tnfp tyf o;af6
l;l~rt jgIf]q 3gf 5 . !(&* df afFw kl/of]hgfcGtu{tsf] of]hgfdf ag]sf] of]
pBfg ef/tel/sf ;a}eGbf k|l;4 pBfgdWo] Ps xf] . af3, lrt'jf, AjfF;f], d[u, lrQn,
gLnufO{, do"/, uf]xL, afFb/, 9]8', aFb]nnufotsf cg]s hLjhGt' tyf
r/fr'?ª\uL ;xh} b]Vg kfOG5 . @))% df oxfF ;a} af3 ufoa eP . kl5 k'gM cGoqaf6 :yfgfGt/0f
u/L oxfF km]l/ af3 NofOof] .
*=
k'/hg ljxf/ M o; au}Frfsf] lgdf{0f /fhf ;'bfgn]
u/fPsf x'g\ . kl5 o;};Fu csf{] Pp6f kfs{ klg agfOof] . o;nfO{ l;dnf kfs{ elgG5
. o;sf] lgdf{0f dª\unl;+xn] u/fPsf x'g\ . kl5 cª\u|]hx¿n] o;sf] gfd abn]/ sDkgL
uf8{]g /fv] .
(=
sª\saf8L b'u{ M o; lsNnfsf] lgdf{0f ;dfO{ /fhf
hol;+x k|ydn] u/]sf x'g\ . kl5 cf}/ª\uh]an] o'4sf] a]nfdf pgsf efO bf/f
l;+xnfO{ s]xL ;do o; lsNnfdf s}b u/]/ /fv]sf lyP .
!)=
/fhu9 b'u{ M /fj /fhf k|tfkl;+xn] /fhu9df of]
b'u{ agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . cnj/ /fHosf] /fhwfgL p;a]nf /fhu9d} lyof] .
!!=
efgu9 sL lsnf M of] lsNnf ;Dk"0f{ ef/tel/ k|l;4
5 . xfn of] lsNnf k"0f{¿kdf v08x/ alg;s]sf] 5 . o; lsNnfsf] ljifodf cg]s
nf]ssyf k|rlnt 5g\ . xfn o; lsNnfsf] ;+/If0fsf] lhDdf ef/t ;/sf/n] lnPsf] 5
. oxfF hltv]/} ef/tLo k'/ftTTj ;j{]If0fsf sd{rf/Lx¿ rf/}lt/ x'G5g\ .
;"of{:tkl5 oxfF s;}nfO{ k:g jf a:g lbOFb}g . ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf a9L
e"tfxf lsNnfsf] ¿kdf o;sf] Voflt 5 .
!@=
kmt]x h+u sf dsa/f M of] rf/s'g] nueu juf{sf/ dsa/f kfFrtn] 5 . vfg bfbf
kmt]xhª\u vfgsf] :d[ltdf !%$& df agfOPsf] xf] . o; dsa/fleq kmt]xhª\usf]
lrxfg b]Vg kfOG5 . leQfdf cg]s lrq s'FlbPsf 5g\ .
!#=
lemnldnb]x lemn M chau9 M chau9 afFwd'lg rf/}lt/ c/fjnL kj{tn] 3]l/Psf] of]
ljzfn tfn ;'Gb/ 5 . oxfF ;fgf] 3f6 klg 5 . cr]n jiff{sf]
cefjn] of] w]/} ;'s]sfn] hn;tx w]/} 36]sf] 5 . o; tfnsf] Ps 5]pdf ef/tsf] k|l;4
kfFrtf/] xf]6n cDgaf3 xf]6n 5 . o; xf]6nn] ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ chau9 / efgu9 lsNnf
e|d0f u/fO{ ;fdLKosf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] ub{5 .
dg;'g
M
dg;'gL
jiff{ ;'? ePkl5 oxfFsf kxf8x¿ xl/ofel/nf x'G5g\ . tfnx¿ kfgLn] el/G5g\
. cnj/af6 nueu $% lsnf]ld6/ blIf0f–klZrddf tfnj[If gfdsf] :yfg 5 .
s'znu9af6 ptf b; lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] nafna 5 . ;x/af6 @%
lsnf]ld6/ k/ gtgL sf a/g ufFj 5 .
cnj/sf
P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/x¿
!=
gLd/fgf /g b lxn kmf]6{ M d'Vo ;x/af6 !@ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 . o;nfO{ clxn]
x]f6ndf ablnPsf] 5 . rf}wf}F ztfAbLdf ob'j+zL /fhk"tx¿n] kxf8sf] kfvfdf
lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] xf]6n ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/ xf] hxfF xfdL
/ft latfpg kfpF5f}F . d] / h'gdf oxfFsf xf]6ndf ko{6s Psbd sd x'g] ePsfn] krf;
;f7L k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 kfOG5 .
lbNnLaf6
cnj/sf] e|d0fdf cfpg]n] sDtLdf tLg rf/ 306f t af6}sf nflu 5'6Øfpg'kb{5 .
$= /fdb]j/f M /fh:yfg
!=
/fdb]j afaf dlGb/ M k|l;4, nfvf}F eSthg cf]Ol/g], ebf}
dlxgfdf Hofbf eL8
@=
k/5f afj8L !*%& O= M ljzfn Ogf/ . :gfgsf
nflu gfd'b
#=
8fnL afO{ sª\ug M kTy/sf] ljzfn r'/f] . o; r'/faf6
l5g{] rng . 8fnL afO{sf] ;dflw:yn;Fu} 5 . 8fnL afO{ afaf /fdb]jsL d'vaf]nfp
alxgL lyOg\ . Ps j[Ifsf] km]bdf afaf /fdb]jn] gjhft lzz' km]nf kf/]sf lyP .
ToxL lzz'nfO{ pgn] alxgL dfg]/ x'sf{P .
$=
?l0frf s'cfF M /fdb]j/f;Fu ;DalGwt . ;x/af6 @
lsnf]ld6/ k"j{df 5 .
%=
kgf]/df M
^=
/fd;/f]j/ M klZrdL /fh:yfgdf kfgLsf] 7"nf]
;ª\s6 . /fdb]jhLn] vgfPsf . !%) Ps8, ulx/f] . w]/} ufpFsf] kfgLsf] cfjZostf
k"lt{ u5{ .
&=
afnLgfyhLsf w'0ff M ;dflw:yn . afaf /fdb]jhL gfy
;Dk|bfosf . of] :yfg /fdb]j/faf6 !@ lsld blIf0fdf kf]v/0fdf l:yt 5 .
afnLgfyhLn] e}/j gfdsf] /fIf;af6 afns afaf /fdb]jnfO{ o;} :yfgdf n'sfP/
hf]ufPsf lyP . pgn] o;} :yfgdf u'? afnLgfyhLaf6 lzIff kfPsf lyP . ToxfF
glhs} b'O{ ljzfn tnfp 5g\ . x/]s jif{ pSt :yndf u'? afnLgfyhLsf] ;Ddfgdf d]nf
nfUb5 / To;df nfvf}F eSthg ;xefuL x'g] u5{g\ . ltgLx¿n] u'? afnLgfyhLk|lt cyfx
>4f / elSt k|s6 ub{5g\ .
*=
kfFr lkknL M Psk6s dSsf dlbgfaf6 kfFr lk/
oxfF afaf /fdb]jhLsf] cltly aGg cfPsf lyP .
(=
>L cfzfk'/f dftfhL dlGb/ M kf]v/0f . klZrdtkm{ . d'Vo afOkf; ;8sg]/ . ;'Gb/
. jf;sf nflu P;L tyf gg–P;L sf]7fx¿ ;'ne d"Nodf kfOg] .
!)=
kf]v/0f lsNnf M /ftf] :ofG8:6f]gaf6 ag]sf] k|frLg lsNnf . leq Do'lhod klg .
d"nåf/ ljzfn . sf7sf] . k|j]z z'Ns nfU5 .
%= ;Ls/ lhNnf M /fh:yfg
;Ls/
;x/nfO{ z]vfj6L If]qsf] x[bo tyf z]vfj6L k|j]zåf/sf ¿kdf klg lrGb5g\ . ;Ls/
lhNnf ;+:s[lt, d]nf, ;'Gb/ xj]nLx¿, ko{6sIf]qsf k|l;4 lrqsnf uf]6f / v08]nfsf
nflu ljZjk|l;4 5\ . of] /fh:yfgsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] ljsl;t ;x/ xf] . o; ;x/df
7"nf7"nf lzIf0f ;+:yfg / sf]lrª ;]G6/ v'Ng yfn]kl5 o; ;x/sf] cfafbL
Psbd a9]/ cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ /fh:yfgsf] ldgL sf]6f gfdn] klg hflgG5 .
o;
;x/sf ;+:yfkssf] >]o /fhf bf}nt l;+xnfO{ hfG5 . pgn] !&$$
;g\df o;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . :yfkgfkl5 cfhsf] ;'efifrf]sdf Pp6f
;fgf] u9 agfOPsf] lyof] . !(($ ;Dd o; ;x/df ux/f /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/]sf lyP .
clGtd /fj /fhf sNof0f l;+x lyP . o; ;x/sf] dWodf l:yt 306f3/ o'j/fh
x/bofn l;+xsf] :d[ltdf /fj /fgL :j¿k s'Fj/n] agfpg nufPsL x'g\ . of] *% lkm6
cUnf] 5 .
klxn]
o;sf] gfd >Ls/ lyof] . kl5 jL/efg gfdsf zf;sn] o;sf] gfds/0f ‘jL/efg sf jf;‘
u/] . h}g dlGb/x¿df /flvPsf lznfn]vsf cg';f/ o; ;x/sf] k|frLg gfd lzjs/ b]lvG5
. /fhf dfwf]l;+xhLn] o; ;x/sf] jt{dfg gfd lbPsf x'g\ elgG5 .
of]
;x/ /fh:yfgsf] /fhwfgL hok'/af6 !!$ lsnf]ld6/ pQ/–klZrd / ef/tsf] /fhwfgL
lbNnLaf6 @(& lsnf]ld6/ blIf0f–klZrddf kb{5 . jl/kl/af7 hok'/, em'gem'g, r'?
/ gfuf}/ lhNnfn] of] lhNnf 3]l/Psf] 5 . o; lhNnfn] l5d]sL /fHo xl/of0ffnfO{ klg
5'G5 .
;Ls/
;ft åf/o'St u9L ePsf] ;x/ lyof] . afa/L u]6, kmt]xk'/L u]6, gfgL u]6, ;'/hkf]n
u]6, b'hf]8 u]6, cf]N8 b'hf]8 u]6, Go' cf}/ rGb|f}n u]6 cflb ;ft u]6 lyP . s'g}
;dodf /fh:yfgsf /fhfx¿n] slxn] hok'/ t slxn] ;Ls/af6 zf;g rnfP .
dxfg\
of]4f zf;s /fj b]jL l;+x oxfFsf s'zn zf;s lyP . ;Ls/sf] Oltxf;df logsf] gfd
;jf{]Rr :yfgdf 5 . logn] ;Ls/nfO{ z]vfj6L If]qdf ;a}eGbf dha't / ;d[4 ;x/sf]
¿kdf ljsf; u/] . pgn] /3'gfyu9 / b]ju9sf lsNnf agfP . o;}u/L /fdu9 z]vfj6Lsf]
klg :yfkgf u/] . !&(% df pgsf] d[To' eof] . pgLkl5 pgsf k'q /fj
nId0fl;+x /fhf eP . oL klg dxfg\ ;d|f6\ lyP . logn] etfe'ª\u r6\6fgsf] l9:sfdf
nId0f lsNnf agfP . of] cfh ;a}vfn] ko{6ssf nflu Ps dxTTjk"0f{ ko{6g :yn
ag]sf] 5 .
oxfF
snf, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / lzIffsf k|lt 7"nf] nufj b]lvG5 .
o;
;x/af6 ef/tsf nflu s]xL dxfg\ JolStTj klg pTkfbg ePsf 5g\ . k"j{/fi6«klt
e}/jl;+x z]vfjt ;a}eGbf d'Vo x'g\ . ef/tsL k|yd dlxnf /fi6«klt k|ltef kfl6n klg
o;} lhNnfsL a'xf/L x'g\ . ef/tsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf cf}Bf]lus 3/fgf ahfh /
la8nfx¿ o;} ;x/df k9]–a9]sf x'g\ .
hok'/sf
dxf/fhf dfwj l;+xn] oxfF;Dd /]nj] nfOg la5\ofpg nufPsf x'g\ . ;g\ !(@@ df oxfF
klxnf] kN6 6«]g k'u]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf hok'/b]lv ;Ls/;Ddsf] /]nef8f !% cfgf
dfq lyof] .
;Ls/
lhNnf &&$@ ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 . /fh:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] s[lifpkh ahf/ ;Ls/d} 5 . z]vfj6L If]qdf Psdfq gbL 5 M sfGtnL . of]
o;} lhNnfsf] v08]nfsf] kxf8L If]qaf6 pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
d'Vo
ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M
!=
b]ju9 lsNnf M of] lsNnf k|frLgtd lsNnfx¿dWo] Ps
xf] . of] ;x/af6 sl/a !) lsnf]ld6/ k/ xif{gfy /f]8df 5 . of] lsNnf cUnf]
8fF8fdf ag]sf] 5 . oxfF hfg k}bn g} hfg'kb{5 . ko{6sn] cfkm";Fu vfgf /
kfgL nUg}k5{ . of] lsNnfsf] w]/} efu cfh vl08t eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o; 6'Kkfaf6
;"of{:tsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ax'd"No cg'ej x'g]5 . ;'g;fg x'gfn] oxfF PSn}
cfpg' 7Ls x'Fb}g, o;}u/L oxfF /ftsf] ;dodf klg cfpg' 7Ls x'Fb}g .
o;
lsNnfsf] lgdf{0f /fj /fhf b]jL l;+xn] !&*& df u/fPsf lyP .
@=
df? kfs{ M of] :yfg ;x/sf] d'Vo efuaf6 #
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . of] kfs{ w]/} 7"nf] / ;'Gb/ 5 . o; kfs{df Ps
ljzfn ci6sf]0fLo tnfp klg agfOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ dfwj;fu/ a8f tfnfa elgG5 . o;
tnfpdf kfgL;Dd hfgsf nflu l;F9L agfOPsf 5g\ . oL l;F9Ldf a;]/ oxfFsf] zflGt /
gL/jtfsf] cg'ej ug{' :d/0fLo cg'ej x'g]5 . t/ cr]n dflg;x¿n] o; tnfpdf kmf]xf]/
kmfn]/ b'u{GwL agfpg nfu]sf 5g\ . s]6fs]6Lx¿sf nflu lkª cflb klg 5g\ .
#=
;Ls/ ;ª\u|xfno M ;Ls/ ;x/sf] of] ;ª\u|xfno lhNnfs}
Psdfq t/ Psbd} dxTTjk"0f{ ;ª\u|xfno xf] . oxfF ef/tLo k|frLg jf:t'snfsf
pTs[i6 ;ª\u|x x]g{ kfOg]5 . oxfF z]vfjtsf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg lrlqt
ul/Psf] 5 . d"lt{x¿, xltof/x¿, k'/fgf] ;dosf l;Ssf, leQ] lrq, df6fsf efF8fs'F8f
cflb b]Vg kfOG5 . Oltxf;df ?lr /fVg]x¿ oxfF cjZo k'u"g\ .
$=
>L wf]nL ;tL bfbLhL dlGb/ M of] k|l;4
dlGb/ ;Ls/ lhNnfsf] kmt]xk'/ ;x/df 5 . ;]tf] dfa{nn] ag]sf] of] dlGb/ cToGt
cfsif{s 5 . ;Ls/ ;x/af6 oxfF k'Ug nueu %) lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .
%=
>L bf] rG6L jfnfhL wfd M of] dlGb/ lhNnfs} k|d'v
ko{6g :yndWo] Ps xf] . dlGb/ kmt]xk'/ gu/sf] aLrdf 5 . xg'dfghLsf] o; ljzfn
dlGb/df tLy{ofqLsf nflu cg]s ;'ljwf 5g\ .
^=
>L hL0fdftf wfd M of] ;Ls/ ;x/sf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo
uGtJo xf] . of] ;x/af6 sl/a #) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf /]jf;fF ufpFdf 5 .
/]jf;fF ufpFaf6 klg oxfF k'Ug c¿ b; lsnf]ld6/ hfg'k5{ . >L hL0fdftfnfO{
hoGtL dftfsf] gfdn] klg af]nfOG5 . syfcg';f/ o; dlGb/sf] :yfkgf kf08jx¿n] u/]sf
lyP . pgLx¿n] c1ftjf;sf] qmddf oxfF cfOk'Ubf o; dlGb/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\
elgG5 .
&=
>L vf6" ZofdhL dlGb/ M ;Ls/ lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf
d'Vo ko{6sLo uGtJo / tLy{:ynrflxF vf6" ZofdhLsf] dlGb/ g} xf] . of] ;DejtM
/fh:yfgsf] ;a}eGbf k|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . dlGb/sf] bz{gfy{ b]z tyf ljb]zaf6 xhf/f}F
tLy{ofqL cf]Ol/g] u/]sf 5g\ . ;Ls/ ;x/af6 nueu %) lsnf]ld6/ / hok'/af6 nueu !))
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf vf6" gfdsf] :yfgdf of] dlGb/ cjl:yt 5 .
dlGb/df
h'g k|ltdf :yflkt 5 Tof] hldg vGbf e]l6Psf] xf] . of] w]/}
cfZro{sf] s'/f eof] . pSt k|ltdf e]l6Psf] :yfgnfO{ Zofds'08 agfOPsf] 5
. x/]s jif{ kmfu'g dlxgfsf] ifi7Lb]lv åfbzL;Dd oxfF ljzfn d]nf nfUb5
. o;nfO{ kmfu'g d]nf elgG5 . d]nfdf w]/} 6f9f6f9faf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf
bz{gfyL{ eSthg cfpF5g\ .
*=
xif{gfy dlGb/ M ;Ls/ ;x/af6 nueu !% lsnf]ld6/
blIf0fdf xif{ ufpFdf xif{gfy dlGb/ 5 . c/fjnL kj{tdf l:yt o; k|frLg
lzj dlGb/sf] jf:t'lzNk x]g{ nfos 5 .
(=
nId0fu9 lsNnf M nId0fu9 lsNnf d'Vo ;x/af6 sl/a @*
lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df nId0fu9 ufpFdf cjl:yt 5 . lsNnf !*^@ df ;Ls/sf /fj
/fhf nId0f l;+xn] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ .
oltdfq
xf]Og, oxfF s}of}F b/af/ / xj]nLx¿ bz{gLo 5g\ . ;fjGt/fj rf}kfgL xj]nL, dl;Gb/
/f7L xj]nL,;fª\uf ldof{ xj]nL, ldhf{jfn ;fOnf xj]nL, rf/ rf}s xj]nL, s]l8of
xj]nL d'Vo x'g\ .
oLafx]s
klg c¿ bz{gLo :yn 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu /]jf;f wfd, h}g dlGb/ /]jf;f, dxfnIdL
dgf]sfdgf dlGb/, cnf]bf u|fd, ;Ls/ sf lsnf, kmt]xk'/ sL afj8L, >LgfyhL
dxf/fh sf cf>d cflb .
%=
/fh;dGb lhNnf M /fh:yfg
/fh;dGbnfO{
>Ls[i0fhLsf] e"ld eGg' ;d'lrt x'G5 . oxfF ljZj g} rlst x'g] u/L dgfOg]
>Ls[i0f hGdfi6dL, xf]nLkj{, uf]jw{g kj{ cflbn] o; e"ldnfO{ s[i0fsf]
e"ld xf] eGg] k'li6 ub{5g\ . oxfFsf] em/gf /fh:yfgs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 5
. oxfF ljZjk|l;4 ljz]if hfltsf] u'nfkm kfOg5 . /fh;dGb jL/x¿sf] w/tL xf] .
d]jf8 /fHosf] ;Ldfdf a;]sf] /fh:yfgsf] clns blIf0fL efudf /x]sf] of] lhNnf
;'Gb/tf, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / wd{sf nflu ljZjk|l;4 5 . of] :yfg /fh:yfgsf] /fhwfgL
hok'/af6 ##% lsnf]ld6/ / k"j{sf] e]lg; elgg] pbok'/ ;x/af6 ;f7L lsnf]ld6/
dfq k5{ . c/fjnL kj{tsf] blIf0fk"j{df l:yt o; lhNnfsf] pQ/df Aofj/,
k"j{df lenaf8f / lrQf}8, blIf0fdf pbok'/ / klZrddf kfnL lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ .
o;
lhNnfnfO{ agf; gbL / o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿n] l;FRt5g\ . oxfFsf c¿ gbLx¿df c/L,
uf]dtL / rGb|efuf gbL d'Vo 5g\ .
!=
>LgfyhL dlGb/ M
@=
Pslnª\uhL dlGb/ M
#=
lbjf/
$=
zª\s/hL sL d"lt{
%=
dxf/f0ff k|tfk
%=
s];l/ofhL
^=
;fFjlnof hL lrQf}8
^= kmt]xk'/ l;s/L M pQ/k|b]z
ef/tsf d'un zf;s csa/n]
hLjgsf clGtd t/ ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ ;do kmt]xk'/ l;s/Ldf latfPsf lyP
. afbzfx csa/n] ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf agfPsf] pQ/ k|b]zsf] kmt]xk'/
l;s/L ef/tsf] Ps k|l;4 ko{6sLo laGb' xf] . /]8 :ofG8:6f]gdf ag]sf oL
snfk"0f{ ;+/rgfx¿n] d'unsfnLg snf / ;+:s[ltsf] emns lbG5g\ . kmt]xk'/sf]
cy{ x'G5 ljhosf] ;x/ . pb'{ efiffdf kmtxsf] cy{ ljho x'G5 .
o; :yfgsf ;fydf cg]s
k'/fgf sxfgL / ufyfx¿ hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ;"kmL ;Gt ;lnd lr:tLnfO{ dfGg]
>4fn'x¿sf nflu of] Ps wfld{s :yn klg xf] . clxn] of] Ps o'g]:sf] w/f]x/ klg
xf] .
cfu/f jf To; e]usf]
ofqfsf] of]hgf u/]sf] a]nfdf o; :yfgnfO{ klg 5'6fpg'x'Fb}g . of] :yfg cfu/faf6
#* lsnf]ld6/ klZrddf k5{ . oxfF Obsf] ;dodf vf; eL8ef8 x'G5 . t/ jif{el/ g}
oxfF cfpgsf nflu dy'/f, cfu/f, lbNnL, hok'/ / j/k/sf ;fgf–7"nf ;x/af6 ;Lwf
a; kfOG5g\ . pQ/k|b]zsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf ;x/dWo] Ps /x]sf] cfu/f
;x/ glhs} ePsfn] oxfF cfpg 6]«]g klg ;xh} kfOG5 .
kmt]xk'/ / l;s/L u/L
oxfF b'O{ v08 5g\ . dfly cUnf] 8fF8fdf ljzfn lsNnf 5 . afbzfx cfkm\gf a]udsf
;fy /xg] d'Vo lsNnfsf] efu l;s/L xf] eg] ;"kmL ;Gt z]v ;lnd lr:tL a:g],
pgsf] b/ufx cflb ePsf] :yfgrflxF kmt]xk'/ xf] .
kmt]xk'/df s]s] x]g{]
<
!= a'nGb b/afhf M csa/n]
u'h/ft ljhosf] pknIodf o;sf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ . !&^ lkm6 cUnf] of] åf/
Pl;ofs} cUnf] åf/ elgG5 . of] b/afhf agfpg sl/a afx| jif{sf] ;do nfu]sf] lyof]
.
@= hfdf dl:hb M kmt]xk'/
l;s/Lsf ;a}eGbf klxn] lgdf{0f ul/Psf ejgdWo] of] Ps xf] . of] ;qf}F ztfAbLdf
lgld{t dl:hb xf] . ljZjw/f]x/ 3f]lift of] dl:hb ef/tsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf
dl:hbdWo] Ps xf] . cfu/f lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6sn] x]g{] :ynx¿dWo] klg of] Ps
xf] .
#= ;lnd lr:tL sf dsa/f M
of] dsa/f d'un jf:t'snfsf] ljlzi6 gd'gf xf] . afbzfx csa/ t];|f d'un afbzfx
x'g\ . afa/, x'dfo'F, csa/, hxfFlu/ x'Fb} pgLx¿n] lxGb':tfgdf zf;g u/] . csa/n]
;Gt ;lndsf] ;Ddfgdf ;g\ !%*) b]lv !%*! ;Dd nufP/ of] dsa/f agfpg nufPsf x'g\ .
csa/sf k'q hxfFlu/ oxLF hGd]sf lyP . o; dsa/fsf] rf/}lt/ l;+ud/d/sf] kvf{n
nufOPsf] 5 . d'Vo åf/df s'/fgsf kbx¿ ;'Gb/ tl/sfn] s'FlbPsf 5g\ . o;sf]
l;+ud/d/ e'OFdf cg]s /ªsf kTy/ nufOPsf 5g\ . ;lnd lr:tL sf dsa/f ;Gtfg k|flKtsf]
sfdgfsf nflu k|l;4 5 . b]ze/sf eSthgx¿ oxfF ;Gtfgsf] sfdgf af]s]/
oxfF bz{gfy{ cfpF5g\ . eStx¿ dgf]sfdgf k"/f xf];\ eGgfsf nflu em\ofnsf
a'6\6fx¿df wfuf afFWg] u5{g\ .
$= cgf/snL sf sa| M zfxhfbf
;lnd cgf/snL gfdsL Ps j]Zofsf] k|]ddf k/]sf lyP . ltg} zfxhfbf ;lnd kl5 hxfFlu/
gfd kfO{ csa/sf pQ/flwsf/L ag] . cgf/snL zAbsf] cy{ cgf/sf] kmqm]sf] km"n
eGg] x'G5 . cfkm\gf] pQ/flwsf/L agfpFnf eGg] 7fg]sf] 5f]/f] Pp6L la56\6} ;'Gb/L
j]Zofsf] ulx/f] k|]ddf kmF;]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 csa/ 8/fP . To; j]ZofnfO{ ejgsf]
e"ldut sf]7fdf ef]s}ltv{} d/f];\ egL csa/n] y'g]sf lyP . p;sf] d[To' ToxLF
eof] .
cgf/snLsf] d[To' ePsf]
e"ldut sIf ;lnd lr:tLsf] dsa/fglhs} 5 . cfkm" afbzfx ag]kl5 hxfFlu/n]
cgf/snLsf] ;Ddfgdf pSt :yfgnfO{ ;'/lIft /fv] . pgn] ToxfF Pp6f sa| agfOlbP clg
pSt lrxfgnfO{ ;'gn] df]8]/ /fv] . of] syf kl5 a]nfotL lgofqfsf/ tyf Oltxf;sf/
ljlnod lkmGr / P8jf8{ 6]/Ln] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . cgf/snLsf] ;'Gb/tf,
b':;fx;k"0f{ / s7f]/ k|]d, ct'ngLo ;dk{0f, ce]B ;fx; clg
b[9tfsf] rrf{ k|]dsxfgL / uLtx¿df cfO/xG5 . cgf/snLsf] syfn] ef/tjif{df cg]s
syf / sxfgL hGd], s}of}F lkmNd / uLt ag], sljtf n]lvP . :qLsf] lgM;t{ k|]dsf]
gd'gf:j¿k cgf/snLsf] dsa/f cfh klg b]Vg kfOG5 .
csa/sf] kmt]xk'/
l;s/Lsf] syf
csa/sf tLg a]ud lyP, t/
ltgaf6 ;Gtfg ePgg\ . 5f]/f gePkl5 csa/ 56k6fP . pgL chd]/sf] b/fufxdf uP/ b'cf
dfu], t/ o;af6 kmfObf ePg . pgL dWok|b]zsf] Hjfnfb]jLsf] dlGb/df k'u], bz{g
u/], k'qk|flKtsf] sfdgf b]jLsf] kfpdf lz/ /fv]/ k|s6 u/], pgL j}i0ff]b]jLsf]
bz{g ug{ k'u], t/ klg pgsf] dgf]sfdgf cw'/} /x\of] . pgn] k6sk6s uª\uf:gfg u/],
uf}bfg u/], cg]s tLy{ / j|t u/] . csa/n] ef/tjif{sf s'g} klg wfld{s :yn afFsL /fv]gg\
hxfF k'u]/ pgn] cfkm\gf] lz/ em'sfpg' lyof] . t/ olt ubf{ klg s'g} kmfObf ePg
. pgL ;ftf}Fk6s chd]/ ;l/km uP, ToxfF pgnfO{ ;kgf eof], kmt]xk'/
l;s/Ldf Ps 7"nf kmls/ 5g\ M ;'kmL ;Gt ;lnd lr:tL . o;kl5 csa/ cfkm\gf
/fgLx¿ / bnan;lxt lbNnLaf6 kmt]xk'/ l;s/L;Dd gfª\u} v'6\6f k}bn cfP .
of] ofqf k"/f ug{
csa/nfO{ ;q lbg nfUof] . oxfF s'g} a:tL lyPg . p;a]nf of] Ps kxf8L jgIf]q lyof]
. kxf8sf] km]bLdf ;Gt ;lnd lr:tL Ps s'6Ldf a:y] . pgL ;"kmL ;Gt x'gfn]
;"kmL ljwfgn] k"hfcfhfdf dUg /xGy] . pgsf] bz{gdf cfpg] eSthgnfO{
cfzLj{rg lbGy] . csa/ ;Gt;dIf k'u] . pgL cfkm\gL /fgL;lxt tL ;Gtsf kfpdf k/] .
pgn] ?Fb}?Fb} cfkm\gf] kL8f kf]v] .
o;kl5 t];|L /fgLaf6 Ps
k'qsf] hGd eof] . tL /fgL rlr{t ef/tLo dxf/fhf dfgl;+xsL km'k" hf]wfafO{
lyOg\ . ltgL lxGb" lyOg\, csa/;Fu lax] u/]kl5 ltgn] dl/od–ph–hdfgL gfd
kfOg\ t/ pgnfO{ ;+;f/n] hf]wfafO{ Joª\UofTds pkgfdn] lrG5 . lxGb" /fhf
dfgl;+x csa/sf ;]gfklt tyf cg]s /fHosf gafjsf] ¿kdf sfo{ u/] . pgn] ef/tel/df
cg]s b/af/, dxn, lsNnf, lxGb" d7dlGb/ / dl:hb agfPsf] s'/f ef/tLo Oltxf;df
kfOG5 . ltg} dfgl;+xsL km'k"af6 ha k'q k|fKt eof], csa/n]
ltgsf] gfd pg} ;Gtsf] ;Ddfgdf ;lnd /fv] . kl5 /fhf ePkl5 ltgn] hxfFlu/ pkgfd
kfPsf x'g\ .
afbzfx csa/n] o;}
v'l;ofnLdf oxfF Ps gu/sf] :yfkgf u/] . s]jn afx| jif{df ToxfF cToGt ;'Gb/ ;x/
aGof] . cg]s kfs{, tnfp, b/af/, lsNnf, dl:hb / dsa/f ag] . cg]s Jofkf/L /
pBf]ukltn] 7"nf7"nf sf]7L / uf]bfd agfP . csa/n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf
kl5Nnf v08x¿ oxLF latfP .
d[To' x'g'cufl8 pgL
oxfFaf6 cfu/flt/ nfu] . p;a]nf cfu/f / lbNnL pgsf b'O{ /fhwfgL lyP . cfkm\gf]
hLjgsf] kl5Nnf lbgx¿df cfu/fdf a;]/ pgn] nfnlsNnf agfP . pgsf] oxLF b]xfGt eof]
. pgnfO{ glhs}sf] l;sGb/fdf bkmgfOof] . cfh klg cfu/fsf] pQ/L pkgu/ l;sGb/fdf
pgsf] dsa/f zfgbf/ ¿kdf v8f 5 .
o; dsa/fleq hfg]n] lz/
9fSg clgjfo{ 5 . o;} kl/;/df ;Gt ;lnd lr:tLsf] kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:osf klg sa|
agfOPsf 5g\ . sltko sa|df kmf/;L gfd clns ga'lemg] u/L n]lvPsf 5g\ eg] sltko t
a]gfd klg 5g\ . oxfF dhf/df sk8fn] 9fSgsf nflu sk8f lsGg eGg] 56\6"x¿
x'G5g\, ltgaf6 aRg' h?/L x'G5 . pgLx¿n] eGg]5g\– o; dhf/df sk8fn] 9fs]df efUo
;k|G5 . logLx¿n] pSt sk8fsf] bfd Ps xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd dfUg ;S5g\ . t/ logLx¿ Tof]
sk8f tkfO{F;Fu dfu]/ k'gM csf{] ;f]emf] ko{6snfO{ 7Ug yflnxfN5g\ . ctM
logLx¿af6 Tof] rfb/ lsGg'x'Fb}g .
tfhdxnsf] syf oxfF
hf]l8G5 M
hxfFlu/sf 5f]/f
zfxhxfFn] tfhdxn agfPsf x'g\ . zfxhxfF / pgsL /fgL d'dtfh dxnsf] syf xf]
tfhdxnsf] lgdf{0fsf] syf . zfxhxfFn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f bf/f ;'sf]xnfO{
cfkm\gf] /fHosf] pQ/flwsf/L agfPsf lyP . ha zfxhxfF 8]Ssgsf kxf8L /fhfx¿ /
kf]r'{luhx¿nfO{ x/fO{ o'4af6 kms{] ltgn] cfkm\gL /fgL rf}wf}F ;Gtfg kfpg] qmddf
;'Ts]/L Joyfn] d/]sf] b]Vg'k¥of] . o; rf]6n] zfxhxfF cw{kfun ag]sf x'g\ .
cfkm\gL lk|otdfsf] d[To'df cw{kfun ePkl5 pgn] hyfefjL lg0f{ox¿ ug{ yfn] .
o'4af6 ljhoL eP/ afa';Fu kms{]sf cf}/ª\uh]a o'4, k|zf;g / cGo cg]s ljifodf s'zn
lyP . pgL r't/ / w"t{ lyP . pgn] /fHosf pQ/flwsf/L bfh' bf/f ;'sf]xnufot
;a} efOx¿nfO{ df/]/ /fhu2L xft kf/] . pgn] cw{kfun afa' zfxhxfFnfO{
h]ndf sf]r]/ /fv] . h]ndf cf7 jif{ tfhdxn x]b{} zfxhxfFn] lbg latfP . pgsf]
d[To' nfnlsNnfsf] ;f]xL h]ndf eof] . cfh xfdLn] cfu/fsf] nfnlsNnfsf] e|d0f
u/]df pgn] tfhdxn x]g{] u/]sf] pRr a/G8f / pgL y'lgPsf sf]7fx¿ b]Vg kfpF5f}F .
g]kfnLsf nflu cfu/fsf]
nfn lsNnf, tfh dxn, csa/sf] dsa/f, kmt]xk'/ l;s/L cflb ;a} If]qsf] Psd'i6 l6s6
? ^)) k5{ . kmt]xk'/ l;s/Lsf nflu dfq rflxF ?= %) k5{ .
%= hf]wfafO{ sf
dxn M cgf/snLsf] sa| tyf ;lnd lr:tLsf] dsa/f 3'ld;s]kl5 hf]wfafO{sf]
dxn x]g'{k5{ . csa/sL ;a}eGbf lk|o /fgL hf]wfafO{ lyOg\ . oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] / eJo dxndf csa/sL a]ud hf]wfafO{ al:yg\ . hf]wfafO{ afbzfx csa/sL
klxnL /fhk"t lxGb" /fgL lyOg\ . t/ logLeGbf klxNo} csa/sf b'O{ a]ud
tyf cg]s lelqgLx¿ 5Fb} lyP . logL ;a}eGbf rt'/ / zlStzfnL lyOg\ . logL d'un
zf;gsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf a9L ;do /fgL eP/ /lxg\ . dxf/fhf dfgl;+x logs} ebf lyP
. dfgl;+x csa/sf] ;]gfsf k|d'v tyf cg]s /fHosf gafj /x] clg pgn] cg]s
lxGb" dlGb/, d7x¿ tyf d';ndfgsf nflu cg]s dl:hb agfP eGg] s'/f dfly
cfO;s]sf] 5 . hf]wf afO{sf xL/f s'Fj/L, xL/ s'Fj/ cflb cGo gfdx¿ klg lyP .
csa/kl5sf d'un afbzfx
hxfFlu/ log}sf 5f]/f lyP . hf]wfafO{sf] dxndf lxGb" / d'un jf:t'z}nLsf]
lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ ;lDd>0f kfOG5 . o; dxndf u'h/ft, dfG8' / Ujflno/sf
jf:t'snfnfO{ kf/Dkl/s O:nflds l8hfOgsf ;fy ld;fOPsf] 5 .
^= lbjfg P vf; M of]
/fh;ef–sIf xf] . oxfF csa/ cfkm\gf gf} dGqLsf ;fy a}7s a:y] .
&= lbjfg P cfd M of]
Psvfn] v'nf d~r xf] hxfF csa/ cfkm\gf k|hf;Fu k|ToIf s'/f uy{] . hgtfn] oxfF
cfP/ afbzfxnfO{ ;f]em} cfkm\gf u'gf;f ;'gfpg kfpFy] .
*= Ojfbtvfgf M of]
ejg / lbjfg P vf; klg hf]wfafO{ dxng]/} 5g\ .
(= k~rdxn M l;s/Lsf]
of] dxn Ps c;fwf/0f ;+/rgf xf] . o;df af}4 ejgsf] l8hfOg b]lvG5 . of] rf/tn]
ejg &^ vDafdfly cl8Psf] 5 . o;sf k|To]s tnfsf sf]7f tNnf] tnsf] o;d'lgsf]
sf]7feGbf s]xL ;fgf 5g\ . x]g{df of] dxn cToGt cfsif{s 5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f zfxL
dlxnfx¿sf] dgf]/~hg / ljnf;sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . k~rdxndf Ps kf]v/L 5, o;sf] gfd
cg'k tfnfa xf] . of] s'g} ;dodf ;ª\uLt ;df/f]xsf] cj;/sf nflu ag]sf] lyof] .
!)= jL/an lgjf; M oxfF
jL/an lgjf; klg x]g{ kfOg]5 . jL/an csa/sf] b/af/sf Ps lxGb" a|fx\d0f dGqL
lyP . jL/ansf] of] lgjf; hf]wfafO{sf] dxnaf6 pQ/–klZrd s'gfdf 5 . o;df v'Nnf
9f]sf tyf rf/ sf]7f 5g\ .
xfdLn] csa/–jL/ansf
xf:osyfx¿ w]/} ;'g]sf 5f}F . oL xf:osyfn] d'un tyf lxGb" ;dfhsf b'/j:yf,
zf;sx¿sf d'v{tfk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿, ;fdflhs s'/Llt tyf dfgjLo rl/qdfly s7f]/
Joª\Uo tyf tLvf] xf:o k}bf ub{5g\ . ef/tdf t]gfnL /fdsf syf, csa/ jL/ansf syf /
xdhfPufsf syf w]/} nf]slk|o 5g\ .
rLgdf cfx So', 6sL{b]lv
O/fg;Dd g;|–pb–lbgsf syf eGg] / ;'Gg] rng 5, ptf lu|;lt/ O;ksf syf elgG5g\ eg]
clk|msL b]zx¿df cgfG;L / 6f]sf]nf];] o:tf xf:o rl/q x'g\ . cd]l/sL cflbjf;Lx¿df
sf]of]6 / d]S;Ldf]g clg hfkfgLx¿df lsT;'g] xf:o rl/q x'g\ . ptf hd{gLdf nf]sL,
O/fgdf z]x/fhfbL clg leotgfdlt/ 6«fª–lSjg rt'/ / xf:o rl/q dflgG5g\ . ;+;f/el/
o:tf xf:o rl/q x'Fbf /x]5g\ . p;a]nfsf] ef/tjif{ eGgfn] ckmuflg:tfg, kfls:tfg,
rLgsf] ltAat, g]kfn, e'6fg, aª\unfb]zb]lv adf{;Ddsf ;of}F :jtGq /
;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg b]zx¿sf] ef}uf]lns, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts klxrfg lyof] .
csa/–jL/ansf syfx¿ oL ;a} b]zdf plQs} k|]d / :jfbsf ;fy elgGy], ;'lgGy] .
csa/ zlStzfnL,
qm"/, x7L / obfsbf d"v{ ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf / dGqL jL/an rt'/, jfSk6' /
xflh/hafkmL rl/qsf] ¿kdf pleg] u/]sf cg]s xf:osyfx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL ;To
xf]nfg\, t/ w]/} syf kl5 pgLx¿sf] gfddf ufFl;Psf xf:osyf x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 .
sltko syfdf jL/an cefj,
ul/aL / b'Mvsf] pkrf/ vf]Hb} sf7df8f}Faf6 lbNnL k'u]sf / ToxLF pgsf]
jfSrft'o{n] pgn] csa/sf] dg lht]sf syf elgGYof] . t/ Tof] Tolt k'/fgf] syf
gePsf] / P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx¿ vf]hL ubf{ ltgL ef/t pQ/k|b]z /fHosf] sfgk'/
lhNnfsf x'g\ eGg] e]l6G5 . pgL ;g\ !%@* df sfgk'/ lhNnfsf]
l6sjfgk'/sf a|x\de6\6 a|fx\d0f uª\uf bf;sf 5f]/fsf] ¿kdf hGd]sf x'g\ eGg]
b]lvG5 . afNosfndf pgsf] gfd dx]z bf; lyof] . csa/sf] b/af/df pgn] /fhf pkflw
kfPsf lyP . ctM /fhf jL/ansf] gfdn] pgL lrlgGy] .
kmt]xk'/ l;s/L slxn]
e|d0f ug'{ a]; xf]nf <
oxfF cS6f]a/b]lv
dfr{;Ddsf] ;do e|d0fsf nflu pko'St 5 . clk|nb]lv ;]K6]Da/;Ddsf 5
dlxgf oxfF cToGt udL{ x'g] x'gfn] e/;s To; df};ddf Totf ghfg' a];
. kmt]xk'/ l;s/L z'qmjf/afx]s h'g lbg cfP klg x'G5 . z'qmjf/ gdfh
kl9g] x'gfn] oxfFsf] cfFug >4fn'x¿n] el/Psf] x'G5, w]/} b]Vg kfOFb}g .
eL8ef8 dg k/fpg]sf nflu of] lbg klg ;xL x'G5 . xKtfsf c¿ lbg oxfFsf] jftfj/0f
zflGtk"0f{ x'G5 .
&= z[ª\uj]/k'/ -l;ª\u|f}/_ M
pQ/k|b]z
d}+g] uª\ufsL lgd{n t6 k/
nfzf]+ sf] hnt] b]vf x}
jfo', e"ld cf}/ hn d+] ldns/
dfgjsf] unt] b]vf x} .
clUgtfk ;] vl08t xf]s/
k~rtŒj
agt] b]vf x}
;'v,
b'Mv, lrGtf, df]x ;eLsf]
z"Go d]+ 3'nt] b]vf x} .
d}+g] uª\ufsL lgd{n t6 k/
nfzf]+
sf] hnt] b]vf x} .
z[ª\uj]/k'/df rf/
lsl;dsf dflg; cfpg] u5{g\ M Ps, hf] cfkm"x¿n] NofPsf] d[t z/L/nfO{
Zdzfg3f6df uª\uf gbLsf] lsgf/df e:d ub{5g\ . bf];|f], cfkm"n] ;Gtfg k|fKt
ug{ ;s"F eg]/ uª\uf gbLt6sf z[ª\uL Clifsf] dlGb/df bz{gx]t' cfpF5g\ .
t];|f] ju{df tL lh1f;' cfpF5g\ hf] To; e"ldnfO{ b]Vg, 5fDg / cg'e"t
ug{ rfxG5g\, hxfFaf6 jgjf;sf] ;dodf >L/fdn] dfemLx¿sf /fhf lgiffbsf] d2tn]
uª\uf kf/ u/]/ k|ofu clg kl5 lrqs"6tkm{ k|:yfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . rf}yf]
ju{df tL k5{g\ h;nfO{ Oltxf;df ulx/f] ?lr 5 .
pTvggsf qmddf k|fKt
cjz]ifx¿sf] sfa{g 8]l6ªaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cg';f/ oxfF nueu tLg xhf/ jif{
k'/fgf] dfgj ;+:s[ltsf] cjz]if kfOPsf] 5 .
z[ª\uL Clif–cf>d M
Onfxfafb /]nj] :6];gaf6
uª\uf gbLsf] k'n kf/ u/]kl5 kmfkmfdpmtkm{ cl3 a9\b} nvgpm dfu{df nueu #&
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf uª\uf gbLsf] lt/df Pp6f cUnf] l9:sfdf cjl:yt l;ª\u|f}/
gfds :yfgdf 5 z[ª\uL Clifsf] dlGb/ . jfNdLls/lrt >LdåfNdLsLo /fdfo0f,
j]bJof;s[t >LcWofTd/fdfo0f / dxfef/t, uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;s[t /fdrl/tdfg;,
efg'eSts[t /fdfo0f, sflnbf;s[t /3'j+z dxfsfJo, eje"ltsf] pQ//fdrl/t cflb
cg]s s[ltsf] efje"ld xf] z[ª\uj]/k'/ . Clif z[ª\uL, pgsL kTgL zfGtf /
z[ª\uj]/k'/sf] k|;ª\u / j0f{g cg]s 7fpFdf k|fKt x'G5 .
kf}/fl0fs syfx¿sf cg';f/
Clif sZoksf k'q dxlif{ ljef08ssf] s7f]/ tkaf6 eoeLt eO{ OGb|n] b]jnf]ssL cK;/f
pj{zLnfO{ Clifsf] tk:of eª\u ug{sf nflu k7fP . tk:of eª\u eof] . Clif ljef08sn]
pj{zL;Fu ;+;u{ u/L Ps afns pTkGg u/] . To; afnssf] lgwf/df l;ªh:tf]
6'6'Nsf] lyof] . o;} eP/ o; afnssf] gfd Cioz[ª\u /xg uof] . oxL afns kl5 uP/
cfkm\gf] s7f]/ tksf] anaf6 z[ª\uL Clif sxlnof] .
cof]Wofsf /fhf bz/ysf
tLg /fgL lyP . sf}zNof, s}s]oL / ;'ldqf . To;a]nf dxf/fgL sf}zNofaf6 Ps k'qLsf]
hGd ePsf] lyof] M zfGtf . sf}zNofsL ;xf]b/ alxgL j}i0fL cª\ub]zsf /fhf /f]dkb
cyf{t\ lrq/ysL kTgL lyOg\ . j}i0fLn] zfGtfnfO{ wd{k'qL agfP/ /fv]sL
lyOg\ . /fhf bz/y / /f]dkb ;f9' gftf kgf{sf ;fy} k/d ldq klg lyP .
jfNdLls /fdfo0fdf /fhs'df/L zfGtfsf] af/]df s'g} j0f{g kfOFb}g, t/ blIf0fL
ef/tsf k'/f0fx¿df zfGtfsf] rl/q lj:t[tdf j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Psk6s cª\ub]zdf eofgs
v8]/L k¥of] . gbL, tnfp, kf]v/L ;a} ;'s] . o; cfkt\af6 d'lSt lbnfpgsf nflu
dxlif{ z[ª\uLnfO{ cg'/f]w ul/of] . dxlif{ z[ª\uLsf] dfu{bz{gdf k"/}
cª\ub]zdf ljlwljwfgk"j{s xjg, k"hg Pjd\ o1ofuflb ul/of] . kl/0ffdf
;'vb lg:Sof] / 3g3f]/ jiff{ eof] . gbL, tnfp, kf]v/L ;a} hnfzo kfgLn] el/P .
cª\ub]zsf /fhf /f]dkbn] k|;Gg eP/ /fhf bz/yaf6 k|fKt ePsL wd{k'qL /fhs'df/L
zfGtfsf] ljjfx z[ª\uL Clif;Fu ul/lbP .
o;k|sf/ /fhs'df/L zfGtf
cª\ub]zsf] j}ej Tofu]/ dxlif{ z[ª\uLsf ;fy hLjgofkg ug{sf nflu uª\uf
gbLlsgf/sf] o; /d0fLo :yndf cfP/ al;g\ .
k'qL zfGtfkl5 /fhf
bz/ysf s'g} ;Gtfg ePsf lyPgg\ . ctM k'qk|flKtsf] dg;fo af]s]/ /fhf bz/y dxlif{
jl;i7sf] cf>ddf k'u] . dxlif{ jl;i7n] pgnfO{ z[ª\uL Clif eP7fpF hfg /
k'q]li6sfdgf o1 ug{ ;'emfP . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k /fd, nId0f e/t / zq'£gsf] hGd
eof] . cyf{t\ z[ª\uL ClifsL kTgL zfGtf >L/fdsL ;xf]b/ lbbL lyOg\ . pgsf]
af/]df blIf0fsf s}of}F k'/f0fx¿df k|z:t j0f{g kfOG5 .
o; 36gfkl5 dflg;x¿
6f9f–6f9fb]lv k'qsf] sfdgf lnP/ z[ª\uj]/k'/df cfpg yfn] . uª\uf gbLsf] lsgf/df
Ps cUnf] l9:sfdf z[ª\uL Clifsf] k|l;4 dlGb/ 5 . of] z[ª\uj]/k'/sf] d'Vo
>4f:ynL xf] . dlGb/af6 tn uª\uf gbLsf] lsgf/df z[ª\uj]/k'/ 3f6 5 . sflt{s
k"l0f{dfdf oxfF ljzfn d]nf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . oxfF nfvf}F >4fn' hg
uª\ufdf 8'a'NsL dfb{5g\ .
Zdzfg3f6 M
3f6af6 clnslt klt{/ d[t
dflg;x¿sf nflu z[ª\uj]/k'/ Zdzfg3f6 5 . slt ljlrq Joj:yf 5, Psflt/ dflg;x¿ oxfF
k'qsf] sfdgf af]sL hfG5g\, csf{lt/ oxLF k'qx¿ cfkm\gf d[t dftflktfsf] b]x ;bfsf
nflu e:d u/]/ k~rtŒjdf ljnLg u/fO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . log} k~rtŒjsf] ;+of]hgaf6
k'gM PskN6 csf{] gofF hLjgsf] aLh cª\s'l/t x'g]5 . oxL cf:yf, ljZjf; / sfdgfsf
;fy dg'io cfkm\gf] sd{ ul//xG5 .
of] ;f]rf}F, xfd|f] hGd
s'g} vf; sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ePsf] xf] . oxL ;f]rn] xfdLnfO{ z[ª\uj]/k'/af6
kmsL{ cfkm\gf] ufpF–;dfhdf k'Ug] zlSt lbg]5 . cGoyf Zdzfgsf] e"ldn] xfdLdf
olt pbf;Lgtf / cj;fb el/lbG5 ls Ps knsf nflu xfdL o:tf] klg ;f]Rg ;S5f}F, s]
kmfObf, xfdLn] s]xL u/f}F of gu/f}F, Ps lbg t dg'{ g} 5 cflv/df ;a}n], ;a}yf]s
ljgfz eP/} 5f8\nf . xf] klg, dg'{ t Ps lbg ;a}n] k5{ g} . t/ xfdL ;bf;bfsf nflu
hLljt /xg ;Sof}F g} eg] klg of] a"9f] eO;s]sf] z/L/sf ;fy hLjgaf6 slt
cfgGb p7fpg ;sf}Fnf / Û
dg'{ eg]sf] xfdLnfO{
IfL0f eO;s]sf] dfgj tgsf] af]emaf6 d'lSt lbg] k|lqmof xf] . ha;Dd hjfg /xG5f}F,
:j:y /xG5f}F, xfdLnfO{ s'g} /f]u 5}g, ta;Dd xfdL hLjgsf] cfgGb p7fpg kfpF5f}F .
cGoyf xfdL g} d[To'sf] k|tLIffdf cfkm\gf] z]if ;do JotLt ug{ yfNb5f}F . xfdL
csf{sf] sfFwdf r9]/ oxfF hlt l9nf] cfpF5f}F, plt g} cfkm\gf] hLjgsf p2]Zo
a'em\g / k"0f{ ug{sf nflu ;do kfpF5f}F .
Zdzfge"lds} 5]pdf
df6fsf] Ps cUnf] l9:sf] 5 . o; cUnf] l9:sfdf k'Ug 3'dfp/f] af6f] eP/ hfg'k5{ .
;g\ !(&& b]lv !(*! cyf{t\ ef/tdf OlGb/f ufGwLsf] zf;gsfndf 8f= aL=aL=
nfnsf] lgb{]zgdf oxfF pTvgg sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . To; pTvggaf6 k|fKt ePsf j:t' /
;+/rgfsf] ulx/f] cWoogsf] cfwf/df s}of}F ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; Pjd\ gi6 ePsf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] . pTvggsfo{af6 O;fk"j{ !))) cyf{t\ cfheGbf #))) jif{
k'/fgf df6fsf efF8f, df6f] ;Dofpg] wft'sf] w';/, tfdfsf tLg 7"nf snz cflb
cg]s j:t' k|fKt eP .
k|frLg tnfp M
oxfF kfOPsf] cfotfsf/
tnfp z'ª\usfn;Fu ;DalGwt xf] elgPsf] 5 . of] tnfp kSsL OF6x¿n] agfOPsf] 5 . o;
tnfpdf gfnfåf/f uª\uf gbLaf6 kfgL NofOGYof] / csf{] s'gfaf6 k'gM uª\uf gbLdf
lgisflzt ul/GYof] . uª\ufaf6 cfpg] kfgLnfO{ lkpg of]Uo agfpgsf nflu
hn–;+zf]wgsf] k|frLg k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u x'GYof] .
ef/tdf hlt klg k|frLg
:ynsf] pTvgg ul/Psf] 5, ltgLx¿dWo] o;nfO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tnfp
xf] elgPsf] 5 . z'ª\usfndf gu/Ls/0f cfkm\gf] pTsif{df lyof] eGg] ;Tosf] Ps
k|df0fsf] ¿kdf of] tnfp klg /x]sf] 5 . df6fsf sltko d"lt{ / /ftf] df6fsf
efF8fx¿ u'Kt o'u;Fu ;DalGwt kfOP . o;afx]s sGgf}h u9jfn j+zsf /fhf uf]ljGb
rGbsf t]x| /ht d'b|f tyf df6fd'lg n'sfOPsf s]xL cfe"if0f e]l6P .
pSt ;dokl5 of] :yfg
nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'g;fg /xg k'Uof] .
Oltxf;sf/sf] dfGotf s] 5
eg] uª\ufdf cfpg] eofgs af9Lsf sf/0f oxfFsf afl;Gbfn] ;bfsf nflu knfog x'g]
lg0f{o u/] . cfh of] :yfg ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ljefuåf/f ;+/lIft 5 . h;n] Oltxf;df
?lr /fV5g\, pgLx¿sf nflu oxfF k|frLg sfndf k|of]u ug{] ul/Psf] xfO8«f]lns
k|0ffnL x]g{ / To;df zf]w ug{sf nflu w]/}j6f ;+/rgf pknAw 5g\ .
/fdrf}/fxf M
oxfFaf6 b'O{
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf /fdrf}/fxf 3f6 5 . uª\uf gbL kf/ ug'{cl3 oxL :yfgdf
>L/fdn] k"/f /ft lj>fd ug{'ePsf] lyof]
elgG5 . /fdfo0fdf >L/fd / pxfFsf cgGo ldq lgiffb/fh
u'xsf] ;+jfbsf] dL7f] sljtf 5 . >L/fd / ;Ltfdftf oxLF ;j{k|yd s'zf;gdf
a:g'eof], kftdf ;'Tg'eof] / nId0fn] /fte/ v8f /x]/ kx/f lbP . csf{] lbg
lgiffb/fh u'xsf] cfb]z kfO{ s]j6x¿n] pxfFx¿nfO{ uª\uf gbL tfl/lbO{
k|ofue"ld;Dd k'¥ofOlbPsf x'g\ elgG5 . cfh klg o; :yfgdf dflg;x¿ bLk k|Hjng
u/L gbLdf k|jflxt ug{sf nflu w]/} 6f9f6f9faf6 cfpg] ub{5g\ . h;/L >L/fdn]
lktfsf] jrgnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} ;a} /fh;L ;'v;'ljwf kl/Tofu u/L rf}w jif{sf nflu jg
hfg tof/ x'g'eof], rf}w jif{;Dd Ps j}/fuL ;+Gof;Lsf] hLjg ckgfpg tof/ x'g'eof],
p;}u/L oxfF cfP/ eSthgx¿ 5f]6} ;dosf nflu eP klg dfof, df]x, b'Mv, lrGtf, wg,
P]Zjo{, ;'v, ljklQ ;a}yf]saf6 lj/t eO{ j}/fuL aGb5g\ . eSthg oxfF bLk k|Hjng
u/L gbLdf axfpF5g\ / /fte/ oxLF jf; ub{5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿ dfgl;s ;'v, låljwf/lxt
pGd'St hLjg k|fKt ub{5g\ . olt ul/;s]kl5 dflg; ;xif{ 3/ kms{G5g\ .
z[ª\uj]/k'/ s;/L hfg]
<
k|ofu/fh h+S;gdf 6«]gaf6
cf]n{g] . c6f] kqm]/ l;ljn nfOG; hfg] . l;ljn nfOG; a; :6]G8 xf] . ToxfFaf6
s'G8f jf nfnuf]kfnuGh hfg] a; kqmg] . a;n] ! 306fdf eujtLk'/
k'¥ofpg]5 . of] :yfg k|ofu/fh–nvgpm xfOj]df k5{ . oxLF a;af6 cf]n{g] . a;af6
cf]n{gf;fy z[ª\uj]/k'/ hfg] u]6 b]lvG5 . oxfFaf6 wfd nueu # lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .
oxfF;Dd cfpg a;ef8f %) ?lkofF k5{ clg O–l/S;fn] oxfFaf6 3f6;Dd k|ltJolSt !)
?lkofF lnG5 . af6fdf uª\uf a]N6sf] vfG;fk'/f ufpF eP/ uOG5 . af6}df
jf/f0f;L–sfgk'/ xfOj] k'luG5 .
eujtLk'/af6 b'O{–;jf
b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ cl3 a9]kl5 lgiffb/fh u'xsf] ;'Gb/ k|frLg ;flns b]Vg kfOg]5 .
5]pd} lgiffb/fh kfs{ aGb} 5 . lgiffb/fh ;flnsnfO{ bfofF kf/]/ uOof] eg]
/fdrf}/fxf / lgiffb/fh kfs{ k'luG5 . xfdLn] k|frLg k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf] pTvlgt
tnfp b]Vg kfpg]5f}F . oxfF Ps k|frLg lsNnf klg lyof] eGg] cg'dfg ul/G5 . kf]v/L
ePsf] 7fpFaf6 cl3 a9]/ /fdrf}/fxf hfg'k5{ . af6f] ;fFu'/} eP klg kSsL 5 .
/fdrf}/fxf 3f6 uª\ufgbLdf ag]sf] 5 . p; ;dodf cof]Wof b]z -sf]znb]z_ sf] ;Ldf
oxLF;Dd lyof] . dxf/fhf bz/ysf] d'n'sleq lgiffb/fh u'xn] Ps /fHodf zf;g uy{] .
oxfFb]lv kfl/ uª\uf t/]kl5 k|ofu/fh b]z lyof] .
k|frLg l;;f} j[If M
ToxfF dlGb/ 5g\ . 3f6df
Ps k|frLg l;;f}sf] ¿v 5 . >L/fd / ;Ltfn] To;} ¿vsf] k]mbdf lj>fd
ug'{ePsf] lyof] eGg] dfGotf 5 . o;} ¿vd'lg nId0fn] pleP/ /fte/ g;'tL
kx/f lbPsf lyP elgG5 . nId0f >L/fd jgjf;sf] rf}w jif{ s'g} /ftdf g;'t]sf]
egL syf 5 . oxfFsf] d'Vo dlGb/ xg'dfghLsf] xf] . oxfF xg'dfgsf !)* cnu–cnu
d"lt{ eP klg d'Vo d"lt{ ;'t]sf] cj:yfdf 5 . xg'dfghLsf] afx|d'vL
d"lt{ klg oxLF 5 . csf]{ d'Vo dlGb/ r/0fkfb'sf dlGb/ xf] . r/0fkfb'sf
dlGb/rflxF clns cUnf] :yfgdf 5, l;F9L r9]/ hfg'k5{ . oxfFsf] 3f6df /fdnLnf d~rg
x'g]u5{ .
lgiffb/fh kfs{ M
lgiffb/fh kfs{ cyf{t\
z[ª\uj]/k'/ kfs{ gofF xf] . /fd rf}/fxfaf6 nueu cfwf lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf
/x]sf] of] cfw'lgs kfs{ ;fFRr} ;'Gb/ 5 . o; kfs{df >L/fd / lgiffb/fh u'xn]
cFufnf] df/]sf] d"lt{ &% lkm6 cUnf] 5 .
kfs{af6 kmsL{ k'gM
lgiffb/fhsf] d"lt{ ePsf] bf]af6fdf cfpg'k5{ . ToxfFaf6 d"lt{nfO{
afofF kf/]/ hfFbf z[ª\uj]/k'/wfd k'luG5 . af6f] w]/} kb{}g . wfddf z[ª\uL Clif
/ pgsL kTgL zfGtfsf] dlGb/ 5 . o; tLy{:ynsf] d'Vo dlGb/ g} oxL xf] .
z[ª\uj]/k'/
>L/fd–;ls{6sf] Ps d'Vo :yn xf] .
ef/tsf] Oltxf;df b'O{
z[ª\uL Clif eP . Ps lyP /fdfo0fsfndf, / csf{ lyP dxfef/tsfndf .
z[ª\uj]/k'/rflxF /fdfo0fsfnLg z[ª\uL Clifsf] :yn xf] . oxfFsf] uª\uf cf/tL eJo
x'G5 . ;Dej ePdf oxfFsf] cf/tLdf ;xefuL aGg' a]; x'G5 . o;}u/L o; If]qdf
lk08bfg / tLy{>f4 ug{] rng 5 . oxfFsf] 3f6df dg{ kfpg' / hNg kfpg'
/fdeStx¿sf nflu hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k'0o / efUosf] s'/f xf] .
z[ª\uL Clifsf] hGd
xl/0fLsf] k]6af6 ePsf] xf] elgG5 . ha Clif ljef08sn] pj{zLsf] ¿knfj0o b]v],
pgsf] sfdjf;gf hfu[t eof] . pgn] tTIf0f jLo{kft u/] . Tof] jLo{ ktg ePsf] 3fF;
vfgfn] xl/0fL ue{jtL eO{ . To;af6 Cioz[ª\u -z[ª\uL_ hGdg k'u] . Clifsf] a|Xdro{
eª\u ug{ ;kmn ePkl5 pj{zL b]jnf]s kmls{g\ eGg] syf 5 .
csf{ z[ª\uL Clif
dxfef/tsfndf lyP . cfhsf] 5QL;u9 /fHosf] wdt/L lhNnfdf l;xfjf kj{tdf
dxfef/tsfnLg z[ª\uL Clifsf] cf>d 5 . 5f]6L uª\uf dxfgbLsf] pb\ud :yn ToxL
l;xfjf kj{t xf] . dxfgbL 5QL;u9af6 axg yfn]/ pl8;fsf] dWoefudf k'Ub5 .
dxfgbLsf] xL/fs'08 ef/tsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf hnfzo / afFwdWo] Ps xf] . d}n] o;}
xL/fs'08sL Ps j[4fsf] syf æafnGbfÆ n]vL k|sflzt u/]sf] 5' .
cfOtjf/
M t];|f] lbg
zª\uj]/k'/af6 kmfkmfdpm
hfg] . @) lsnf]ld6/ . ToxfFaf6 6«]g kqmL cof]Woftkm{ nfUg] .
*= cof]Wof M pQ/k|b]z
cof]Wofsf] afa/L dl:hb /
ljjfb
cof]Wofsf]
/fdhGde"ld dlGb/ d'un afbzfx afa/n] eTsfpg nufO{ ;f] :yfgdf dl:hb agfpg
nufPsf lyP elgPsf] 5 . afa/sf ;]gfklt ld/ afsLn] of] dl:hb agfpg nufO{ cfkm\gf
afbzfxsf] ;Ddfgdf afa/L dl:hb gfd lbP . afa/L dl:hb ;g\ !%@*–@( df ag]sf] xf] .
;Dan / kfgLktsf dl:hb;Fu} of] dl:hb afa/sf] x's'dcg';f/ ag]sf] xf] . of] dl:hb
ef/tdf 5f]6f] ;do;Dd zf;g u/]sf nf]wL d';ndfg /fhj+zsf] z}nLdf ag]sf] lyof] .
nf]wL /fhj+zkl5 d'unx¿ cfPsf x'g\ . afa/ d'un lyP .
bzsf}Fsf] ljjfbkl5 ;g\
!((@ df lxGb'x¿sf] ljzfn eL8n] of] dl:hb eTsfOlbof] . dl:hbsf] lgdf{0f /fd
hGde"ld dlGb/ ePsf] 7fpFdf ;f] dlGb/ eTsfO{ agfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fn]
lxGb" / d'l:ndaLr w]/} bª\ufx¿ eO/x] .
;j{k|yd ;g\ !*%# df
lxGb'x¿n] of] ljifo p7fPsf lyP . a]nfotL zf;gsfndf d';ndfg / lxGb'x¿sf nflu
cnu–cnu k|fy{gf:yn tf]sL ljjfb ;fDo kfl/Psf] lyof] . b'j}sf] bfaL ePsfn] pSt
:yfgnfO{ g t lxGb'n] g t d'l:ndn] k|of]u ug{ kfPsf lyP .
ef/t :jtGq ePkl5
d'l:nd–ax'n efu kfls:tfg eof] / lxGb'ax'n efu lxGb':tfg cyf{t\ ef/t aGof] .
o;kl5 ljifo uDeL/ dte]b x'Fb} cl3 a9\of] / 7"nf] lxGb' ;d"xn] ;g\
!((@ df dl:hb eTsfPsf] xf]] . afa/L dl:hb eTsfpg] cleofgrflxF !(*$ df ;'? ePsf]
lyof] . o;sf] g]t[Tj aLh]kL cflb lxGb'TjjfbL bnx¿n] lnPsf lyP . dl:hb eTsfpg]
qmddf ;]gf–k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nfuL sDtLdf @ xhf/ hgf dfl/Psf lyP . dl:hb eTsfOPkl5
pSt :yfgnfO{ ;]gfn] s8f ;'/Iffsf aLr /fv]sf] lyof] . lxGb'x¿ /fdhGde"ldsf]
bz{gfy{ cf]Ol/O/xGy] t/ ;]gfn] k/}af6 x]g{ dfq cg'dlt lbO/x\of] .
afa/L dl:hb eTs]kl5
lxGb' / d'l:nd b'j} kIf cbfnt k'u] . pRr cbfntn] ;f] hldgdf u}/d'l:nd ;+/rgfsf
cjz]ifx¿ ePsf] k'li6 u/] klg b'j} kIfnfO{ hldg cfwfcfwf afFl8lbof] . ToxfF
lxGb'' tyf af}4 ;+/rgfsf cjz]ifx¿ e]l6Psf] k'li6 ePkl5 lxGb'x¿
>L/fdhGde"ld oxL ePsfn] cfkm"n] ToxfF k'gM dlGb/ agfO{ k"hfcfhf
ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGb} ;jf{]Rr cbfnt k'u] . ;g\ @)!( df ef/tsf] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntn] lxGb'x¿sf] kIfdf km};nf ul/lbof] . o;kl5 lxGb' dlGb/ aGg] af6f] v'n]sf]
xf] .
cof]Wofsf
k|d'v ko{6sLo :yn / tLy{:yfgx¿
@= u'Ktf/3f6 M o;nfO{
u'Ktåf/3f6 elgPsf] 5 . dl0fkj{taf6 u'Ktf/3f6 hfg nueu ( lsnf]ld6/ klZrd
hfg'kb{5 . of] cof]Wofsf] Ps k|l;4 3f6 xf] . u'Ktf/ 3f6;Fu cg]s syf–ls+jbGtL /
dfGotfx¿ hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ef/tsf ;'Gb/ 3f6x¿dWo] Ps ePsfn] oxfF k'Ug'sf] 5'6\6}
dxŒj 5 . ;/o" gbLsf] axfj, 3f6x¿sf] ;'Gb/tf cflbsf] cfgGb p7fpgsf nflu ;fpg–ebf}b]lv
sflt{s;Dd pko'St x'G5 . oxfFsf] gbLdf :gfg ug{sf nflu ebf}b]lv kmfu'g;Dd a];
x'G5 t/ c¿ dlxgfdf klg g'xfpgsf nflu vf;} c;'ljwf x'Fb}g . gbLsf] kfgL ;'Svf
df};ddf lgs} sd x'g] ePsfn] gbLsf] k"0f{ km}nfj6sf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf] cfgGb
lngrflxF avf{ofd 7Ls xf] . of] :yfg gf}sfljxf/sf nflu klg gfd'b 5 . oxfFsf]
gf}sfljxf/ hLjgsf ;'vb cg'ejdWo] Ps xf] .
eujfg\ >L/fdn]
k[YjLdf ;f9] P3f/ xhf/ jif{;Dd zf;g ug'{eof], / To;kl5 o;} u'Ktf/3f6df hn;dflw
lng'eof] . oxfF cg]s dlGb/ 5g\ h;sf] bz{g Ps ;'vb cfWoflTds cg'ej x'g]5 .
oxfFsf] 3f6df :gfg ugf{n] cz]if k'0o k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . dlxnfx¿sf
nflu j:q km]g{] :yfgsf] ;'ljwf klg ePsfn] :gfgfy{ oxfF cfpg' ;xh x'G5 . :gfgkl5
vfglkgsf nflu klg xf]6n, /]:6'/fF / kmf:6 km'8 :6nx¿sf] cefj 5}g . oxfF kf]n]sf
jf pl;g]sf ds} vfg' :d/0fLo :jfb x'g]5 .
#= sDkgL uf8{]g jf
u'Ktf/ kfs{ M of] kfs{ u'Ktf/3f6 hfg] dfu{d} 5 .
of] u'Ktf/3f6glhs} ePsfn] hfg sl7g kb}{g . oxfF k'u]/ s]xL ;do latfpg' /
kmf]6f] lvRg' a]; x'G5 . ;do clns a9L lnP/ cof]Wof cfpg]n] o; :yfgdf
a]n'sLkvsf] zflGt / ;f}Dotfsf] :jfb lng' pQd x'G5 .
$= ax' a]ud sf dsa/f,
km}hfafb M a]ud pgdft'Hhf]x/f cjw gjfasL kTgL
lyOg\ . pgsf] d[To'kl5 of] dsa/f ltgsf] ;Demgfdf gjfj ;'hf–pb–bf}nfn] cfkm}F
agfpg nufPsf lyP . of] km}hfafbsf ;a}eGbf cUnf ;+/rgfdWo] Ps xf] . o;nfO{ ef/tdf
d'unafx]ssf] d'l:nd jf:t'snfsf] gd'gf xf] elgG5 . t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f
hjfx/afuglhs}sf] of] ejg / kl/;/sf cGo ;+/rgf cToGt la:ofxf/sf] cj:yfdf 5g\ .
a]ud pgdft'Hhf]x/fsf] ljjfx ;'hf–pb–bf}nf;Fu !&$# df ePsf] lyof] . pgL !*!^
df oxfFsf] df]tL dxndf laltg\ . o;kl5 pgsf] d[t b]x o;} :yfgdf NofO{ ufl8of] .
o; dsa/fsf] 6'Kkfaf6 ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg Psbd ;'Gb/ cg'ej x'g]5 .
%= u'nfajfu M u'nfaaf8L
of u'nfajfu km}hfafb ;x/sf] Ps k|d'v cfsif{0f xf] . of] j}b]xL gu/df
k5{ . cjw -km}hfafb_ sf t];|f gjfa ;'hf–pb–bf}nf / pgsf dftflktfsf] dsa/f xf]
of] . c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] o; ljzfn dxnn] gjfaL jf:t'sf}znsf] k|ltlglwTj
ub{5 .
xl/ofnL, hnk|kft /
u'nfkm}u'nfkmsf nx/x¿n] o; ljzfn ;+/rgfnfO{ zf]efodfg kf/]sf 5g\ . of] ;+/rgf
ef/tLo ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;+/If0fdf 5 .
;'hf–pb–bf}nf cfkm}Fn]
cfkm\gf dftflktf tyf cfkm" / cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] lrxfgsf nflu of] ;+/rgf
agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . pgn] cfkm\gL a]udsf nflu ax' a]udsf dsa/f agfpg nufP .
df]tL dxnh:tf] eJo b/af/ klg agfpg nufP . u'nfajfunfO{ rf/jfu klg elgG5 .
gjfa ;'hf–pb–bf}nfn]
!&^$ df ePsf] aS;/sf] o'4df k/flht x'g'k/]kl5 clg cfkm\gL cfdf;Fu ;DaGw
lau|g yfn]kl5 ;g\ !&&% df cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL nvgpmaf6 oxfF km}hfafbdf
;f/] . pgL cfkm\gf] afFsL hLjgel/ oxLF ;/o" gbLlsgf/df a;] . pgsf 5f]/f
c;km–pb–bf}nfn] /fhwfgL k'gM nvgpmd} ;f/] .
/fhwfgL oxfFaf6 ;/]kl5
eg] km}hfafbsf] dxŒj 36]/ uof] . t/ klg c;km–pb–bf}nfsf xh'/af, xh'/cfdf /
afa'sf] lrxfg ePsfn] o;sf] dxŒj w]/} xb;Dd sfod /x\of] . jf/]g x]l:6ª\U;lj?4
if8\oGq u/]sf] cf/f]kdf c;km–pb–bf}nfsf] gjfaL kb v'l:sof] / pgsL dftf æax'
a]udÆ sf] !*!^ df d[To' ePkl5 eg] km}hfafbsf] dxŒj Psbd;Fu 36]/ uof] . ;g\ !*%^
df cjw la|l6; ef/tdf ufleg k'Uof] . cof]Wof / km}hfafbnfO{ km}hfafb
gu/kflnsfcGtu{t ;d]l6of] . kl5 km}hfafb Ps lhNnf sfod eof] . xfn} km}hfafb
lhNnfnfO{ cof]Wof lhNnf gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;g\\ !*%& df ePsf]
ljb|f]xdf km}hfafbsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x\of] . km}hfafbsf] lj:t[t Oltxf;
ætfl/v–P–kmf/fxaS;Æ s[ltdf d'G;L d'xDdb km}h aS;n] n]v]sf 5g\ . log} df]xDdb
km}h aS;sf] gfdaf6 ;x/sf] gfd km}hfafb /xg uPsf] xf] .
^= df]tL dxn M
df]tL dxn cof]Wofaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5 . !&$# ;g\df ag]sf] of] b/af/ gjfa
;'hf–pb–bf}nfsL a]ud pgdft'Hhf]x/f afg"sf] cfjf;Lo ejg xf] . gjfaL
jf:t'snfsf] pRrtd / eJo gd'gf xf] of] .
&= 5f]6f sf]nsftf
sLnf M ;'hf–pb–bf}nfåf/f agfpg nufOPsf] of] lsNnf
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] jf:t'lzNksf] ljlzi6 gd'gf xf] . !&^$ df o;nfO{ la|l6;x¿n]
aS;/sf] o'4df lht]kl5 cjwdf a]nfotL zf;g sfod eof] . km}hfafb lsNnf
gjfax¿sf] a]nfotL ;}GozlStsf cufl8 lg/Lx ePsf] pSt o'4sf] :df/ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
5 . k/flht eP klg gjfa cfkm\gf] d[To'ko{Gt o;} lsNnfdf a;] . pgsf] d[To'kl5
pgsL a]ud æax' a]udÆn] o;} lsNnfdf afFsL hLjg latfOg\ .
*= ;/o" gbLsf]
cf/tL M u'Ktf/3f6af6 c6f] of Aof6/L l/S;f r9L cof]Wof
cfpg'k5{ / ;f]em} gof3f6 k'Ug'k5{ . ;fFem 5 ah] gof3f6 /fd sL k}8Ldf ;/o"
gbLsf] cf/tL cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o;df xhf/f}F >4fn' hgx¿ pkl:yt x'g]
u5{g\ . /flqsf] ;dodf oxfF Ps n]h/ ;f] klg rnfOG5 . /flt oxLF jf; a:g]x¿n] of]
n]h/ ;f] x]g'{ pQd xf] . n]h/ ;f]af6 bz{su0f dGqd'Uw x'G5g\ .
(= gof3f6 M x'g
t cof]Wofdf krf;eGbf a9L 3f6 5g\ . ;a}n] tL ;a} 3f6df k'Ug' cfjZos x'Fb}g, ;Dej
klg x'Fb}g . gof3f6 cof]Wofwfdsf] aLrdf k5{ . bLkfjnLdf oxfF nfvf}F lbof hnfOG5
. oxfFaf6 xg'dfgu9L jf /fdhGde"ld dlGb/ O–l/S;fdf hfg' ;xh, ;:tf] / l56f]
5 .
!)= /fd sL k}8L M of]
;/o" gbLdf ag]sf] 5 . xl/åf/df x/ sL k}8L ePh:t} oxfF /fd sL k}8L ag]sf] 5
. o;nfO{ cToGt kljq dfGg] ul/G5 . of} k}8L gof3f6d} 5 . ;/o" gbLdf :gfg
u/]kl5 dfq cof]Wof bz{gsf nflu hfg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf 5 .
!!= gfu]Zj/gfy dlGb/ M gfu]Zj/gfysf]
dlGb/ klg gof3f6d} 5 . of] /fd sL k}8L;Fu} 5 . eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t of] dlGb/sf]
bz{g ;/o" gbLdf :gfgkl5 ug{] rng 5 . >L/fdsf sfG5f ;'k'q
s'zn] o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ eGg] dfGotf 5 . of] dlGb/ /fhf
ljqmdflbTosf] zf;gsfn;Dd /fd|f] cj:yfdf lyof] eGg] k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . oxfF lzj/flq
kj{ cToGt eJotfk"j{s dgfOG5 .
!@= ntf dª\u]zs/ rf}s M gof3f6sf]
5]j}df 5 of] rf}/fxf . of] :j/sf]lsnf ntf dª\u]Zj/sf] ;Ddfgdf agfOPsf] rf]s xf]
. oxfF Pp6f 7"nf] jL0ff agfOPsf] 5 . sl/a $) lkm6 nfdf] / !$ 6g jhgsf]
;'Gb/ jL0ff oxfFsf] Ps d'Vo cfsif{0f xf] . oxfF ntf dª\u]zs/sf] 7"nf] lrq
klg agfOPsf] 5 . ntf dª\u]zs/ rf]snfO{ gof 3f6 rf}/fxf klg elgG5 .
oxfF k'u]kl5 rf/ :yfg
k}bn g} 3'Dg ;lsG5M h:t} /fdsL k}8L, gof 3f6, gfu]Zj/gfy cflb . oxfF cfOk'Ug]
hf];'s}n] klg kmf]6f] lvrfpg] u5{g\ .
olt ;ft :yfg dfq klxnf]
lbgsf nflu pko'St xf]nfg\ .
!#= >Lxg'dfgu9L M gof
3f6af6 xg'dfgu9Lsf] b"/L Ps lsnf]ld6/dfq 5 . oxfF hfg l/S;f kfOG5g\ .
w]/}h;f] dflg; k}bn} hfG5g\ . of] dlGb/ gfu/ z}nLdf agfOPsf] 5 . xg'dfgu9Ldf
k'u]kl5 kfFr d'Vo :yn k}bn} hfg ;lsg] x'G5 . xg'dfgu9Lglhs} km"n /
k|;fbsf, vf;u/L n8\8' cflbsf, k;n w]/} 5g\ . oxfFsf n8\8'sf k;nx¿ x]g{ nfos 5g\
. >L/fd hGde"lddf >L/fdsf] bz{g ug'{cl3 xg'dfghLsf] bz{g ug'{k5{
eGg] dfGotf 5 . km"n–k|;fb lsg]sf 7fpFdf h'Qf vf]n]/ /fVg ;lsG5 . xg'dfg
u9Lsf] d'Vo dlGb/df k'Ug &^ l;F9L r9\g'kg{] x'G5 . oxfF km"nsf] dfnf,
n8\8' cflb r9fOG5 .
xg'dfg u9Lsf leQfx¿df
xg'dfg rfnL;f / xg'dfg ci6s cflb n]lvPsf 5g\ . dflg;x¿ oL leQfdf xg'dfg rfnL;f
/ xg'dfg ci6s cflb kf7 ub{} u/]sf x'G5g\ . dlGb/cufl8 a;]/ dflg;x¿ xg'dfghLsf]
elStdf lgdUg /x]sf x'G5g\ .
cof]Wof e|d0fdf
cfpg'x'g] eSthgx¿nfO{ d eG5', afFb/x¿af6 ;fjwfg /xg'xf]nf . logn] s'g} klg
a]nf, htfaf6 eP klg km"nk|;fb jf vfg]s'/f b]Vgf;fy emD6g ;S5g\ . o;f] t
ef/tsf lrqs"6 cflb cg]s tLy{:yndf jfg/;]gfaf6 ;fjwfg /xg}kg{] x'G5 .
!$= >Lbz/y dxn M xg'dfgu9Laf6
@%) ld6/sf] b"/Ldf of] kljq dxn 5 . o;}n] xg'dfgu9Laf6 oxfF;Dd k'Ug k}bn
g} ;lsG5 . o; dfu{df cof]Wofsf] d'Vo wfld{s ahf/ k5{ . o; ahf/sf k;nx¿sf ;6/
aGb ePsf] a]nfdf ltgdf cf]d, :jl:ts jf zª\v lrlqt ul/Psf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .
xg'dfgu9Laf6 bz/y dxn hfg] dfu{ g} /fdhGde"ld dlGb/ hfg] af6f] klg ePsfn]
oxfF ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if k|aGw ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . hxfF klg ;'/IffsdL{x¿ t}gfy
b]lvG5g\ .
of] bz/yhLsf] /fhdxn xf]
. o;nfO{ cfh Ps l;4kL7sf] ¿kdf klg dfGg] ul/Psf] 5 . dfGotfx¿sf cg';f/ /fhf
bz/yn] q]tf o'udf o; dxnsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . o; kf}/fl0fs dxnnfO{ ljleGg
sfnqmddf s}of}F k6s hL0ff{]4f/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . bz/y dxn If]qnfO{ /fdsf]6 gfdn]
klg lrlgG5 . o;}u/L xg'dfgu9L If]qnfO{ xg'dfgsf]6 gfdn] af]nfpg] klg rng 5 .
/fdljjfx, bLkfjnL,
r}qsf] /fdgjdL, sflt{s d]nf, >fj0fL d]nf cflb kj{x¿df oxfF w'dwfd;Fu
pT;fxk"j{s pT;j dfOG5 . oxfF /fd, ;Ltf, nId0f, e/t, zq'£g, bz/y cflbsf
k|ltdf :yflkt 5g\ . of] :yfg >4fn' eSthgx¿af6 bz{gsf nflu laxfg cf7 ah]b]lv
lbpF;f] afx| ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 clg ;fFemsf] ;ft ah]b]lv /flq gf}–b; ah];Dd v'nf
/xG5 .
!%= >L/fdhGde"ld M
bz/y dxnaf6 >L/fdhGde"ldsf] b"/L %)) ld6/hlt dfq 5 . ctM oxfF;Dd
k}bn} uOG5 . of] af6f] cToGt ;'Gb/ ahf/ alg;s]sf] 5 . ;8ssf] b'j}
lsgf/df wfld{s ;fdu|L, k':ts, kmnkm"n, k|;fb, nQfsk8f, v]nf}gf, ;fgfltgf
;fdu|L / 3/ nUgsf nflu sf];]nLsf k;n 5g\ . o; ;8snfO{ elStky dfu{
elgG5 . oxfF >L/fd;Fu ;DalGwt cg]s ;fdu|L / So'l/of] ;fdfg klg kfOG5g\ . o;
dfu{df k}bn lxF8\g kfpg' klg Ps ;'Gb/, ;'vb / ljlzi6 cg'ej xf] . oxfF
lxFl8/x]sf] a]nf eSthg /fdgfddf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf x'G5g\ . jftfj/0f /fdelStdo 5 .
s'g} k|sf/sf On]S6«f]lgs
;fdfg lnP/ otf hfg kfOFb}g . df]afOn kmf]g, :df6{ 38L, Sofd/f, 5fnfsf k]6L,
5fnfsf Hofs]6, 5fnfsf k;{, 5fnfsf h'QfrKkn nUg kfOFb}g . sfOFof], cf}iflw cflb
j:t' klg nUg kfOFb}g . oL ;fdfgx¿ ;s];Dd 8]/f jf xf]6nd} 5f8]df ;xh x'G5 .
dfu{df lgMz'Ns / ;z'Ns b'j} vfnsf ns;{sf] ;'ljwf 5 . ;fj{hlgs ns/x¿ k|foh;f]
lgMz'Ns 5g\ . k|fOe]6 ns;{df rflxF Ps ns/sf nflu tL; ?lkofFhlt nfUg] u5{ . leq
hfFbf kl/ro kq, ?lkofF k};f, xf]6n, nh jf ns/sf rfeL cflb ;fdu|L nUg eg]
k|ltaGw 5}g . bfg ug{ eg]/ s'g} klg j:t' nUgrflxF kfOFb}g . dlGb/df
s'g} vfnsf km"n jf k|;fb r9fOFb}g, ctM s'g} vfnsf km"n jf k|;fb
lslg/xg'kb{}g . leq Sofd/f, kmf]g cflb k|of]u ug{ cg'dlt gePsfn] leqsf]
kmf]6f], lel8of] cflb lng] df}sf kfOg]jfnf 5}g .
dlGb/ laxfg & ah]b]lv
!!M#) ah];Dd clg ck/fXg @ ah]b]lv ;fFem ^ ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 . >4fn'hgsf]
cToGt 7"nf] eL8ef8 x'g] ;dodf eg] o; ;dodf s]xL nrstf cjZo x'G5 .
!^= sgs ejg M
/fd hGde"ld dlGb/af6 $%) ld6/ / bz/y dxnaf6 @)) ld6/dfqsf] b"/Ldf sgs
ejg 5 . sgs eg]sf] ;'g . o;/L o;nfO{ :j0f{ejg eg] klg x'g] xf] . sgs ejg
>L/fd–;Ltfsf] lghL cfjf; lyof] . eujfg\ >L/fd ;Ltfdftfsf ;fydf oxfF
/xg'x'GYof] . /fhf bz/y / /fgLx¿n] ;Ltfsf] d'v x]/]afkt of] ejg pkxf/ lbPsf
x'g\ eGg] syf 5 . s;}n] rflxF rf}w jif{sf] jgjf;af6 kmsL{ cfPkl5 dftf s}s]oLn]
;LtfnfO{ pkxf/ lbPsL x'g\ eGg] u5{g\ . >L/fdn] oxLF cfkm\gf] u[x:y hLjg
JotLt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;fFemsf] ^ ah] oxfF
eJo cf/tL sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf x'G5 . ;of}F >4fn' hg o;
cf/tL sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] u5{g\ . ;fFemsf] lemlnldnLdf of] ejg cToGt dgf]xf/L
aGb5 . ctM Ps ;fFem oxfFsf] cf/tLdf ;xefuL x'g] clg csf]{ ;fFem ;/o' gbLdf
ul/g] uª\uf cf/tLdf ;xefuL x'g' pQd x'G5 .
sgs ejgsf] aflx/L v08df
w]/} 7"nf] ahf/ nfUb5 . vfglkgsf nflu oxfF cg]s /;f]O{, /]:6'/fF / 9faf
5g\ . vfglkg ug{sf nflu of] v08 ;:tf] / pko'St klg nfUb5 . 3/ nUgsf nflu
tf]/0f, ?dfn, emG8f cflb wfld{s ;fdu|L lsGg rfxg]sf nflu of] :yfg 7Ls xf] . sgs
ejgg]/ cg]s cf>d, wd{zfnf / xf]6n–nh 5g\ .
!&= jfNdLls ejgM sgs
ejgaf6 nueu ! lsldsf] b"/Ldf jfNdLls ejg 5 . /fdfo0fsf /rlotf
>LjfNdLlsnfO{ ;dlk{t o; ejgsf leQfx¿df jfNdLls/fdfo0fsf ;d:t @$ xhf/ Znf]s
n]lvPsf 5g\ . oL x]g'{, k9\g' Ps clj:d/0fLo Pjd\ zfgbf/ cg'ej x'G5 .
t];|f] lbg olt dfq e|d0f
bz{g ;Dej xf]nf . /fdhGde"lddf nfOg nfu]/ bz{g ug{ vf]Hb}df w]/} ;do vr{
eO;s]sf] x'g] x'gfn] a9L nIo tfSg' a]; gxf]nf .
!*= cof]Wof ahf/ M /fd
hGde"ld, sgsdxn, bz/y dxn, xg'dfgu9L cflbsf] jl/kl/ g} cof]Wofsf] d'Vo
ahf/ If]q xf] . oxfF 6f9f6f9faf6 cfPsf eSthgn] u]?j:q, zª\v, 306, dfnf, ?b|fIf,
b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{ / tl:a/x¿, So'l/of] ;fdfg, sk8f, u/uxgf, v]nf}gf,
s[lif–;fdu|L, cla/, l;Gb'/, P]gf, 6Lsf, wfuf]–kf]t], r'/f, h'Qf–rKkn,
>L/fd;Fu ;DalGwt v/fp cflb cg]s ;fdu|L lsG5g\ . oxfF k/Dk/fut vfgf,
ld7fO{ / n8\8' cflb klg laS5 . vfglkgsf nflu kmf:6km'8 sg{/x¿,
7]nfjfnfx¿, /]:6'/fF / xf]6n 5g\ . ljleGg sd{sf08sf nflu k08fx¿ ;j{yf pknAw 5g\
.
!(= dl0fkj{t dlGb/ M jfNdLls
ejgaf6 dl0fkj{tsf] b"/L nueu ;f9] b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . of] :yfg cof]Wof
/]nj] :6];gsf] 7Ls k5fl8k6\l6 kb{5 . ls+jbGtLsf cg';f/ ;Ltfsf] ljjfxdf /fhf
hgsn] /fhf bz/ynfO{ dl0fsf] z[ª\vnf pkxf/:j¿k lbPsf lyP . o;nfO{ /fhf bz/yn]
ljBfs'08g]/ /fv]sf lyP . qmdzM oxfF dl0fx¿sf] kxf8 g} aGg k'Uof] .
dl0f kj{t ;k{ ;+/If0f
If]q klg xf] / oxfF vtgf{s ljiffn' ;k{ a:g] ePsfn] tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf afx]s cGoq
lxF8\g x'Fb}g . uf]dg ;k{x¿ km0ff p7fpFb} lxF8]sf] x]g{ rfxg]n] oxfF jiff{ ofd
;'? ePkl5 k'Ug' a]; x'G5 . of] If]q ;}lgs ;'/Iff 3]/fdf ePsfn] ;}lgs ;/f]sf/sf
sfds'/fdf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kb{5 .
;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u
u/]/ hfg'kg{] :ynx¿ M
cof]Wof cfFvfn] x]g{]
7fpF xf]Og, of] t cg'ej ug{], cfkm}Fleq vf]hL ug{] :yfg xf] . olt :yfg 3'Dg
s'g} ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u gu/] klg x'G5 . e/;s k}bn g} 3'Dg' 7Ls x'G5 . ca
o;afx]ssf :yfgrflxF ;jf/L ;fwg k|of]u ug'{ ;xL x'G5, lsgls oL :yfgx¿ d'Vo ;x/L
:yfgaf6 aflx/ kb{5g\ . oxfF Aof6/L l/S;fdf 3'Dg' ;xh / ;:tf] k5{ . s}of}F :yfgdf
c6f] jf Aof6/L l/S;fafx]s cGo ;fwg nUg kfOFb}g .
@)= e/ts'08, gGbLu|fd M of]
:yn u'Ktf/ 3f6af6 !( lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf 5 . >L/fdn] jgjf;sf nflu
;j{k|yd o;} :yfgdf /ft u'hfg'{ePsf] lyof] . of] :yn cof]Wofaf6 ;'Ntfgk'/,
k|tfku9, kmfkmfdpm, z[ª\uj]/k'/ cflb :yfg hfg] dfu{df kb{5 . ntfdª\uzs/ rf]saf6
c6f] kqmL gfsf afOkf; /f]8df hfg], k|ltJolSt ?= %) hlt nfU5, clg afOkf;af6 a;
kqmL /fdky eP/ oxfF k'Ug'k5{, ?= @) hlt nfU5 . gfsf afOkf; dxlif{ jfNdLls
Po/kf]6{sf] Psbd} glhs} 5 .
a; gkqmL ;f]em} hfg
vf]h]df c6f]jfnfx¿n] sl:;P/ k};f n]nfg\ . gGbLu|fddf td;f gbL :gfg klg plQs}
dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . ha nª\sf o'4df nId0f 3fOt] eO{ a]xf]; eP,
>L/fdn] xg'dfgnfO{ lxdfno kj{t uO{ d[t;~hLjgL a'6L Nofpg cx|fpg'eof] .
af6fdf cg]s cj/f]w cfP klg xg'dfg oxfF cfP . e/tn] xg'dfgnfO{ lrg]sf lyPgg\,
pgn] af0f xfg]/ xg'dfgnfO{ cfsfzdfu{af6 oxLF v;fn] . xg'dfg d"lR5{t eO{
9n] . xf];df kms{]kl5 pgn] e/tnfO{ ;a} ljj/0f ;'gfP . o;/L e/tn] cfkm\gf
bfh'–efph" / efOsf] sfo{x¿af/] cBfjlws x'g kfPsf lyP . xg'dfg oxfFaf6 p7L
k'gM lxdfnotkm{ p8], clg ;do 5Fb} tf]lsPsf] cf}iflw lnP/ nª\sf kms{]sf lyP eg]/
/fdfo0fsyfn] eGb5 .
oxfF a;af6 cf]n{g]lalQs}
Ps s'08, e/tn] rf}w jif{ tk:of u/]sf] u'kmf, xg'dfg–e/t ldnfk dlGb/, e/t dlGb/,
/fdhfgsLsf] k|frLg dlGb/, k0f{s'6L/ dlGb/, td;f gbL uf}/f 3f6 cflb 5g\ . e/t
dlGb/ pHhogLsf /fhf ljqmdflbTon] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . o; dlGb/df
r/0fkfb'sfsf] k"hf ul/G5 . e/tn] Ps l;+xf;g :yfkgf u/L eujfg\sf r/0fkfb'sf
/fvL k"hf / bz{g u/] clg oxfFsf] u'kmfdf tk:of/t /xFb} b]zsf] zf;g;Qf
eujfg\sf] cfb]z dfgL rnfP . oxfF /fd–e/t ldnfk klg 5, ha >L/fd nª\sf ljho
u/L cof]Wof kms{g'eof] xg'dfgnfO{ cfkm" ;Ltf;lxt cfpFb} u/]sf] va/
k7fpg'eof] . o;} :yfgdf /fd–e/t ldnfk ePsf] lyof] .
oxfFsf] k0f{s'6L/df
/fd;Ltfn] cfkm\gf] jgjf;sf] clGtd /ft latfpg'ePsf] lyof] . laxfg ePkl5 afhfufhf,
gfrufg, gf/fh'n';, k'ikjiff{, hohosf/sf] eJo :jfut;lxt >L/fdnfO{ b]zsf ;d:t
k|hfn] cof]Wof nu]sf lyP . o; s'6L/df cv08 /fd;ª\sLt{g rNb5 . oxfFsf] /fdWjlg
;'Gg kfpg' eStsf nflu k/d efUosf] s'/f xf] .
e/t s'08 M klxn] of] Ps}
tnfp lyof] . aLraf6 ;8s nu]/ o;nfO{ b'O{ s'08 kfl/Psf] 5 . Pp6fnfO{ e/t s'08 /
csf{nfO{ uofs'08 elgG5 . oxfFsf] e/ts'08df x/]s ;fFem cf/tL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
uofs'08df Zdzfge"ld 5 / ToxfF lk08bfgflb sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5 . e/thL oxfF
a;]/ cof]Wofsf] zf;g;Qf rnfpFbf lkt[kIfdf cfkm\gf dftflktfsf] >f4sd{ oxLF
u/]/ lk08bfg ub{y] .
e/ts'08af6 Ps
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf lkk/L ufpF 5 . td;f gbL oxLF 5 . >L/fd jgjf;
lxF8\bf cof]Wofsf ;d:t k|hf pxfFsf kl5 nfu]sf lyP .
lkk/L ufpFaf6 nueu b;
lsnf]ld6/ k/ uf}/f uof;k'/ eGg] csf{] ufpF 5 . To; ufpFdf td;f gbLsf] lsgf/df
eujfg\sf] k|yd 8]/f k/]sf] lyof] . >L/fdsf] /flqlj>fd;Fu} ;d:t k|hfhg o;
:yfgdf jf; a;]sf lyP . t/ laxfg pHofnf] x'g'cl3 g} cFWof/f] /ftsf] kmfObf
p7fpFb} ;a} k|hfnfO{ em'SofP/ ToxLF 5f8L af6f] 3'dfp/f] u/L >L/fd jgjf;
nfUg'ePsf] lyof] . ha hgtf laxfg hfu], >L/fdsf] /ysf] 8f]a k5\ofpFb} lkk/L
ufpF cfOk'u] . /y 3'dfp/f] af6f] eP/ uO;s]sf] lyof] . pxfFx¿ cof]Wof kSs}
kms{g'eof] eG7fg]/ o;kl5 k|hfhg ;a} cof]Wof g} kmsL{ cfP . ptf >L/fd
Tolta]nf;Dddf w]/} 6f9f k'lu;Sg'ePsf] lyof] .
e/tn] >L/fdsf]
jgjf;sfndf oxLFaf6 sf]znb]zsf] zf;g;Qf ;Dxfn]sf lyP . eujfg\ >L/fd ha
jgjf;af6 kmsL{ cfpg'eof], pxfF ;j{k|yd e/ts'08df k'Ug'eof] / ToxfF a;]sf
e/tnfO{ e]6\g'eof] eGg] syf /fdfo0fdf cfpF5 . eujfg\eGbf klxNo} xg'dfgn] oxfF
cfO{ >L/fd / ;Ltf cfpg'x'Fb} 5 eg]/ e/tnfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf lyP . xg'dfg /
e/tsf] ;+jfb–:yn tyf >L/fd–e/t ;+jfb:ynsf sf/0f e/ts'08sf] gfd kf}/fl0fs
¿kn] l;4 5 .
zflGt, ;f}Dotf /
;'Gb/tfsf nflu klg of] :yfg ljz]if 5 . ;ef ;df/f]x, pT;j cflbsf nflu klg of]
:yfg pko'St 5 .
dflg;x¿ oxfFsf] s'08df
cfO{ 8'a'NsL dfb{5g\ / cfkm"nfO{ wGo ;DemG5g\ . o;kl5 pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] ofqf
cufl8 a9fpF5g\ . o; :ynsf] e|d0fkl5 ;f]em} gof 3f6 hfg' 7Ls x'G5 . ;f9] kfFr
ah] g} gof 3f6 k'Ug ;lsof] eg] ToxfFsf] ;GWof cf/tL x]g{ kfOg]5 .
5'6]sf :yfg x]g{] /
ck/fXg @ ah] ;'Ntfgk'/sf nflu lxF8\g] . ;'Ntfgk'/ jf; .
/fhåf/
dlGb/ M xg'dfgu9Lg]/ 5 . cof]Wofsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] dlGb/
.
/fdnnf
;bg dlGb/ M lsgd]n ug{] 7fpF .
la8nf
dlGb/ M jf; , wd{zfnf . eJo .
5f]6L
5fjgL
;Ltf
sL /;f]O{
t'n;L
:df/s ejg
/fhf
dlGb/ M u'Ktf/ 3f6df ;/o"sf] lsgf/df
/fdsyf
kfs{
t'n;L
pBfg
cof]Wofsf g]kfnL dlGb/ M oxfF
b'O6f 5g\ M
s=
Pp6f g]kfnL dlGb/ c;kmL{ ejg rf}/fxfdf 5 . oxfF k'Ug ntf
dª\u]zs/ rf]saf6 d"n ;8s eP/ !=!! lsld blIf0f sf]tjfnL lt/fxfdf k'Ug] .
clg ToxfFaf6 ;f]em} klZrd dTouh]Gb| /f]8df ^#) ld6/ klZrd c;kmL{ ejg
rf}/fxfdfu{df 5 . oxfFsf k'hf/Lx¿ gjnk/f;Lsf clwsf/L 5g\
. pgLx¿ xfdLnfO{ vfgf v'jfpg klg tof/ x'G5g\ . ;f}xfb{k"0f{ Jojxf/,
;/;kmfO / ;'/Iffsf sf/0f oxfF jf; a:g ;lhnf] / ;'vb 5 .
v=
csf{] g]kfnL dlGb/ 5f]6L b]jsfnL dlGb/g]/ ;Kt;fu/ /f]8df 5 .
gof 3f6 rf}/fxfaf6 blIf0f ^#^ ld6/df xf]6n /3'klt k'luG5, ToxfFaf6 klZrd
afa" afhf/ /f]8 kqmL !)) ld6/ klZrd hfg] clg lt/fxfdf pQ/ df]l8O{ %) ld6/
hfg] . oxfF 5f]6L b]jsfnL /f]8 lt/fxf xf] . oxfFaf6 k'gM klZrd nfuL !@@ ld6/ ;Kt;fu/
/f]8df lxF8\g] . ;Kt;fu/ rf}/fxfdf k'u]kl5 k'gM pQ/ nfUg] . o; rf]saf6 @@ ld6/
pQ/df ;8ssf] k"j{k6\l6 g]kfnL dlGb/ b]Vg kfOG5 . oxfF g]kfnL u'?s'n ljBfno
klg 5 . ;Kt;fu/ ;8saf6} g]kfnL u'?s'n 5fqfjf; b]Vg kfOG5 .
cof]Wof / h}g tLy{:ynx¿
xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5
cof]Wof >L/fdsf] hGde"ld xf] . t/ Psbd} sd dflg;nfO{ yfxf 5 oxfF h}g
wd{sf rf}aL; tLy{ª\s/dWo] kfFrsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . o;}sf/0f cof]Wof lxGb'x¿sf
nflu dfq xf]Og h}gx¿sf nflu klg plQs} kljq tLy{e"ld xf] .
jf:tjdf cof]Wofd} rf}aL;
tLy{ª\s/x¿dWo] c7f/ hgf eujfg\sf] æsNof0fsÆ ePsf] lyof] . kfFr hgf tLy{ª\s/n]
oxfF hGd lnP clg kl5 uP/ oxLF pgLx¿n] wdf{]kb]z u/]sf lyP . tL kfFr wd{u'?x¿
x'g\ M cflbgfy, clhtgfy, clegGbggfy, ;'dltgfy / cgGtgfy .
h}g wd{sf cg';f/ rf}aL;
tLy{ª\s/ eP . tLy{ª\s/x¿ eujfg\sf] kb kfpFb5g\ . a'4Tj -s}jNod\_ k|fKt ug{ ;dy{
JolStnfO{ g} tLy{ª\s/ cyf{t\ eujfg\ elgG5 . s7f]/ tk:ofaf6 dfq s}jNod\ k|fKt
x'g ;S5 . tLy{ª\s/x¿nfO{ cl/xGt klg elgG5 . cl/xGt zAbsf] cy{ xf] M h;n]
cfkm"leq /x]sf zq'x¿nfO{ k/flht u/]sf] 5 .
;ftf}F s'ns/ gfle/fh /
pgsL kTgL d?b]jLaf6 Cifeb]j cyf{t\ cflbgfysf] hGd cof]Wofdf r}q s[i0f
ci6dL–gjdL ltlydf ePsf] xf] . Cifeb]jhLsf b'O{ 5f]/f lyP M
e/t–afx'anL / b'O{ 5f]/L a|fx\dL / ;'Gb/L . kl5 Cifeb]j o; dfu{df nfu] clg
kmfNu'0f s[i0f ci6dLdf s}jNo k|fKt ug{ ;dy{ eP . s}nfz kj{t If]qsf]
ci6kbdf k'u]kl5 df3s[i0f rt'b{zLsf lbg lgjf{0f k|fKt u/] .
låtLo tLy{ª\s/
clhtgfyhLsL dftfsf] gfd ljhof / lktfsf] gfd lhtzq' lyof] . clhtgfyhL klg
cof]Wofd} hGd]sf lyP . df3 z'Sn gjdLsf lbg o; dfu{df nfu]sf x'g\ . pgn] kf}if
z'Sn PsfbzLsf lbg s}jNo k|fKt u/]sf lyP . pgn] ;Dd]b kj{tdf r}q z'Sn k~rdLsf
lbg lgjf{0f k|fKt u/] .
rt'y{ tLy{ª\s/
clegGbghLsL dftfsf] gfd l;4fy{b]jL / lktfsf] gfd ;+j/ lyof] . clegGbggfyhL klg
df3 z'Sn åfbzLdf cof]Wofd} hGd]sf lyP . pgL df3 z'Sn åfbzLd} o;
dfu{df nfu] . s7f]/ tk:ofaf6 logn] kf}if z'Sn rt'b{zLsf lbg s}jNo 1fg k|fKt u/]
. o;kl5 j}zfv z'Sn ifi7L jf ;KtdLsf lbg clegGbggfyhLn] ;Dd]b kj{tdf lgjf{0f
k|fKt u/] .
h}g wd{u|Gyx¿n]
cof]WofnfO{ kfFr hgf tLy{ª\s/sf] hGd:ynsf] ¿kdf JofVof ub{5g\ . tL kfFr
tLy{ª\s/x¿ Cifegfy, clhtgfy, clegGbggfy, ;'dltgfy / cgGtgfy . o;}u/L ldys kfq
e/t rqmjtL{ /fhfsf] e"ldsf] ¿kdf klg kl/ro lbG5g\ . u'Ktsfn / otf cof]Wof
/ ;fs]t Ps} ;x/ x'g\ eGg] af/]df cg]s ;|f]tx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cof]Wofsf h}g dlGb/x¿
cof]Wof >L cflbgfy
-eujfg\ Cifeb]j_ sf] hGde"ld xf] . h}g wd{sf k|yd u'? eujfg\ cflbgfynfO{
k|yd tLy{ª\s/ dflgPsf] 5 . pgn] cg]s :ynx¿sf] e|d0f u/L cfkm\gf] dtsf] lzIffsf]
k|rf/ u/] . pgn] s}nf; dfg;/f]j/df b]xTofu u/]sf] oltsf ztfAbL lat] klg pgL
hLljt nfU5g\ . pgL eujfg\ >L/fd hGd]sf] o'ueGbf cufl8sf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . h}g
;flxTodf dfq xf]Og, Cifeb]j / pgsf sfnhoL lzIffx¿nfO{ j]bJof;n]
>Ldb\efujth:tf j}i0fj u|Gydf cd/tf lbPsf 5g\ . ;/o" gbL cfh klg tL
dxfk'?ifx¿n] kfb:kz{ u/]sf] e"lddf pSt o'usL d"s ;fIfL ag]/ cof]Wofg]/
alx/x]sL 5g\ .
o:tf dxfk'?ifx¿sf]
hGd:yn, sd{e"ld, ofqf:yn / lgM:jfy{ lzIff k|bfg u/]sf :ynx¿ eP/ 3'Dg kfpg'
cfkm}Fdf Ps b}jL ;'vsf] cg'e"lt xf] . O{Zj/elStn] oxfF cfPkl5 O{Zj/d} nLg
u/fpFb5 . o;} eP/ xf] ;+;f/el/sf ;a} ;+:s[ltdf tLyf{6gsf] k|rng ePsf] .
cof]Wof zAb ;+:s[tsf]
æcÆ / æo'wÆ ldn]/ ag]sf] xf] . cyf{t\ hxfF ljjfb 5}g, o'4 5}g ToxL cof]Wof xf]
. æcjwÆ zAbsf] cy{ æhxfF lx+;f 5}gÆ eGg] xf] . cof]Wo cjwb]zsf] /fhwfgL xf] .
gfdaf6} :ki6 x'G5 cof]Wof clx+;f / zflGtsf] d"n e"ld xf] .
d'unx¿sf] zf;gsfn cyf{t\
cfheGbf %)) jif{cl3 cof]Wof 6S;f/ ;x/ lyof] . cyf{t\ oxfF d'b|f aGby]
. of] cjw /fHosf] /fhwfgL lyof] . kl5 /fhwfgLnfO{ d';ndfgx¿n]
nvgpmdf ;f/] . t/ klg slxn] nvgpm t slxn] cof]Wof;Fu}sf] km}hfafbn] /fhwfgLsf]
¿kdf ;]jf u/] .
s=
:ju{åf/
:ju{åf/ If]qsf] Cifeb]j
dlGb/ ->L cflbgfy, k'|?b]j jf cflba|x\df_ t'ngfTds ¿kdf gofF xf] t/ o;n]
xfdLnfO{ tTsfn Cifeb]jsf] ;dodf nUg ;fdYo{ /fV5 . xfdL pg} Cifeb]jsf lzIff,
cd[tjrgx¿ ;'Gg / x[bodf emª\s[t ePsf] cg'ej ug{ yflnxfN5f}F . of] dlGb/ laxfg
& b]lv a]n'sf * ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 .
v=
aS;l/of 6f]nf M
låtLo tLy{ª\s/ >L
clhtgfysf] hLjgnfO{ cof]Wofsf] a]udk'/fl:yt clhtgfyhL sL tf]s dlGb/n] lrlqt
ub{} cfh klg k|:t't ul//x]sf] 5 .
u=
/fdsf]6 d'xNnf
rt'y{ tLy{ª\s/ >L
clegGbggfyhLsf] dlGb/ cof]Wof gu/Lsf] /fdsf]6 df]xNnfdf 5 .
3=
df]xNnf df]lGwofgf /fh3f6
kfFrf}F tLy{ª\s/ >L
;'dltgfy tyf rf}wf}F tLy{ª\s/ >L cgGtgfyhLsf hGd:ynsf] ¿kdf df]xNnf
df]lGwofgf /fh3f6df dlGb/ agfO{ lrgfOPsf] 5 .
ª=
/fouGh
/fouGhdf >L
Cifeb]jsf] @! lkm6 cUnf] d"lt{ ePsf] lbuDa/ dlGb/ k|l;4 5
.
r=
/Tgk'/L
kGw|f}}F tLy{ª\s/ >L
wd{gfysf] hGde"ld /Tgk'/L xf] . of] cof]Wofaf6 @$ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf
nvgpm–cof]Wof dfu{df k5{ .
5=
Cifeb]j /fh3f6 pBfg M ;/o" gbLsf] lsgf/df /fh3f6;Fu}
Cifeb]j pBfg 5 . cof]Wof / km}hfafbdf Jojl:yt ¿kn] rn]sf kfs{dWo] of] d'Vo xf]
. o; ;'Gb/ xl/ofnLk"0f{ jgdf >L Cifeb]jhLsf] Wofgd'b|fdf
kb\df;g afFwL a;]sf] @@ lkm6 cUnf] d"lt{ 5 .
h=
q]tf s] 7fs'/ M eujfg\ >L/fdn] nª\sf ljho u/L
cof]Wof kms{g'ePkl5 cZjd]w o1 ug'{ePsf] elgPsf] 7fpFdf q]tf o'usf :jfdL
>L/fdsf] dlGb/ agfOPsf] 5 . jt{dfgsf] ;+/rgf rflxF s'Nn' /fHosf dxf/fhn]
nueu #)) jif{cl3 agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . !&$* df d/f7f dxf/fgL clxNofafO{
xf]ns/n] o;nfO{ k'glg{df{0f u/]sL x'g\ . of] dlGb/ sflt{s z'Sn PsfbzLsf] ljz]if
cj;/df dfq v'Nb5 .
cof]Wofsf ljz]if kl/sf/ M
s= dfvg ld;/L .
xg'dfgu9Lsf] cf;kf;df . @) ?lkofF Kn]6 .
v= d7/L 5f]n], kf]k8L
rf6 .
cof]Wofsf rf/ wfd M
!= ;"o{s'08 M /fdk'/
ejgdf . gGbLu|fdaf6 blIf0f !! lsnf]ld6/ .
cof]Wofsf rf/ wfddWo] o;
wfdsf] ofqf bz{g ;j{k|yd ug'{kb{5 . cof]Wofsf] tLy{ofqf o; tLy{sf] bz{gkl5
u/]df ;d:t dgsfdgf k"/f x'g]5g\ .
;"o{gf/fo0fsf] bz{g
ug'{kbf{ ;"o{s'08df uO{ hn xftdf lng'kb{5, clg cfrdgL ug'{kb{5 . cfrdgLkl5
k"hg, kf7, cr{g, jGbg cflb ul/G5 . s'08af6 hn p7fO{ xftdf lnP/ s'08nfO{
k|0ffd ul/G5 clg dfq eujfg\ ;"o{gf/fo0fsf] bz{g ul/G5 . eujfg\
;"o{gf/fo0f oxfF ;fIfft\ ¿kdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5
. ;"o{b]jnfO{ j]bdf h8 tyf r]tghut\sf cfTdf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . o;
s'08df :gfg u/]kl5 ;"o{j+zL /fhf 3f]ifsf] s'i7/f]u lgsf] ePsf] lyof] .
eujfg\ >L;"o{gf/fo0fsf] j/bfgsf cg';f/ oxfF :gfg, bfg / k"hg
ugf{n] ;d:t dgf]sfª\Iff k"0f{ x'G5g\ .
oxfF cfPkl5 /fhf
ljqmdflbTon] 78\ofPsf] lznfn]v klg b]Vg kfOg]5 . s'08sf] af/]df /fhf 3f]if;Fu
hf]l8Psf sxfgLx¿ klg oxfF b]Vg kfOg]5 . ;"o{gf/fo0fsf] s[kfn] oxfF :gfg
ug{] x/]s JolStsf x/]s dgsfdgfx¿ k"0f{ x'G5g\ . dlGb/sf] k|fª\u0fdf k|j]z
ugf{;fy ;j{k|yd e"tefjg ef]n]gfy >L;"o]{Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g kfOG5 .
;ft 3f]8fn] tflg/x]sf] /ydf a;]sf] b]jk|ltdf oxfF o;} s'08af6 lg:s]sf] xf] .
oxfF x/]s lbg cg]s cfrfo{ kl08tx¿åf/f ;"o{gf/fo0fsf] k"hg, kf7, cr{g
/ jGbg ul/G5 . >L;"o{gf/fo0fsf] bz{g, k"hg, jGbg u/]/ hLjg wGo
agfpg oxfF k|ltlbg ;of}F eSthg cf]Ol/G5g\ .
@= gGbLu|fd M ;'NtfguGh
hfg] af6fdf . km}hfafbaf6 @@ lsnf]ld6/ blIf0f .
oxfFsf ¿v¿vdf, d'vd'vdf
>L/fd, ;Ltf/fd dfq u'GhG5 . nfp8l:ks/x¿, ofqL–a6'jfx¿ ho l;of/fdsf] gf/f
nufpFb} cl3 a9\5g\, u[x:yx¿ ho l;of/fd ufpFb} b}lgs sfo{df nfUb5g\ .
/fd/fd
ho /fhf /fd
/fd/fd
ho ;Ltf/fd .
o; lk|o ehgn] ;j{q
jfo'd08n u'~hfodfg ePsf] x]g{ dg x'g]n] gGbLu|fd k'Ug'k5{ . e|ft[k|]dsf]
;jf{]Rr ¿k, ;jf{]Qd Jojxf/ / ;j{dfGo ;+:s[ltsf] cjnf]sg, cg';/0f, jGbgf
clg To;sf] cld6 5fk cfkm\gf] x[bodf emª\s[t u/fpg dg 5 eg] gGbLu|fd
hfg'k5{ . gGbLu|fdsf] e/ts'08 e/t :jod\n] vg]sf lyP . uofdf uP/ lk08bfg ug{
rfxg]n] uof hfg'cl3 o; :yndf cfO{ :gfg / lk08bfg u/]df lk08bfgsf] ;Dk"0f{
kmn k|fKt x'G5 .
e/t dlGb/df cfh klg
e/thLsf] dxfcleif]s u/fOG5 / ;f] z'esfo{kl5 eSthgx¿nfO{ kfFr k|sf/sf k|;fb
afF8\g] ul/G5 . gGbLu|fddf cfPsf] cj;/df of] k|;fb u|x0f ug'{ jf~5gLo 5 .
e/t u'kmfdf k'u]kl5
dflg;x¿ eGb5g\– æx] e/thL dxf/fh Û xfdLnfO{ klg tkfO{Fn] cfkm"h:t} TofuL,
cfkm"h:t} e|ft[eSt, cfkm"h:t} b[9k|lt1 / cfkm"h:t} ;TsdL{–;TwdL{
agfpg] k|]/0ff–j/bfg lbg'xf];\ .Æ
e/ts"kdf pgn]
ef/tjif{sf ;QfO; tLy{sf hn ld;fO{ o;nfO{ k'0otLy{ agfPsf lyP . oxfFsf] j6j[If
klg ljlrqsf] 5 elgG5 . e/t / xg'dfgn] cFufnf] df/]sf] egL oL b'O{ j/sf ¿v
hf]l8Psf] ljifonfO{ cYof{pg] ul/G5 . of] j/sf] ¿vsf] af/]df /fdrl/tdfg;df
k6sk6s pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . gGbLu|fdsf] ljifodf cGoq klg ljj/0f cfO;s]sf] x'gfn]
o;eGbf a9L hfgsf/L n]lvPg .
#= u'Ktf/3f6M km}hfafbaf6
& lsnf]ld6/, ;/o" gbLlsgf/ .
eujfg\ >L/fdn] o;}
3f6af6 hn;dflw lng'ePsf] xf] egL /fdfo0fx¿df elgPsf] 5 . u'Ktf/3f6 cyf{t\
u'Ktåf/3f6nfO{ df]IfbflogL elgG5 . cfkm\gf ;d:t xftxltof/, cfe"if0f,
ax'd"No j:q cflb ;a}yf]s lsgf/fdf 5f8L eujfg\ >L/fd o;} 3f6df cfO{
;/o" gbLdf ;dflxt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . k|e' gbLdf hn;dflw lng'cl3 oxfFsf
u'Kt]Zj/gfysf] clGtdk6s k"hfcfhf Pjd\ cr{gf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . oxfF
lj/fhdfg /x]sf lzjhLnfO{ u'Kt]Zj/gfy dxfb]j elgG5 .
/fhf ljqmdflbTon]
78\ofpg nufPsf lznfn]v oxfF klg b]Vg kfOG5 . pgn] o; tLy{:ynnfO{ æuf]–k|tf/3f6Æ
eg]sf 5g\ . oxfF u'Ktxl/ eujfg\ rqmxl/ ¿k wf/0f u/]/ oxLF cGtwf{g x'g'ePsf]
lyof] . oxfF klg r/0fkfb'sfsf] bz{g ug{] rng 5 . r/0fkfb'sfnfO{ k|0ffd ug{
kfPkl5 eSthg xif{ljef]/ x'G5g\ .
u'Ktf/3f6 / j/k/sf
bz{gLo Pjd\ e|d0fof]Uo :ynx¿sf] af/]df lj:t[tdf dfly g} rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
$= dl0fkj{t M cof]Wof
hª\S;gaf6 ! lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf . cof]Wofsf rf/ wfddWo] ;a}eGbf kl5 bz{g
ug'{kg{] :yfg xf] dl0f kj{t . cof]Wofsf rf/ kf}/fl0fs tLy{:yndWo] dl0f kj{tsf]
klg cfkm}Fdf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 .
kj{t elgP klg vf;df of]
Pp6f ;fgf] l9:sf] xf] . nueu ^% lkm6 cUnf] o; l9:sfsf] 6'Kkfdf dlGb/ 5 . of]
ljzfn If]q ;k{ ;+/If0f If]q lyof] . xfn klg o;nfO{ ;k{ ;+/If0f If]q g} elgG5 t/
;k{x¿ b]Vg eg] ;xh 5}g . avf{ofddf eg] oxfF hfFbf a9L xf]l;of/ x'g'k5{ /
tf]s]sf] 7fpFaf6 afx]s cGoqaf6 lxF8\g dgfxL 5 . jgdf afFb/}afFb/ 5g\
. oxfFsf] >Ldl0f dlGb/sf] bz{gaf6 cof]Wofsf rf/ wfdsf] bz{g
k"0f{ x'G5 . dlGb/sf] jl/kl/ k/k/;Dd 3gf jgn] 9fs]sf] x'gfn] b[Zofjnf]sgsf
nflu of] :yfg dxŒjsf] 5 .
(= ;'Ntfgk'/ M pQ/k|b]z
;'Ntfgk'/ ;x/ ef/tLo
/fHo pQ/k|b]zdf kb{5 . of] ;x/ kljq cflbuª\uf uf]dtL gbLsf] lsgf/df a;]sf] 5 .
of] ;x/ ;'Ntfgk'/ lhNnfsf] d'Vofno xf] . o; ;x/sf] Oltxf; cToGt uf}/jzfnL Pjd\
dlxdfdl08t /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s dxŒj lsg 5 eg] oxfF jfNdLls, b'jf{;f,
jl;i7 cflb Clifx¿sf] tkf]:ynLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] uf}/j o;} lhNnfnfO{ k|fKt 5 .
!=
sNkj[If÷kfl/hft j[If M o; j[Ifsf] wfld{s dxŒj 7"nf] 5
. sNkj[If x]g{sf nflu xfdLn] ;'Ntfgk'/ k'Ug}k5{ . of] ;'Ntfgk'/ /]nj] :6];gaf6
8]9 lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf lhNnf pBf]u s]Gb|sf] k|fª\u0fdf 5 .
@=
;Ltfs'08 wfd M of] wfd ;'Ntfgk'/ ;x/sf] Ps k|d'v
wfld{s :yn xf] . oxfF uf]dtL gbLdf ;'Gb/ 3f6 agfOPsf] 5 . eujtL ;Ltfn] jgudg
ug'{cl3 o;} :yfgdf :gfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] eGg] dfGotf 5 . /fdk'q s'zn] o; ;x/nfO{
a;fPsf x'g\ elgG5 . o;} s'08g]/ k|l;4 j6j[If klg 5 .
#=
s'/jf/ /fhfsf]6L M of] /fhf s'/jf/sf] /fhb/af/ xf]
. of] b/af/ Psbd} ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s 5 t/ la:ofxf/sf sf/0f o;sf kvf{nx¿
dd{tsf] kvf{Odf a;]sf b]Vtf b'Mv nfU5 . of] nueu v08x/ alg;s]sf] 5 .
kmf]6f]u|fkmLsf ;f}lvgx¿sf nflu of] pko'St :yfg xf] .
$=
uf}/Lzª\s/ wfd M of] ;'Gb/ :yn Osf]–ko{6gsf lx;fan]
dxŒjsf] 5 . uf]dtL gbLlsgf/sf] o; kljq t/ ;fgf] dlGb/df Psbd} 7"nf]
lzjlnª\u lj/fhdfg 5 .
%=
kof{j/0f kfs{ M of] lhNnfs} Ps cfsif{s au}Frf xf] .
of] pBfg uf]dtL gbLsf] lsgf/d} agfOPsf] 5 . of] pBfg rf/}tkm{ ¿vla?jf,
km"n cflbn] 3]l/Psf] 5 . uf]dtL gbLsf] ;'Gb/ b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu ;d]t of]
:yn pko'St dflgG5 .
^=
nf]x/fdpm ejfgL dlGb/ M of] klg ;'Ntfgk'/sf] k|l;4 dlGb/ xf]
. of] dlGb/ nf]x/fdpmdf l:yt 5 . of] dlGb/ ;'Ntfgk'/–jf/f0f;L /fhdfu{df clnslt
b"/Ldf 5 . oxfF dftf b'uf{sf] Psbd} ;'Gb/ k|ltdfsf] bz{g kfOG5 .
&=
wf]kfk dlGb/ M of] ;'Ntfgk'/sf] csf{]
dxŒjk"0f{ wfld{s k|lti7fg Pjd\ ;+/rgf xf] . of] ;'Ntfgk'/ lhNnfsf] nDajf
txl;ndf l:yt 5 . oxfFaf6 klg uf]dtL gbLsf] ;'Gb/ 3f6sf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf] cfgGb
lng kfOG5 . oxfF >L/fd, >L;LtfhL, nId0f Pjd\ xg'dfgsf dlGb/x¿ klg agfOPsf
5g\ . eujfg\ >L/fdn] nª\sf ljhokZrft\ a|x\dxTofsf] kfk wf]Psf] x'gfn]
oxfFsf] 3f6 k|l;4 5 .
*=
jLh]y'cf dxfjL/g dlGb/ M of] dlGb/ ;'NtfguGhdf k'u]sf] a]nf
hfg}kg{] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ tLy{:yn xf] . of] dlGb/ lhNnfsf] sfnLk'/ txl;ndf
k5{ . oxfF xg'dfghLsf] cb\e't k|ltdfsf] bz{g kfOG5 . of] :yfg Ps l;4kL7sf] ¿kdf
;d]t k|l;4 5 .
(=
;'Ntfgk'/ /fli6«o pBfg M of] g];gn kfs{ d'Vo ¿kn] k|jf;L
kIfLx¿ cfpg] ePsfn] lrlgPsf] xf] . of] kfs{ k"/f e|d0f ug{ nueu b'O{ 306f
;do nfU5 . r/fx¿sf] cjnf]sgsf nflu of] :yfg 5gf]6 ul/g] ePsfn] ;fydf
b"/lag x'g' kmnbfoL x'G5 .
!)=
lrqu'Kt wfd M ;'Ntfgk'/sf k|l;4 dlGb/x¿dWo] of] Ps
xf] . sfo:y afaf uf]kfnbf;n] o; dlGb/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . of] dlGb/ kof{j/0f
kfs{, ;Ltfs'08 3f6 / k|l;4 kfl/hft j[Ifaf6 glhs} 5 . x/]s cfOtjf/ oxfF sfo:y
dlxnfx¿åf/f lrqu'Ktsf] cf/tL ufOG5 .
!!=
s'zejg M s'zn] :yfkgf u/]sfn] o; ;x/nfO{
s'zejgk'/sf] gfdn] lrlgGYof] .
!@=
sdnf g]x¿ k|f}Bf]lus ;+:yfg M s]=Pg=cfO{=6L= tyf
s]PgcfO{;L
!#=
cdx6 kfs{ M
;'Ntfgk'/sf
k|l;4 JolSt, pT;j / 7fpFx¿ M
!= afa"
s]bf/gfy l;+x M h;n] s]PgcfO{6Lsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
@= afw M
aw'k'/sf afwx¿ k|l;4 5g\ . logn] rf/kfO{ a'Gg] sfd u5{g\ .
#= b'uf{k"hf M
snsQfkl5 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b'uf{k"hf oxLF x'G5 . oxfF k08fn agfpgsf nflu
sfl/u/x¿ kfFr–5 dlxgfcl3b]lv cfpF5g\ / tof/L ug{ yfN5g\ . b'uf{k"hfsf]
gfddf oxfF s/f]8f}F ?lkofFsf] Jofkf/ x'G5 .
$= ;f]g"
l;+x / df]g" l;+x M ;a}n] lrGb5g\ hfGb5g\ . w]/} nf]slk|o .
%= ljgf]bs'df/
l;+x M dGqL 5g\ .
^= dh?x ;'Ntfgk'/L
&= kl08t
/fdg/]z lqkf7L M slj, ;flxTosf/ .
*= /fdlszf]/
lqkf7L M lzIff hut\df .
(= kfFrf]lk/g
;l/km
!)= nf]x/fd'
eujtL dlGb/
!!= afaf
a}h/fdhLsf :yfg, ;u/f . of] ef/tdf pbf;L ;Dk|bfosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
cvf8f xf] .
!@= 8fS6/ Ps]
l;+x M 7"nf ;dfh;]jL, ljleGg :jf:Yo lzlj/ cfof]hgf ul//xG5g\ .
-o;k6ssf]
ofqfdf ;'Ntfgk'/ kg{] ;Defjgf sd 5 ._
!)= k|tfku9 M pQ/k|b]z
e|d0fsf nflu ljz]if
:ynx¿
!= k|tfku9 lsNnf M
of] lsNnf ;x/sf] d'Vo efud} 5 . of] lghL ;DklQ ePsfn] leq hfg dgfxL 5 .
@= xf}b]Zj/gfy dlGb/ M
efuL/yLn] oxfFsf] lzjlnª\u :yfkgf u/]sL lyOg\ elgG5 . oxfFsf] lzjlnª\usf] cfsf/
k|ltjif{ al9/x]sf 5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
#= a]Nxfb]jL wfd M
k|tfku9df ;fO{F gbLsf] lsgf/df of] dlGb/ ag]sf] 5 . of] dlGb/ ljzfn If]qdf
km}lnPsf] 5 . of] dlGb/ k|tfku9sf k|d'v tLy{:yndWo] Ps xf] . dlGb/sf] ue{u[x
rfFbLn] ag]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] l;+xsf] k|ltdf klg rfFbLs} 5 .
$= zxLb pBfg kfs{ M of]
kfs{ k|tfku9 ;x/sf] dWoefud} agfOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ sDkgL uf8{]g gfdn] klg lrlgG5
.
%= elSt dlGb/ M of]
dlGb/ k|tfku9 lhNnfsf] s'08f If]qdf 5 . o;nfO{ dfgu9 wfd klg eG5g\ . >L
s[i0f / /fwfdf ;dlk{t o; wfdnfO{ elStwfd klg elgG5 . of] dlGb/ klg ljzfn
kl/;/df km}lnPsf] 5 .
^= dfF jf/fxL wfd M of]
:yfg ;f}x/uGh–/fgLuGhdf kb{5 . ;fO{F gbLsf] lsgf/df ag]sf] o; dlGb/df cfP/
dflg;x¿ dftf jf/fxLsf] bz{g u/L dgf]jfl~5t sfdgf JoSt ub{5g\ . o; dlGb/;Fu}
eujfg\ ef]n]gfysf] dlGb/ klg 5 .
&= lrnlanf kfs{ M ;fO{F
gbLlsgf/df ag]sf] of] kfs{ Psbd} ;'Gb/ 5 . ;fO{Fafafsf] cf>d klg glhs} 5 .
kfs{df afnaflnsf /dfpgsf nflu w]/} v]n;fdu|L cflb 5g\ .
*= afaf eo/x0fgfy wfd M as'nfxL
gbLsf] lsgf/df l:yt tyf lzjhLdf ;dlk{t o; k|frLg dlGb/sf] :yfkgf kf08jx¿af6
ePsf] xf] elgG5 .
(= afaf 3'O;/gfy wfd M sltko
dflg; o;nfO{ afx| Hof]ltln{ª\udWo] Ps dfGb5g\ / c;nL 3[i0f]Zj/ dlGb/ o;}nfO{
7fGb5g\ .
!)= >Lzlgb]j wfd M of]
dlGb/ k|tfku9–Onfxfafb dfu{df ljZjgfy ahf/af6 nueu @ lsnf]ld6/ leq uPkl5 k'luG5
. Pp6f cUnf] l9:sfdf of] dlGb/ ag]sf] 5 . dlGb/sf] rf/}tkm{ hª\un ePsfn] ;'Gb/
b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ kfOG5 .
!!= zfxafb uª\uf3f6
dflgsk'/ M o; 3f6sf] P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s dxŒj
7"nf] 5 . o; ;'Gb/ 3f6df /fhf dflgsrGbsf] lsNnf b]Vg kfOg]5 . of]
uª\uf3f6;Fu} 5 .
!!= uf]/vk'/ M pQ/k|b]z
uf]/vk'/ /fKtL gbLsf]
lsgf/df a;]sf] k|l;4 wfld{s ;x/ xf] . of] ;x/ lxGb', d'l:nd, af}4, l;v /
h}gx¿sf] wfld{s dxŒjsf] ;x/ xf] . t/ klg of] dWoo'uLg ;Gt uf]/vgfysf]
tkf]e"ld x'gfn] o; ;x/n] uf]/vk'/ gfd kfPsf] xf] . uf]/vk'/df k'Ug}kg{]
:ynx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
!= uf]/vgfy dlGb/ M of]
uf]/vk'/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dlGb/ xf] . of] gfy ;Dk|bfosf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo
tLy{:yn xf] . of] dlGb/ afx|f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] xf] . of] dlGb/ d'unsfndf
k6sk6s Wj:t kfl/of] . jt{dfg dlGb/ pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf agfOPsf] xf] elgG5 .
ds/ ;ª\qmflGtsf]
cj;/df oxfF 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5 . pSt cj;/df eSthgsf nflu lgMz'Ns ef]hgsf]
eJo Joj:yf ul/G5 . o;nfO{ lvr8L d]nf elgG5 . of] d]nf Ps dlxgf;Dd rln/xG5 .
lvr8L d]nf M
o; d]nfdf
b]zljb]zaf6 nfvf}F eSthg uf]/vgfy afafnfO{ lvr8L r9fpg cfpF5g\ . oxfF ;j{k|yd
>L of]uL cflbTogfyn] lvr8L r9fpF5g\ . oxfF lvr8L g} lsg r9fOG5 < To;sf]
Ps ljz]if syf 5 M
Psk6s uf]/vgfyhL
lxdf~rnl:yt Hjfnfb]jL dlGb/df uPsf lyP . oxfF bz{g lbFb} b]jLn] pgnfO{ ef]hgsf
nflu cfdlGqt ul/g\ . ef]hgsf nflu cg]s k|sf/sf Jo~hg kl:sOPsf] lyof] . of]
b]v]/ u'?hLn] eg]– æd leIffdf k|fKt bfn–eft dfq vfg] u5'{ .Æ
of] ;'g]/ b]jLn] elgg\–
æTo;f] eP hfpm . leIff:j¿k bfn–rfdn g} lnP/ cfpm .Æ
o;kl5 uf]/vgfy leIff6g
ub{}ub{} /fKtL / /f]lx0fL gbLglhs k'u] . pgL oxLF ;fwgfdf nLg eP . ;fwgfsf]
;dodf dflg;x¿ pgsf cufl8 /flvPsf] kfqdf vfln bfn / rfdndfq /flvlbGy] . t/ of]
kfq slt cGg / bfn /flvlbP klg slxNo} el/Fb}gYof] . o;kl5 pgsf cg'ofoLn] u'? uf]/vgfynfO{
lvr8L r9fpg] lg0f{o u/] . of] lg0f{o k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t eof] .
uf]/vgfy dlGb/sf] kl/;/
w]/} 7"nf] 5 . of] dlGb/ nueu %@ Ps8df km}lnPsf] 5 . u'? uf]/vgfysf]
l;+xdd{/sf] k|ltdf / r/0fkfb'sfafx]s klg u0f]z dlGb/, dfF sfnL, sfne}/j /
zLtnfdftfsf dlGb/ klg 5g\ .
@= uLtfk|]; M ;gftgwd{u|Gy
/ k':tsx¿sf] k|sfzgsf nflu gfd'b 5fkfvfgf xf] uLtfk|];, uf]/vk'/ . hobofn
uf]oGbsfåf/f !(@# df :yflkt o; 5fkfvfgfn] ;gftgwd{sf ;a} k|d'v zf:q / u|Gyx¿
5fkL Go"gtd d"Nodf ljZje/ pknAw u/fpF5 . uLtf, k'/f0fx¿, j]b, /fdfo0f,
dxfef/t, pklgifb\ / efiox¿sf cg]s u|Gy lxGbL, ;+:s[t / ef/tel/sf cg]s efiffdf
5flkG5g\ oxfF .
oxfFaf6 k|sflzt u|Gyx¿df
>Ldb\eujb\uLtf dfq * s/f]8 k|lt las]sf 5g\ eg] /fdrl/tdfg; klg & s/f]8
k|lt las]sf 5g\ . oxfFaf6 sl/a %) s/f]8 k|lt ljleGg k':ts 5flkPsf 5g\ . ef/tsf
%) eGbf a9L :6];gdf o;sf laqmL sIf 5g\ eg], ljZjsf nueu ;a} d'Vo ;x/df oxfFsf
k':ts k'U5g\ .
clxn] uLtfk|];df nueu
@)) sd{rf/L sfd ub{5g\ . o; k|];n] ;/sf/ of s'g} JolStaf6 s'g} k|sf/sf]
bfgbftJo :jLsf/ ub{}g . uLtfk|];df s'n kGw| efiffdf k':tsx¿sf] k|sfzg ul/G5 .
tL efiff x'g\– lxGbL, ;+:s[t, cª\u|]hL, tldn, t]n'u', sGg8, dnofnd, u'h/ftL,
d/f7L, aª\unf, pl8of, cf;fdL, u'?d'vL, g]kfnL / pb"{ . oxfF k|sflzt
k':tssf] csf{] Pp6f ljz]iftf 5, Tof] s] eg] oxfFaf6 k|sflzt x'g] s'g} klg
k':tsdf s'g} klg hLljt JolStsf] kmf]6f] 5flkPsf] x'Fb}g . oxfFaf6 k|sflzt
k':tsdf s'g} lsl;dsf] lj1fkg klg 5flkPsf] x'Fb}g .
uLtfk|];sf] ;~rfng
snsQfdf l:yt uf]ljGbejgaf6 ul/G5 .
ToxfF k'u]sf] a]nf
cfkm\gf nflu dfq xf]Og, pkxf/fy{ ;d]t s]xL k':ts Nofpg' 7Ls x'G5 .
#= /]nj] ;ª\u|xfno M uf]/vk'/sf]
/]nj] Do'lhod / x]l/6]h Knfhf ko{6sx¿sf k|d'v cfsif{0fdWo] Ps xf] . ;g\
@))& df of] ;ª\u|xfno ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] xf] . ;g\ !*&&
df nG8gdf ag]sf] jfik–OlGhg oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo cfsif{0f xf] . o;afx]s oxfF
abL{ Uofn/L, kmf]6f], 38L cflb cGo pks/0fx¿ klg k|bz{gdf /flvPsf 5g\ .
afnaflnsfsf] dgf]/~hgsf nflu oxfF Ps v]nf}gf 6«]g klg 5 .
$= g]x¿ kfs{ M of]
kfs{ uf]/vk'/sf] nfn lbU3L Onfsfdf l:yt 5 . of] kfs{ kfgLsf] 5x/f / /ª\uLg
k|sfzsf] lemlnldnLsf sf/0f Psbd} rlr{t / nf]slk|o 5 . of] ljzfn kfs{ Psbd
e|d0fof]Uo 5 .
%= ljGWojfl;gL kfs{ M of]
ejg lgdf{0f snf, k|fs[lts jftfj/0f, ¿vj[If / ;+:s[ltsf] ;ª\ud xf] . s]6fs]6L;Fu
hfg]n] o; kfs{nfO{ gx]/L kms{g'x'Fb}g .
^= gL/ lgs'~h kfs{ M uf]/vk'/sf
/f]df~rs :yndWo] of] Ps k|d'v xf] . of] Ps hn–kfs{ xf] . df]hd:tLdf
/dfpg] o'jfo'jtL oxfF uP/} 5f8\5g\ .
&= s'ZdL jg M of]
;fnsf] Ps 3gf hª\un xf] . :yfgLox¿sf nflu ;x/sf] eL8ef8 / xf]xNnf clg
k|b"if0faf6 s]xL a]/sf] d'lStsf nflu of] Psbd pko'St 5 . of] ;x/af6 !)
lsld k"j{, s'zLgu/ hfg] af6fdf 5 .
*= jL/axfb'/ tf/fd08n M o;
Knfg]6f]l/odn] afnaRrf / :yfgLox¿nfO{ w]/} cfsif{0f ub{5 . lj1fg / cGtl/Ifaf/]
?lr /fVg]x¿sf nflu of] Psbd ;xL :yfg xf] .
(= /fdu9 tfn M !&))
Ps8df km}lnPsf] Ps ljzfn k|fs[lts tnfp xf] of] . oxfF laxfg ;a]/} jf ;fFemkv
hfg' pko'St x'G5 . ;a}eGbf ;xL ;do ;fFemkv x'G5 . oxfF klg nfO6 PG8 ;fpG8 ;f]
b]vfOG5 .
s'g} ;dodf uf]/vk'/nfO{
/fdu|fd klg elgGYof] . To;}n] o; tfnnfO{ /fdu9 tfn elgPsf] xf] . s'g} ;dodf
/fKtL gbL xfn /fdu9 tfn ePlt/af6 aUbYof] . ;doqmddf gbLn] dfu{ abNof] / gbLsf]
pSt axfjIf]q ljzfn tfnsf] ¿kdf /lx/x\of] . /fdu9 tfnsf af/]df csf{] klg dfGotf
5 M Tof] s] eg] oxfF s'g} sfnv08df ljzfn gu/ lyof] . s'g} Clifsf] ;/fk kfO{ pSt
gu/ wl;g k'Uof] / tfnsf] ¿k lnof] . of] tfn cr]n ef/t pQ/ k|b]zsf] k"jf{~rnsf]
dl/g 8«fOe alg;s]sf] 5 .
oxfF hnqmL8f, gf}sfljxf/
/ n]h/ k|sfzsf] cfgGb lng kfOG5 . ;fFemdf oxfF cfpg' cToGt dgf]xf/L cg'ej x'g]5
. ;fFem kg{ yfn]kl5 oxfF eL8 a9\g yfNb5 . o; eL8sf] Ps efu ag]/ /dfpg' hLjgsf
cd"No :d[ltdWo] Ps x'g cfpF5 . pQ/ k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ef/tLo
emG8f oxLF 5 .
uf]/vk'/df oxL Psdfq tfn
xf]Og, cg]s c¿ klg tfn 5g\ . tL ;a} tfn glhs–glhs} k5{g\ . Ps} lbgdf ;a} tfnsf]
e|d0f ;Dej 5 . d'Vo a; :6]G8 / /]nj] :6];gaf6 tfnsf] b"/L b'O{
lsnf]ld6/hlt dfq k5{ .
!)= /fhsLo af}4
;ª\u|xfno M ;g\ !(** df ePsf] xf] . oxfF
kfiff0fsfnb]lv dWosfn;Ddsf k'/ftflŒjs j:t'x¿ ;+/lIft ul/Psfn] o;sf] dxŒj
7"nf] 5 .
!!= rf}/Lrf}/f zxLb
:df/s M !(@@ km]a|'c/L $ df oxfF s]xL qmflGtsf/Ln] k'ln;
rf}sLdf cfuf] nufOlbP . o;af6 oxfF a;]sf @@ k|x/L hLljt} hn] . 36gf 36fPsf]
eg]/ s]xL qmflGtsf/LnfO{ bf]ifL dfgL kmfF;L lbOof] . o;} 36gfsf] :d/0fdf oxfF
Ps kfs{ / :df/s agfOPsf] 5 / km]a|'c/L $ df oxfF x/]s jif{ pSt 36gfsf] :d[ltdf
rf}/Lrf}/f lbj; dgfOG5 . oxfF ;fFem–laxfg 8'Ng hfg' Psbd cfgGbbfos cg'e"lt
x'g]5 . oxfF k|ltlbg ;fFem / laxfg of]u klg l;sfOG5 . of] :yfg uf]/vk'/af6 @%
lsld k"j{blIf0fdf, /]nj] :6];gg]/ 5 . t/s'Nxfb]jLsf] dlGb/
af6}df k5{ .
!@= d'St]Zj/gfy dlGb/ M 6«fG;kf]6{
/f]8df cjl:yt o; dlGb/sf] Oltxf; $)) jif{ k'/fgf] 5 . dlGb/;Fu} d'lStwfd
/x]sfn] o; dlGb/nfO{ d'St]Zj/gfy elgPsf] xf] . rf/ ;o jif{klxn] oxfF 3gf hª\un
lyof] elgG5 . Psk6s afG;L /fHosf /fhf oxfF l;sf/ v]Nb} cfPsf lyP .
jgdf l;+xx¿n] pgnfO{ 3]/]5g\ . Hofg ;ª\s6df km;]sf] b]v]/ /fhfn] cfkm\gf
Oi6b]jtf eujfg\ lzjzª\/sf] :d/0f u/] .
rdTsf/ eof] . ;a} l;+x
pgnfO{ cfqmd0f ug{ 5f8]/ x6L uP . ;f]xL :yfgdf eujfg\ zª\s/sf] dlGb/ agfpg]5'
eg]/ /fhfn] ;ª\sNk u/] . klxn] eujfg\ lzjsf] dfq dlGb/ lyof] . kl5
cfP/ lzj kl/jf/, dftf b'uf{ / xg'dfghLsf klg k|ltdf :yflkt ul/P . cfh klg oxfF
k|frLg s'jf / ljzfn kLkn j[If lzjeStx¿sf nflu >4fsf] s]Gb| alg/x]sf]
5 .
lzj/flqsf] cj;/df oxfF
;Gtfgk|flKt / cf/f]Uotfsf nflu dflg;x¿ k"hf–k|fy{gf ug{ cfpF5g\ .
;fdfGotof oxfF k|ltlbg laxfg & ah] / ;fFemdf * ah] cf/tL x'G5 . lzj/flqsf]
lbgdf eg] oxfF /flq hfu/0f a:g] rng 5 . pSt /ftdf ( ah], !@ ah], # ah] / laxfg
^ ah] cf/tL x'G5 . of] :yfg uf]/vgfy dlGb/af6 blIf0f % lsld hlt b"/Ldf
;x/sf] blIf0fL 5]p /fKtL gbLsf] lsgf/df 5 . uf]/vgfysf] bz{gkl5 oxfF cfP/ /fdu9
tfn hfg' ;xL xf]nf .
!#= >Llji0f' dlGb/ M of]
dlGb/ uf]/vk'/ If]qdf cToGt k|l;4 5 . uf]/vgfy dlGb/af6 nueu * lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5
of] ljVoft dlGb/ . o;sf] lgdf{0f nueu ^)) jif{ k'/fgf] dflgPsf] eP klg oxfF
ePsf] lji0f'sf] lju|x afx|f}F ztfAbLsf] xf] elgPsf] 5 . Tolt k'/fgf]
elgP klg of] dlGb/ ;do–;dodf gofF tl/sfn] agfpg] qmd /lx/x]sf] 5
. dlGb/df eujfg\ lji0f'sf] cToGt b'n{e sfnL s;f}6L kTy/sf]
d"lt{ 5 . of] dlGb/ oxfF s;/L /x]sf] xf] eGg] ljifodf syf
rfvnfUbf] 5 .
k'/fgf] ;dodf demf}nL
/fHodf bL3{]Zj/gfy gfdsf] dlGb/ lyof] -of] :yfg xfn b]jl/of lhNnfsf] ;n]dk'/df
k5{ / uf]/vk'/af6 blIf0fk"j{ &% lsnf]ld6/hlt 5 . rf}/Lrf}/f x'Fb}
uOG5_ . oxfF :joDe" eujfg\ lzjsf] ;fydf >Llji0f' lj/flht x'g'x'GYof] .
lji0f' / lzjsf] bz{gfy{ oxfF ;}s8f}F >4fn' eSthg cf]Ol/O/xGy] . of] dlGb/
kfnj+zL /fhfx¿n] agfPsf x'g\ elgG5 . ztfAbL laTb} uP . ha cf}/ª\uh]a cfu/f /
lbNnLsf] u2Ldf a;] . cf}/ª\uh]an] ef/tel/ lxGb' dlGb/ tf]8L dl:hb agfpg nufpg
yfn] . ;of}F dlGb/dfly xdnf eof] . cfqmd0fsf] qmddf of] bL3{]Zj/gfy klg lyof] .
o;kl5 To; dlGb/af6 lji0f'hLsf] k|ltdf a]kQf eof] .
;g\ !(!$ df uf]/vgfy
ld:qL gfdsf uf]7fnfn] Pp6f sfnf] 9'ª\uf] b]v] . pgn] ;f]r]– æolt /fd|f] kTy/
/x]5 . 3/ nUg'k¥of] .Æ
pgn] Tof] hldgdf
ufl8Psf] 9'ª\ufjl/kl/sf] df6f] vg]/ hldgaflx/ lgsfn] . ha 9'ª\ufdf 6fFl;Psf]
;a} df6f] x6fO{ ;kmf u/], pgn] b]v], Tof] tLg lkm6 cUnf] kTy/ t >Llji0f'sf]
rt'd'{vwf/L k|ltdf kf] /x]5 . of] ;dfrf/ ;j{q km}lnof] . d"lt{
ax'd"No x'g] b]v]/ nf]eL cª\u|]hn] Tof] d"lt{ nG8g k'¥ofP .
o;kl5 demf}nL /fHosL
dxf/fgL Zofd;'Gb/s'df/Ln] Ps jif{eGbf a9L sfg'gL n8fOF nl8g\ . cGTodf !(!% df
pSt d"lt{ uf]/vk'/d} kmsf{pg pgL ;kmn eOg\ . /fgL Zofd;'Gb/s'df/Ln] g} pSt
lji0f'lju|xsf nflu Ps ljzfn dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ug{ nufOg\ . o;kl5 x/]s z'e tyf
ljz]if cj;/df >4fn'x¿ >Llji0f'sf] bz{gfy{ cfpg yfn] . of] d"lt{
ag]sf] s;f}6L kTy/ cToGt d"Nojfg\ 5, lsgeg] o;} kTy/n] xL/fsf] z'4tfsf]
hfFr ul/G5 .
oxfF x/]s jif{ >Lxl/
lji0f'sf] dxfo1sf] cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oxfF /fdsyf / /fdnLnfsf] klg eJo
cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
!$= cd/ zxLb k+=
/fdk|;fb lal:dn :df/s M sfsf]/L n'6kf6 sf08sf nflu cª\u|]h
;/sf/n] k+= /fdk|;fb lal:dnnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo lbof] . qmflGtsf/Lx¿n]
cª\u|]hlj?4 n8\gsf nflu xltof/ vl/b ug{sf nflu of] n'6kf6 dRrfPsf lyP
. ha of] 36gfsf] ;"rgf la|l6; zf;sx¿;Dd k'Uof], 36gfdf ;+nUg
rf/ hgf– /fdk|;fb lal:dn, c;kmft–pNnfx vfg, /fh]Gb| nflxnL / 7fs'/ /f]zg
l;+xnfO{ oxfF kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo lbOof] . clxn] ag]sf] :df/s :yn kmfF;L lbOPsf]
kvf{n tf]8]/ agfOPsf] xf] .
!%= afaf d'Gh]Zj/gfy M of]
dlGb/ uf]/vk'/af6 !( lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . egfO 5, afaf d'Gh]Zj/gfyn]
cfkm"dfly 5fgf] nufpg lbFb}gg\ . sltko /fhfx¿n] dlGb/dfly 5fgf] nufpg]
sf]l;; u/], t/ Tof] 5fgf] /flt cfkm}F 9NbYof] . k'hf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ oxfFsf ¿vx¿df
;}s8f}F ;k{ a:t5g\ . slxn]sfxLF tL crfgs tn emb{5g\ . ;fpgsf] dlxgfdf tL ;k{
hldgdf emb{5g\ . crDdsf] s'/f cfh;Dd s'g} ;k{n] >4fn' eSthgnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn]
gf]S;fgL k''¥ofPsf 5}gg\ . kl5kl5 klg cg]s /fhfn] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f / 5fgf]
nufpg] sf]l;; ul//x] . t/ 5fgf] nufPkl5 dlGb/sf] ;Dk"0f{ efu 9n]/ hfGYof]
. ctM clxn] dlGb/ v'nf cfsfzd'lg lzjlnª\u /fv]/ ag]sf] 5 .
x/]s zlgjf/ / ;f]djf/
clg ;fpg dlxgfel/, lzj/flqsf] ;do tyf lzj;Fu ;DalGwt cGo pT;jdf oxfF dflg;x¿sf]
eL8ef8 x'G5 . /fhf d'Ghåf/f :yflkt ePsf] x'gfn] o; dlGb/nfO{ d'Gh]Zj/gfy
elgPsf] xf] . of] dlGb/ s;/L aGof] eGg] syf klg rfvnfUbf] 5 .
PskN6 Ps dhb'/sf]
sf]bfnf] df6fd'lg ufl8Psf] Ps kTy/df 7f]lSsof] . kTy/sf] dflyNnf] efu
sf]bfnfsf] rf]6n] km'6\of] . dhb'/n] pSt 9'ª\uf] ToxfFaf6 x6fpg sf]l;; u¥of] .
p;n] To; 9'ª\ufdf eujfg\ lzjsf] cfs[lt b]Vg yfNof] . km'6]sf] kTy/af6
b"wsf] wf/f axg nfUof] . dhb'/ of] b[Zo b]v]/ 8/fof] . p;n] uP/ /fhf d'Gh
l;+xnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ sxfgL eGof] .
/fhf d'Ghn] ;f]xL /ft
;kgfdf eujfg\ ef]n]gfynfO{ b]v] . /fhf d'Ghn] o; 36gfnfO{ eujfg\ lzjhLsf] cfb]z
dfg]/ ljlwljwfgk"j{s pSt lzjlnª\unfO{ ;f]xL :yfgdf :yflkt u/] .
!^= t/s'Nxf b]jL M of]
dlGb/ uf]/vk'/af6 aL; lsnf]ld6/hlt 6f9f rf}/frf}/L hfg] dfu{df 5
. dfG5]x¿ eG5g\, zxLb aGw' l;+xn] cª\u|]hx¿sf] 6fpsf] oxfFsL
b]jLnfO{ r9fpFy] elgG5 . o; dlGb/sf] ljz]iftf s] 5 eg] oxfF af]sfsf] df;' /
af6L k|;fbsf] ¿kdf afFl8G5 . af]nLrfnLdf o;nfO{ æd6g–af6LÆ elgG5 . ef/tel/df
af]sfsf] df;' / af6L k|;fbsf] ¿kdf afFl8g] of] Psdfq dlGb/ xf] .
egfOcg';f/ aGw' l;+xn]
cª\u|]hx¿sf] lz/ r9fP/ h'g jlnk|yfsf] ;'? u/] To;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kdf cfh
af]sfsf] jln lbP/ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . jln lbOPsf] af]sfsf] df;' df6fsf] xfF8Ldf
ksfO{ af6Lsf ;fydf k|;fbsf] ¿kdf afF8\g] ul/G5 .
oxfF dgf]sfdgf k"/f
ePkl5 306L afFWg] k/Dk/f 5 . tkfO{F oxfF k'Ug'eof] eg] dlGb/df htftt} 306L g}
306L em'G8\ofOPsf] b]Vg kfpg'x'g]5 . ;f]djf/ / z'qmjf/ oxfF Psbd}
7"nf] eL8 x'G5 .
uf]/vk'/sf]
ljz]if kl/sf/ M oxfFsf] kL/f] ;df];f / rf6 .
!@= s'zLgu/ M pQ/k|b]z
s'zLgu/sf] s]xL
jif{cl3sf] gfd sl;of ahf/ xf] . ef/tn] s}of}F o:tf 7fpFx¿sf] gfd ablnO/x]sf] 5
h;af6 Oltxf; cfkm\gf] kIfdf lgdf{0f xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu j}/f7nfO{ lj/f6gu/L,
/f7nfO{ lj/f6gu/ n]Vg yflnPsf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s lj/f6gu/ sxfF lyof] eGg] ljifo Psbd
hl6n 5 . g]kfnsf] lj/f6gu/ g} c;nL lj/f6gu/ xf] eGg] cg]s k|df0f 5g\, h:tf]
lj/f6gu/af6 s]xL lsnf]ld6/ k"j{sf] ef/tLo ufpF s';f{sfF6fdf cjl:yt
;'Gb/Ld7df kf08jx¿n] cfkm\gf xftxltof/, n'ufkmf6f cflb n'sfP/ kl/ro abnL
lj/f6gu/ cfO{ u'Ktjf; a;] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . laxf/s} ;x/;f lhNnfdf lj/f6k'/ 5
h;sf] ;DaGw /fhf lj/f6;Fu 5 . o;}u/L ;x/;f ;x/g]/} dT:ouGwf kf]v/L 5 h'g s'g}
;dosf] uª\uf axfjsf] If]q x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ToxfF dT:ouGwf dlGb/ 5 . oL ;a}
cfwf/nfO{ ef/tLo kIf ;xif{ k|rf/k|;f/ ub{5 t/ vf; lj/f6gu/rflxF slxn]
/fh:yfgsf] hok'/g]/sf] a}/f7 xf] eG5 eg] slxn] pQ/ k|b]zsf] /f7 g} vf; lj/f6gu/
xf] eG5 . cr]n t laxf/sf] dw'jgL lhNnfdf kg{] aln/fhu9nfO{ k|frLg hgsk'/ xf]
;d]t eGg yflnPsf] 5 . ef/tsf] k|frLg Oltxf; hlt c:ki6 5, Tolt g} ef/tLo
Oltxf;sf/x¿ 56\6', w't{ / 9fF6 5g\ . pgLx¿ lxhf];Dd n'lDagL ef/tdf k5{ elg/x]sf
lyP, ca c;nL hgsk'/ g]kfndf xf]Og ef/tdf kf] 5 eGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
sl;of ahf/nfO{ s'zLgu/
xf] elg;s]kl5 uf}td a'4n] ef/td} dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{
;To ;flat ul/Fb} 5 . g]kfnL Oltxf;sf/x¿sf] cof]Uotf / b]zsf] ul/aLn]
w]/} tYox¿nfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsg] b]lvPsf] 5}g . hgsk'/ g]kfndf 5 eGg] s'/f ef/tLo
;+:yfkg kIfn] dfg] klg ;Ltf hGde"ld ef/td} 5 eg]/ ;Ltfd9LnfO{ elgPsf] 5 .
Ps hgf ;Gtn] ;kgfdf
b]v]sf c/], ;Ltfsf] hGde"ld sxfF k5{ eg]/ . Oltxf; o;/L n]lvG5 < t/ klg
xfdL ;Ltfd9LnfO{ g} ;Ltf hGd:ynL dfGg clezKt 5f}F .
ca s'zLgu/s} s'/f u/f}F,
eujfg\ a'4n] ToxLF dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/] eGg] s'/f dflglbcf}F . s'zLgu/
cyf{t\ c;nL sl;of ahf/ uf]/vk'/af6 nueu %) lsnf]ld6/ k"j{df l:yt 5 . of]
ef/tLo g];gn xfOj] @* df kb{5 . s'zLgu/d} d}q]o a'4sf] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] d"lt{ aGb} 5 . o; If]qdf ef]hk'/L efiff af]lnG5 .
ux'F, wfg, rgf, bfn, pv'sf] v]tL x'G5 . cr]n o; efudf a'4k"l0f{df
7"nf] w'dwfd;Fu dgfOG5 .
!= dxfkl/lgjf{0f dlGb/ M af}4
wdf{jnDaLx¿sf nflu of] cToGt kljq dlGb/ xf] . eujfg\ a'4n] dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt
u/]sf] 7fpF xf] elgPsfn] o;sf] dxŒj olt w]/} /x]sf] xf] . oxfF eujfg\ a'4sf]
^=! ld6/ nfdf] k|ltdf ;'t]sf] cj:yfdf 5 . a'4n] cfkm" c;L jif{ k'u]kl5
kfly{j z/L/ Tofu]sf] 36gfnfO{ o; d"lt{n] lrq0f ub{5 . a'4sf] Ps} kTy/df
ag]sf] of] ljzfn d"lt{ bfofF sf]N6] k/]/ klZrdtkm{ kms{]sf] ¿kdf 5
. a'4sf uf]8fdf czf]srqm s'FlbPsf] 5 . a'4sf] cl:y cjz]if oxLF
ufl8Psf] 5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 . pBfgdf Ps ljzfn 306f 5 .
PeL sIfdf oxfFsf] af/]df
kl/rofTds lel8of] k|bz{g ul/G5 .
@= dfyf s'Fc/ dlGb/ M of]
dxfkl/lgjf{0f dlGb/af6 ;lhn} k}bn k'lug] 7fpFdf 5 . s'zgu/sf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf
dlGb/dWo] of] Ps xf], ;fy} oxfF cfpg] >4fn' tyf ko{6sn] ;a}eGbf a9L k'Ug]
7fpFdWo] Ps xf] . eujfg\ a'4n] o; :yfgdf ;a}eGbf clGtd pkb]z lbg'ePsf] lyof]
elgG5 . ctM a'4dfuL{x¿sf nflu of] :yn cToGt 7"nf] tLy{:yn xf] . dlGb/df
eujfg\ a'4sf] cToGt 7"nf] d"lt{ 5 . of] d"lt{
pTvggsf] qmddf sfnf{Onn] !*&^ df e]6]sf lyP . of] d"lt{ Ps gLnkTy/nfO{
s'FbL agfOPsf] xf] . a'4d"lt{ e"ld:kz{d'b|fdf 5 . of] a'4sf clGtd
If0fx¿sf] cleJolSt xf], pgn] dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{cl3sf] If0fsf] k|tLsfTds
cleJolSt xf] . To;df of] d"lt{ slxn] s'FlbPsf] xf] eg]/ cIf/ s'FlbPsf 5g\
. of] b;f}F of P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf s'FlbPsf] d"lt{ x'g'k5{ elgG5 .
d';ndfg cfttfoLx¿n]
cfqmd0f ug{ yfn]kl5 a'4dfuL{x¿ oxfFaf6 efu] . kl5 ;d:t e"efu jgIf]qdf
ablnof] . oxfFsf dlGb/, d"lt{x¿ of t gi6 eP of t hldgd'lg k'l/P .
ef/tjif{sf] Oltxf; gi6e|i6 u/fP/ d';ndfgx¿n] ljZjnfO{ ;Eotfsf] 7"nf]
;ª\u|xfnoaf6 jl~rt u/] . ljZjsf] Ps 7"nf] ;Eotf Oltxf;ljxLg agfpg] d';ndfg
cfttfoLx¿sf] lgGbf hlt u/] klg sd x'G5 eG7fG5' d . rfx] /fdhGde"ldsf] d'2f
xf];\, rfx] 1fgjflksf] s'/f xf];\, cyjf gfnGbfsf] ljifo xf];\ jf s'zLgu/ /
n'lDagLsf] ljifo xf];\, lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDaLnfO{ Oltxf;ljxLg kfg{]
d';ndfg cfqmfGtf cfttfoLx¿nfO{ Oltxf;n] dfkm ug'{x'Fb}g .
#= jf6 yfO{ dlGb/ M of]
jf:t'snfsf] pRrtd gd'gf cyf{t\ ‘cfls{6]Sr/n dfe{]n’ xf] . of] klg s'zLgu/sf
;a}eGbf a9L bz{gLo :yndWo] Ps xf] . b; Ps8sf] ljzfn km}nfj6leq of] k/Dk/fut tyf
cfw'lgs yfO{ jf:t'snfsf] ld>0f k|bz{g ug{] ;'Gb/ dlGb/ ag]sf] 5 . yfO{ /fhf
e"ldan ct'Not]h -Bhumibol
Adulyadej_ sf] /fHof/f]x0fsf] krf;f}F jflif{sf]T;jsf] pknIodf
yfONofG8sf a'4dfuL{x¿n] agfPsf] o; dlGb/sf] dxŒj ;d:t a'4dfuL{x¿sf nflu ljlzi6
5 . x/]s jif{ yfONofG8sf a'4dfuL{ tLy{ofqLx¿ xhf/f}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf s'zLgu/ cfO{
cGo tLy{:yn;Fu} o; dlGb/sf] bz{gsf nflu cfpg] u5{g\ .
$= /dfef/ :t"k M s'zLgu/
a; :6]G8af6 $ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf of] :t"k 5 . s'zLgu/sf ;a}eGbf
k|l;4 ko{6sLo :yn tyf tLy{dWo] of] klg Ps xf] . ljZje/sf a'4dfuL{x¿sf nflu o; :t"ksf]
ljz]if dxŒj 5 . o;} 7fpFdf $*# O{;fk"j{ eujfg\ a'4nfO{ clGtd ;+:sf/
ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o;sf] 6'Kkfsf] Jof; #$=!$ ld6/ / km]bsf] Jof;
$&=@$ ld6/ 5 . o;}g]/ Pp6f kf]v/Lh:tf] ;+/rgf klg 5 . OF6n] ag]sf] of]
:t"k !$=( ld6/ cUnf] 5 . k|frLg af}4u|Gyx¿df o;nfO{ d's'6aGwg r}Tosf] ¿kdf
atfOPsf] 5 . sltko u|Gyx¿df d'StaGwg ljxf/ elgPsf] 5 .
%= >Lnª\sf–hfkfg
:t"k M hfkfg–>Lnª\sf af}4 s]Gb| csf{]
dxŒjk"0f{ tLy{:yn xf] . hfkfgL /fhkl/jf/af6 o; ljzfn :t"ksf]
lgdf{0fsf nflu vr{ Aoxf]l/Psf] xf] . o; j[Qfsf/ ljzfn :t"kleq a'4sf]
:j0f{dl08t d"lt{ 5 . o;nfO{ ci6wft' a'4d"lt{ elgG5 . of]
d"lt{sf] Ps emns dfq eP klg x]g{sf nflu ljZjel/af6 bz{gfyL{x¿ cfpg] u5{g\
.
hfkfgL OlGhlgo/sf]
l8hfOg / lgb{]zgdf tLg jif{sf] lgdf{0fsfo{kl5 ;g\ !(*$ df of] dlGb/ pb\3f6g
ePsf] xf] . hfkfgL k|ljlw, OlGhlgol/ª / cfly{s nufgLdf ag]sf] of]
dlGb/ lgdf{0fsfo{ k"/f ePkl5 >Lnª\sfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] xf] .
^= leotgfd–rfOlgh a'l4:6
dlGb/ M s'zLgu/df bz{gfyL{x¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] o;}
dlGb/n] :jfut ub{5 . o;df e'OFtnfdf lrlgofF dlGb/sf] / dflyNnf] tnfdf leotgfdL
dlGb/sf] z}nL b]Vg kfOg]5 . dlGb/df y'k|}j6f 8«fug / nflkmª a'4sf d"lt{
5g\ . ltgn] lrlgofF z}nLsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . oxfF Ps} 7fpFdf n'lDagL,
af]wuof, ;f/gfy / af]wuofsf d'Vo tLy{:ynsf] k|lts[lt b]Vg kfOG5 . oxLF leotgfdsf]
Ps a'4dlGb/sf] k|lts[lt klg 5 . oxfFsf] sdn kf]v/L;d]t ljlzi6
cfsif{0f dflgG5 .
&= ald{h–DofGdf
dlGb/ M of] ad{]nL kmof cyf{t\ :t"k;Fu}sf] a'4dlGb/
s'zLgu/sf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] a'4dlGb/ xf] . ;g\ !*(* df ag]sf] a'4dlGb/ kl5 k6sk6s
k'glg{df{0f ePsf] xf] . ;'gf}nf] /ªsf] of] ;'Gb/ :t"k / dlGb/ klg
x]g{}kg{] vfnsf 5g\ . oxfF k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf d"lt{x¿ x'gfn] ltgn] ljZje/sf
tLy{ofqL tyf ko{6sx¿sf nflu ljz]if cfsif{0f ub{5g\ .
!#== ;Ltfd9L e|d0f M laxf/
laxfg !) ah] ;Ltfd9L
k'luG5 . lbgel/ ;Ltfd9L e|d0f . ;Ltfd9L jf; .
!= k'gf}/f wfd M hfgsL
hGd:ynL dlGb/ . k|frLg sfndf oxfF Clif k'08/Lssf] cf>d lyof] elgG5 . pgs}
s'08df dftf ;Ltfsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] eGg] dflgG5 . oxfF ko{6g ejg, ufoqL dlGb/,
ljjfxd08k 5g\ . Ps ;'Gb/ kfs{ klg dlGb/sf] k5fl8 5 . oxfF ;fª\uLlts 5x/f klg 5
. of] ;Ltfd9Lsf] nf]slk|o jgef]h:yn xf] . oxfF s}of}F lkmNdsf ;'l6ª ePsf 5g\ .
k|To]s jif{ ;Ltfd9L dxf]T;j gfds b'O{lbg] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/G5 .
@= hfgsL dlGb/ M ;Ltfd9L
ahf/sf] aLrdf /x]sf] of] ;of}F jif{ k'/fgf] ljzfn / eJo dlGb/sf] bz{g Ps ;'vb
Pjd\ t'li6do cg'ej x'g]5 . o; dlGb/sf] d'Vo åf/ rfFbLn] ag]sf] x'gfn] o;nfO{
/ht–åf/ dlGb/ klg elgG5 . ax'd"No sfnf] kTy/af6 lgld{t eujfg\ >L/fd /
dftf ;Ltfsf cb\e't k|ltdfx¿ oxfF zf]efodfg 5g\ .
#= plj{hf s'08 M ;Ltfd9L
ahf/sf] hfgsL dlGb/;Fu} 5 of] s'08 . o; eJo s'08sf] aLrdf ;Ltfdftfsf] hGdsyf
b]vfpg] k|ltdfx¿ 5g\ . /fhf hgs xnf] hf]lt/x]sf / 38faf6 k|s6 eO/x]sL ;Ltf
dftfsf] k|ltdf 5 .
$= auxLwfd M auxL
d7 8'd/f Anssf] /0fhLtk'/df l:yt auxL d7 cToGt eJo dlGb/ xf] . !)* sf]7f ePsf]
o; d7df rf}aL;} 306f ;Ltf/fd–gfd hk ;ª\sLt{g rfn' /xG5 . o;} kl/;/df
afaf 3g]Zj/gfy dxfb]jsf] Ps eJo dlGb/ klg 5 . oxfF ;Gt auxL afaf tk:jL
gf/fo0fbf;hL dxf/fhsf] ;dflw:yn klg 5 . oxfF k'Ug xn]Zj/:yfgaf6 nueu
$ lsnf]ld6/ klZrd–pQ/ hfg'kb{5 .
%=kGy kfs8M dftf
;Ltf, eujfg\ >L/fd / k/z'/fd ;+jfb–:yn g} Ps wfdsf] ¿kdf dflgFb} cfOPsf] 5 .
of] ;Ltfd9L ;x/af6 nueu * lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df aygfxf k|v08df cjl:yt 5 . oxfF hfg
;Ltfd9Laf6 ;'/;G8 hfg] af6fdf aygfxfdf a;af6 cf]nL{ O–l/S;f kqm]/ @
lsnf]ld6/hlt pQ/–klZrd hfg'kb{5 .
syfcg';f/ dftf ;Ltfsf]
8f]nL hgsk'/af6 cof]Wofsf nflu nluFb} lyof] . oxfFsf] kGy kfs8 ufpFdf 8f]nf
/f]s]/ la;fOPsf] lyof] . oxLF eujfg\ >L/fd / k/z'/fdaLr ;+jfb ePsf] lyof] .
k/z'/fdn] oxLF /fdnfO{ cof]Wof hfg] ;xL dfu{ b]vfPsf lyP . o;aLr dftf ;Ltfn]
kfs8sf] Ps xfFuf] efFr]/ bGtd~hg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;Ltfdftfn] d~hg ul/;s]kl5
pSt xfFuf] Psflt/ km\ofFSg'ePsf] lyof] . km\ofFlsPsf] pSt xfFuf] ;/]/ la?jf
aGof], sfnqmddf Tof] ¿v aGof] . cfh pSt :yfgdf kfs8sf ¿vx¿ Ps–csf{;Fu hf]l8Psf]
cj:yfdf 5g\ . pSt :yndf eSthgx¿ 6f9f6f9faf6 cfO{ bz{g ub{5g\ . o; :ynsf] j0f{g
jfNdLls–/fdfo0f / uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;s[t /fdrl/tdfg;df cfpFb5 . oxfFl:yt k|frLg
s'08af6 ;Ltfdftfn] kfgL pkof]u ug'{ePsf] lyof] elgG5 . cfh kfs8kGy ko{6s tyf
>4fn'x¿sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| agsf] 5 .
^= xn]Zj/:yfg M ;Ltfd9L
;x/af6 of] :yn % lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg ;xh} pknAw gx'g]
ePsfn] c6f] of 6]Dkf] lnP/ hfg' 7Ls x'G5 . e/;s laxfg} uPdf ToxfFsf] ;GWof
cf/tLsf] cfgGb p7fpg kfOg]5 . af6fdf kmt]xk'/, lu/dL ufpFdf l:yt o; dlGb/df
eujfg\ lzjsf] clt k|frLg lnª\u 5 . Oltxf;df of] Onfsf ldlynf /fHosf] cwLgdf
lyof] .
Psk6s ;d:t ldlynfk|b]zdf
csfn kg{ uof] . Clifd'lg, k'/f]lxt / cGo ljåfg\x¿sf] ;Nnfxaf6 xn]li6 o1sf]
cfof]hgf ul/of] . o1 ;'? x'g'cufj} /fhf hgs lu/dL ;fgL ufpFdf k'u] . pgn] oxfF
cfP/ of] cb\e't lzjlnª\usf] :yfkgf u/] . o1sf] /Ltcg';f/ /fhf hgsn] o;} :yfgdf
xnf] hf]Tg ;'? u/] . pgL oxfFaf6 xnf] hf]Tb} k'gf}/f ufpF k'u] . oxfF k'u]kl5
xnfsf] kmfnLaf6 dftf hfgsLsf] pTklQ eof] . xnfsf] kmfnLnfO{ ;+:s[tdf æ;LtÆ
elgG5 . o;}sf/0f kmfnLn] pTkGg u/fPsL sGofsf] gfd æ;LtfÆ /xg uof] .
t'?Gt} 3g3f]/ jiff{ x'g
nfUof] . o;/L gbL, hnfzo / ;d:t e"ld hndo eof] . csfn x6]/ uof] . o;}
xn]li6 o1 ePsf] :yfg x'gfn] o; tLy{sf] gfd xn]Zj/gfy dxfb]j /xg uof] . oxfF
x/]s ;f]djf/, j;Gt k~rdL, lzj/flq Pjd\ >fj0f dlxgfsf ;a} ;f]djf/df ljzfn
d]nf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .
&= ;gftg wd{
k':tsfno M ;gftg wd{ s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf]
:yfkgf !(!& df k]l7of/f]8sf] ldrf{O{k6\6Lsf] uNnLdf Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fdf
kRrL; k':ts /fv]/ ePsf] lyof] . t/ cfh 8'd/f -;x/sf] blIf0fL efu_df :yflkt o;
k':tsfnodf sl/a #% xhf/ k':tssf] ;ª\u|x 5 . o;df lzjhLsf] af/]df n]lvPsf #*
k':ts 5g\ . of] k':tsfno ;flxTosf/x¿sf nflu Ps vhfgf g} dflgG5 . of]] :yfg
k'gf}/f wfdaf6 blIf0ftkm{ $ lsnf]ld6/ k/ k5{ .
*= u9f}n ;l/km M of]
:yn d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] cf:yfsf] k|tLs xf] . of] ;Ltfd9L lhNnfsf] af]v8f If]qdf 5
. laxf/ ;l/km / km"naf/L ;l/kmsf aLrdf l:yt o; :ynnfO{ d';ndfgx¿sf]
;jf{lws kljq :yfg dflgG5 .
cGo :yfg M
!=
hfgsL afn pBfg, 8'd/f
@=
;Ltfs'~h gu/ pBfg,
#= :oflg6];g
6]Sgf]nf]hL kfs{
$=
k'k/Ll:yt afaf gfu]Zj/gfy dlGb/
%= d]h/uGhsf]
af;la6fdf l:yt >Ls]Zj/gfy dlGb/
^=
j}i0ff] dftf sf dlGb/
8]dfdL
d7, dl9of :yfg, sf]tafhf/sf] ci6l;4 dxfjL/:yfg . kLnL s'6L, l;4afaf sL s'6L .
d]nf / pT;jx¿ M
!=hfgsL gjdL, ;Ltf
hGdf]T;jM r}q z'Sn gjdL
@= ljjfxk~rdL d]nf
#= auxL d7 d]nf
ljz]if kl/sf/ M
!= ;Ltfd9L ld7fO{x¿sf
nflu gfd'b 5 . oxfFsf] afn'zfxL ld7fO{ ;j{k|l;4 5 . of] ld7fO{ lk|mhaflx/ klg
b;–afx| lbg;Dd /fVg ldN5 . 5]gf, v'jf / ;'hL ldnfP/ of] agfOG5 . cGTodf o;nfO{
lrgLsf] kfsdf 8'afOG5 .
@= ;Ltfd9Lsf] k'k/Lsf
dnfO{ /f]n klg Psbd k|l;4 5 . of] Pu/f]n / klg//f]nh:t} x'G5 .
#= a]n;G8sf] 5]gf lhn]aL
klg dx;'/ dflgG5 . of] 8folal6h ePsf / lrgL sd vfg]x¿sf aLr nf]slk|o 5 .
z'qmjf/
M cf7f}F lbg
;Ltfd9Lsf Ps–b'O{ :yfg
e|d0f u/L ( ah] kms{g] . O6x/L .
hfFbf s'g 6«]g kqmg] < z'qmjf/ hfg] . @)*! r}q !%,
@* dfr{ .
!$= g}ldiff/0o wfd M pQ/k|b]z
g}ldiff/0owfd j}i0fj ;d'bfosf] Ps k|d'v
wfd x]f . of] :yn o1, k"hfkf7 / hktksf nflu ef/tjif{df k|l;4 5 . nvgpmaf6
glhs}sf] ;Ltfk'/ ;x/g]/sf] of] tLy{:yn uf]dtL gbLlsgf/df cjl:yt 5 .
oxfFsf] dftf >L nlntfb]jLsf] dlGb/nfO{ Ps zlStkL7 dflgG5 .
oxfFsf rqmtLy{ / blwlr s'08sf] dlxdf 7"nf] 5 . o;
kfjg wfdsf] bz{g ugf{n] ;d:t kfkx¿af6 5'6sf/f ldNb5 / dflg;x¿n] d'lSt k|fKt
ub{5g\ elgPsf] 5 .
o;} g}ldiff/0odf z'sb]jn] /fhf k/LlIftnfO{
>Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fsyf ;'gfPsf lyP . pgn] zf}gsflb Clifx¿nfO{ of] syf
;'gfPsf lyP .
uf]:jfdL t'n;Lbf;sf cg';f/ ef/tdf hlt tLy{
5g\, tLdWo] g}ldiff/0o ;a}eGbf k|d'v xf] . pgL eG5g\ M
tL/y j/ g}ldif ljVoftf .
clt k'gLt ;fws l;lw bftf ..
oxfF lk08bfg ugf{n] lkt[x¿ t[Kt x'G5g\ .
o;} eP/ lk08bfgsf nflu o; kljq :ynsf] 7"nf] dlxdf 5 .
;To o'udf c7f;L xhf/ Clifd'lgx¿n] s7f]/
tk:of u/]sf lyP . / Ps xhf/ jif{;Dd rNg] o1 klg oxLF cfof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] .
g}ldiff/0osf] j0f{g j]b, k'/f0f / x/]s ;gftgwd{sf u|Gyx¿df kfOG5 . k|e' >L/fdn]
oxfF cZjd]w o1 k"0f{ ug'{ePsf] xf] elgPsf] 5 . o;} u/L dxfef/tsfndf
o'lwli7/ / ch'{g klg oxfF cfPsf] s'/f cfpF5 .
oxfF k'Ugsf nflu nvgpm;Dd 6«]gdf uO{
ToxfFsf] s];/afu a; :6];gaf6 a; kqmL x/bf]O{ of ;Ltfk'/ hfg ;lsG5 . ToxfFaf6
k'gM csf{] a; kqmL g}ldiff/0owfd cyf{t\ lgld;f/ hfg ;lsG5 . oxfF jf; a:gsf nflu
k|z:t wd{zfnf tyf xf]6n 5g\ .
ofqf M
oxfFsf] ;d:t If]q dlGb/}dlGb/ / tLy{wfdn]
el/Psf] 5 . s'08 / dlGb/x¿n] o; ;d:t If]qnfO{ kl/lrt u/fPsf 5g\ . k|To]s uNnL /
6f]ndf dlGb/ g} dlGb/ 5g\ .
!= rqmtLy{ M rqmtLy{sf]
af/]df cg]s ls+jbGtL 5g\ . PskN6 Clifx¿sf aLr k"hfkf7, zf:q >j0f cflbsf
nflu ;a}eGbf k'0o:yn s'g x'g ;S5 eGg] ljifodf ts{–ljts{ rNof] . o; k|Zgsf] pQ/
k|fKt ug{sf nflu rf}/f;L xhf/ Clifx¿ a|x\dfhL;dIf k'u] . pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{
nfu]sf] ;+zo k|s6 u/]/ k|Zg ;f]w] .
a|x\dfhLn] Ps rqm k|s6 ug'{eof] /
eGg'eof]– æof] rqm hxfF uP/ v:t5, ToxL :yfg ;a}eGbf kljq 5 / ;d:t k"hfkf7,
xjg–o1 cflb sd{ ug{' pQd x'g]5 .Æ
Tof] rqm g}ldiff/0odf cfO{ v:of] . o;}
ePsfn] of] :yfg rqmtLy{ gfd k|fKt u/L k|l;4 ePsf] xf] .
a||x\dfhLn] pSt :ynnfO{ slxNo} slno'usf]
k|j]z x'g g;Sg] eg]/ j/ lbg'eof] . ctM slno'usf] k|efj oxfF slxNo} x'g ;St}g
elgPsf] 5 . a|x\dfhLn] k[YjLdf of]u / Wofgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd ynf] oxL x'g]5
eg]/ klg j/bfg lbg'ePsf] 5 . o; tLy{:ynsf] ofqfa]u/ rf/wfdsf] ofqf
klg cw'/f] dflgG5 .
csf{] syfcg';f/ ha /fIf; j[qf;'/n]
b]jtfx¿nfO{ clt b'Mv lbg yfNof], b]jtfx¿n] lji0f';dIf /fIf;af6 /Iff ul/lbg'x'g
k|fy{gf u/] . lji0f'n] eGg'eof]– o;sf] jw gu/L x'Fb}g . t/ o;sf] jw blwlr
Clifsf] xf8af6 ag]sf] wg'af6 dfq ;Dej 5 .
pSt ;dodf blwlr Clif s'g} u'Kt jgdf uP/
tk:of ul//x]sf lyP . 3f]/ jgsf] c1ft :yfgdf s7f]/ tk:of/t Clif blwlr vf]Hgdf
b]jtfx¿ nfu] . ha s'g} kQf nfu]g eujfg\ lji0f'n] cfkm\gf] ;'bz{g rqm b]vfpFb}
eGg'eof], of] hxfF uP/ v:t5 ToxLF tL Clif 5g\ . ha ;'bz{g rqm uP/ g}ldiff/0osf]
o; If]qdf v:of], b]jtfx¿n] ClifnfO{ e]6] . pgLx¿n] cg'/f]w u/]kl5 Clif blwlrn]
cfkm\gf] xf8 lbP . pSt xf8af6 ag]sf] wg'af0fn] /fIf;sf] jw ug{ ;Dej eof] .
oxfFsf tLy{:ynx¿sf] bz{g ug{sf nflu
;a}eGbf klxn] rqmtLy{df :gfg ug'{kb{5 . a|x\dfhLn] 5f8]sf] rqm g} oxfF b]lvPsf]
rqm xf] elgG5 . rqmtLy{sf] jl/kl/ kfgL el/Psf] 5 . To;jl/kl/ kl/qmdf
u/L :gfg ug{] rng 5 . rqmtLy{leq k:g ldNb}g, aflx/sf] kfgLdf g'xfpg] xf] .
@= >L dfF nlntfb]jL dlGb/ M oxfFsf
;a} elGb/dWo] dftf nlntfbjLsf] dlGb/ d'Vo xf] . of] ef/tsf PsfpGg zlStkL7dWo]
Ps xf] . oxfF ;tLb]jLsf] x[bo ktg ePsf] dflgG5 . o;}sf/0f of] ;d:t g}ldiff/0o
If]q oL b]jLsf] gfd hk]/ k'0odo ag]sf] 5 . htf klg log} b]jLsf] k|z+;f / rrf{
;'lgG5 .
#= uf]dtL :gfg M s;}nfO{
uf]dtL gbLdf :gfg ug{ dg eof] eg] dfF nlntfb]jLsf] dlGb/af6 clnslt b"/Ldf
uf]dtL gbLsf] 3f6 5 . ToxfF uP/ :gfg ug{ klg ;lsG5 . :gfg ul/;s]kl5 dfF
nlntfb]jLsf] bz{g ug{] rng 5 .
o; dlGb/df jif{el/ g} bz{s eStu0fsf] nfOg
nfu]sf] x'G5 . dlGb/aflx/ k"hf / k|;fbsf cg]s k;n 5g\ . ToxLFaf6
k"hf;fdu|L lsGg ;lsG5 . cf}F;L / gj/flqdf oxfF Hofbf eL8 x'G5 . To:tf
cj;/df eSthgn] 306f}F nfOgdf a:g'kg{] eOlbG5 .
dlGb/ k|j]z u/]kl5 k'hf/LhLsf] ;xfotfn]
dftf eujtLsf] bz{g ;xh} ug{ kfOG5 . dlGb/sf] bz{gkl5 csf{] af6f] eP/ aflx/
lg:sg'k5{ . d'Vo dlGb/sf] bfofF–afofF cg]s ;fgf dlGb/ 5g\ . eSthgn] ltgsf] klg
bz{g ug{] rng 5 . ;a}lt/ bz{g ul/;s]kl5 tLy{ofq' cfkm\gf] lgjf; :yfg kms{G5g\ .
$= kf08j lsNnf M csf{]
lbg ;a]/} k'gM rqmtLy{ hfg] ul/G5 . o;kl5 kf08j lsNnf uOG5 . uf]dtL gbLsf] t6df
pSt lsNnf ag]sf] 5 . jgjf;sf] ;dodf kf08jx¿ o;} :yfgdf jf; a;]sf lyP elgPsf] 5
. oxfF eujfg\ >Ls[i0f / b|f}kbL;lxt kf08jx¿sf d"lt{ 5g\ .
%= xg'dfgu9L M kf08j
lsNnfsf] bz{gkl5 5]j}sf] blIf0fd'vL ;ª\s6df]rg xg'dfgsf] bz{g ug{] ul/G5 . oxfF
xg'dfgsf] w]/} 7"nf] d"lt{ 78\ofOPsf] 5 . /fd / nId0f xg'dfghLsf
sfFwdf a:g'ePsf] 5 . xg'dfgu9L g}ldiff/0osf] k|frLg dlGb/ xf] . oxfF klg
>4fn' eSthgx¿ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf bz{gfy{ cfOk'U5g\ .
^= vf6" Zofd dlGb/ M ;do
k'U5 eg] ca vf6" Zofd dlGb/ hfg'k5{ . of] dlGb/ cToGt eJo 5 . o; dlGb/df
hltv]/} ehg–sLt{g rln/x]sf] x'G5 . vf6" afafsf] cb\e't
^= e"tgfy dlGb/ M rqmtLy{s}
l8ndf e"tgfy dlGb/sf] bz{g ldN5 . dxfb]jhLnfO{ ;dlk{t of]
dlGb/ ;Dk"Ho 5 .
*= lji0f'b]j dlGb/ M e"tgfy
dlGb/;Fu} lji0f'hLsf] klg dlGb/ 5 . oxfF bz{g ug'{nfO{ ljz]if dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 .
(= Jof;sL u2L M
j]bJof;n] oxLF a;]/ %))) jif{eGbf cl3 rf/ j]b, 5 zf:q, c7f/ k'/f0f, uLtf /
dxfef/t n]v]sf x'g\ . oxLF Jof;hLn] ;Togf/fo0f syf n]v]sf / ;'gfPsf x'g\ .
Jof;hLn] k'q z'sb]jnfO{ ;d:t k'/f0f oxLF ;'gfPsf x'g\ .
!) dg'–zt¿kf dlGb/ M
!!= ljZj]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ M
!#= blwlr s'08 / cf>d M !)
lsnf]ld6/ k/ . blwlr Clifsf] xf8sf] wg' agfP/ j[qf;'/
df/]sf] syf .
!%= pHh}g M dWok|b]z
pHh}g dWok|b]z /fHosf] Ps k|d'v Pjd\ w]/}
k|frLg ;x/ xf] . of] lzk|f gbLsf] lsgf/df a;]sf] 5 .
pHh}gnfO{ k"j{sfndf cjlGtsf, pHhogL cflb gfdn] klg lrlgGYof] .
pHh}g gu/Lsf] Oltxf; w]/} g} k'/fgf] 5 . ef/tdf /x]sf eujfg\ lzjsf afx|
Hof]ltln{ª\udWo] Ps dxfsfn Hof]ltln{ª\u oxLF 5 . dxfsfnsf] dtna xf] h;n] sfn
-d[To'_ dfly klg ljho u/]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f oxfF cfpg]
eQmx¿nfO{ d[To'sf] eo /xFb}g . oxfF eujfg\sf] bz{g u/]kl5 eStn]
df]If k|fKt ub{5g\ elgPsf] 5 .
pHh}gsf] ;DaGw ;Lwf lzjhL;Fu 5 . o;f]
elgPkl5 pHh}gsf] :yfkgf–ldlt u0fgf ug'{ sl7g 5 . åfk/ o'udf >Ls[i0f Pjd\
an/fdhLn] cjlGtsfd} ;GbLkgL Clifaf6 lzIff k|fKt u/]sf lyP . >Ls[i0fsf cf7
kTgLx¿dWo] Ps ldqj[Gbf klg pHh}gs} /fhs'df/L lyOg\ . ldqj[Gbfsf b'O{ efOn]
dxfef/t o'4df sf}/jx¿sf] ;fy lbPsf lyP . ltgn] jL/ult k|fKt u/]sf lyP . dxfslj
sflnbf;sf] hGde"ld klg pHh}g g} xf] elgG5 . pgsf /rgfx¿df pHh}gk|lt k|s6
ul/Psf] k|]dnfO{ x]/]/ o;f] elgPsf] xf] .
pHh}gdf w]/} g} ;'Gb/ dlGb/ Pjd\ tLy{:yn
5g\, h:t} M lrGtfdg u0f]z, l:y/dg u0f]z, sfne}/j b]j, dxfsfn]Zj/ dxfb]j, l;4gfy
j6, dª\ungfy b]j, cª\uf/]Zj/ dxfb]j, cqm"/]Zj/ dxfb]j, dfs{08]Zj/ dxfb]j,
rf/wfd dlGb/, j}ejnIdL dlGb/, xg'dt]Zj/ dlGb/, ;GbLkgL cf>d, xg'dfg dlGb/
cflb .
pHh}g e|d0fsf] of]hgf ug{]n] ;a}eGbf a9L
oxfFsf dxfsfn]Zj/sf] bz{gsf] clenfiff /fv]sf x'G5g\ . o; tLy{:ynsf] ofqf of]hgf
agfpg]n] sDtLdf tLg lbgsf] ;do lgsfNg'kb{5 . oxfF hfg]n] hfg}kg{] 7fpF / bz{g
ug{}kg{] dlGb/x¿sf] ;"rL oxfF k|:t't 5 M
!= dxfsfn M eujfg\
lzjdf ;dlk{t o; dlGb/sf] Oltxf; cToGt k'/fgf] 5 . lzjhL :jod\ oxfF cfP/ :yfg
u|x0f ug'{ePsf] xf] eg]kl5 ltlyldltsf] s'/} /x]g . >Ls[i0f / kf08jsfn;Fu klg
o;sf] syf hf]l8Psf] x'g' / kl5 sflnbf; cflb sljx¿;Fu klg ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
o;sf] k|frLgtf / lg/Gt/tfsf] af/]df ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .
dxfsfn dlGb/sf] bz{gsf nflu ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
v'nf dfu{af6 ug{ t ;lsG5 t/ a9L ;do nfU5 . o;}u/L eLcfO{kL nfOgdf z'Ns lt/]/
hfg ;lsG5 h'g dfu{af6 hfFbf cfwf 306fhltdf bz{g ug{ kfOxflnG5 . dxfsfn]Zj/
dlGb/ kl/;/df cGo cg]s b]jLb]jtfsf bz{gLo dlGb/ 5g\ . oxfFsf] bz{g ;fFemkv ug'{
ljz]if cg'ej x'g]5 .
@= dfF xl/l;l4 dlGb/ M of]
b]jLsf PsfpGg zlStkL7dWo] Ps dflgG5 . oxfFsf] ;fFemsf] cf/tL ;fFRr} ;'Gb/
b]lvG5 . dlGb/sf] uh'/;Dd lemlnldnL aQL afn]/ Psbd} zf]efodfg agfOG5 . dlGb/
dxfsfn]Zj/ dlGb/af6 k}bn b"/Ld} ePsfn] 5'6\6} ;do lgsfln/xg'kb{}g .
#= lrGtfx/0f u0f]z M
$= /fd3f6 M of]
3f6 klg dxfsfn]Zj/ dlGb/af6 Psbd} glhs 5 . lzk|f gbLlsgf/df ag]sf] of] 3f6
pHh}gsf ;a}eGbf k|l;4 :yfgx¿dWo] Ps xf] . o; 3f6df :gfg ug{' cToGt z'e dflgG5 .
x/]s afx| jif{df s'Ded]nf o;} 3f6df nfUb5 . pSt s'Ded]nfdf dflg;sf] eL8
l5rf]lng;Sg' x'G5 . ef/tjif{sf rf/ s'Ded]nf nfUg] :yfgx¿ xl/b\jf/, k|ofu, pHh}g
/ gflzs x'g\ eg] g]kfnsf] rt/fwfddf klg x/]s afx| jif{df s'Ded]nfsf] eJo
cfof]hg x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
pHh}gsf] s'Ded]nf:yn w]/} ;fFu'/f] ePsfn]
nfvf}Fsf] hd36nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ w]/} sl7g b]lvG5 . ctM xfdLn] s'Ded]nfsf] cj;/
kf/]/ ToxfF hfg' eg]sf] g t lzk|f gbLdf g'xfpg ;lhn} kfpg' xf], g t lzjbz{g
;xh} kfpg' x]f .
!^= af]wuof M laxf/
uof;'/ gfdsf] /fIf;n] zf;g u/]sf] b]z g}
uof xf] . of] lxGb'x¿sf nflu cToGt k'0o tLy{:yn dflgG5 . oxfFsf] kmfNu' gbLdf lkt[>f4
ugf{n] lkt[x¿ tg{] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
af]wuof a'4dfuL{x¿sf] Ps d'Vo tLy{:yn
dflgPsf] uof ;x/sf] blIf0fL pkgu/ xf] . ef/tLo /fHo laxf/sf] /fhwfgL k6gfaf6
blIf0fk"j{df nueu !)) lsnf]dL6/df l:yt af]wuof uof lhNnfdf k5{ . elgG5
af]wuofdf af]lwj[Ifd'lg tk:of u/L l;4fy{ uf}tdn] zfSod'lg a'4sf] pkflw xfl;n
u/]sf x'g\ . pgnfO{ oxLF 1fg k|fKt ePsf] lyof] eGg] dflgG5 . ToxL a]nfb]lv of]
:yn af}4 wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿sf] nflu cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o'g]:sf]åf/f o;
;x/nfO{ ;g\ @))@ df ljZj ;Dkbf:yn 3f]lift ul/of] .
Oltxf;
s/La %)) O{=k"=df uf}td a'4 kmfNu'
gbLlsgf/df k'u] / Ps kLknj[Ifd'lg tk:of ug{ a;] . tLg lbg / /ftsf] tk:ofkl5
pgnfO{ 1fgsf] k|flKt eof], o;kl5b]lv pgnfO{ a'4sf] gfdaf6 lrGg yflnof] . o;kl5
pgn] ToxfF & xKtf cnu–cnu 7fpFdf Wofg ub}{ latfP . kl5 ;f/gfydf k'u]/
cfkm\gf] 1fg / wd{sf] k|rf/ ;'? u/] . a'4sf cg'ofoLx¿n] kl5 To; 7fpFdf hfg ;'?
u/] hxfF a'4n] j}zfv dlxgfdf k"l0f{dfsf] lbg 1fg k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
la:tf/}–la:tf/} of] 7fpF af]wuofsf] gfdaf6 lrGg yflnof] . a'4n] tk:of u/L 1fg
k|fKt u/]sf] x'gfn] pSt kLknj[IfnfO{ af]lwj[If elgPsf] xf] . uof / af]wuofsf b;
d'Vo bz{gLo :ynx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!=dxfaf]lw dlGb/ M of] af]wuof tyf uofs}
;a}eGbf d'Vo tLy{:yn xf] . oxfFsf] kLknj[Ifd'lg g} eujfg\ a'4n] 1fg k|fKt
ug'{ePsf] xf] elgG5 .
@= ljzfn a'4 d"lt{ M of] af]wuofdf 5
. !(()sf] bzsdf bnfO{ nfdfn] pb\3f6g u/]sf lyP . of] *) lkm6 cUnf] d"lt{
;a}eGbf nf]slk|o ko{6sLo laGb' xf] .
#= dftf dª\unfuf}/L dlGb/ M of] uofdf l:yt
Ps k|l;4 zlStkL7 xf] . lxGb' wd{sf c7f/ dxfzlStkL7dWo] o;nfO{ Ps dflgG5 .
o;nfO{ u'jfxf6Lsf sfdfVof dftf zlStkL7;Fu ;dfg dflgG5 . oxfF dftf ;tLsf]
d"lt{afx]s dxfb]j / dlxiff;'/sf klg k|ltdf 5g\ .
$= lji0f'kb dlGb/ M uofdf l:yt of]
kf}/fl0fs dlGb/ eujfg\ >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t 5 . oxfF eujfg\ lji0f'sf ljzfn
kblrGxsf] bz{g ug{ kfOG5 . d'Vo dlGb/afx]s jl/kl/ cg]s ;fgfltgf t/ k|frLg dlGb/
5g\ .
%= cfls{of]nlhsn Do'lhod M af]wuofdf
ag]sf] dxfaf]lwg]/sf] ;'Gb/ ;ª\u|xfno xf] . oxfF kf}/fl0fs d"lt{x¿, k]lG6ª
tyf snfs[ltx¿ x]g{ kfOG5 . oxfF df}o{ tyf u'Ktsfnsf ljleGg l;Ssf tyf :df/sx¿
b]Vg kfOG5 . t/ ceod'b|fdf ag]sf] eujfg\ a'4sf] ljzfn k|ltdf / eujfg\
>Llji0f'sf] j/fxcjtf/ oxfFsf ;a}eGbf d'Vo cfsif{0f x'g\ .
^= jf6 yfO{ df]gf:6/L M af]wuofdf ag]s]f
of] yfO{ dlGb/ yfO{ af}4snfsf] gd'gf xf] .
&= hfdf dl:hb M uof ;x/df ag]sf] of]
@)) jif{ k'/fgf] k|l;4 dl:hb cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 . of] laxf/sf ;a}eGbf 7"nf
dlGb/dWo] Ps xf] . o; dl:hbsf] zfxL b\jf/ d'Vo cfsif{0f xf] .
*= 8'ª\u]Zj/L u'kmf dlGb/ M o;nfO{ dxfsfn
u'kmf klg elgG5 .
(= /f]on e'6fg df]gf:6/L M of] e'6fgL
/fhfn] uofdf agfPsf] af}4 u'Daf xf], o;}n] o;nfO{ zfxL e'6fg u'Daf elgG5 .
!)= d'5lnGb ;/f]j/ M of] ;/f]j/ af]wuofdf
5 . of] af]wuofaf6 sl/a !@ lsnf]ld6/ k/ k5{ . oxfF gfub]jtfn] a'4nfO{ /Iff
u/]sf lyP elgG5 .
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