भारतका पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू ३
भारतका पर्यटकीय सहर र
तीर्थस्थलहरू ३
;ª\sng tyf n]vg
lbg]z kf}8]n
O6x/L
स्थानसूची ३
!= lqjfGb|d\ -lt?jgGtk'/d\_
@= sGofs'df/L
#= gfu/sf]On
$= db'/}
%= /fd]Zj/d\
^= lt?lr/fkNnL
&= >L/ª\ud\ If]q
*= t]Ghf}/
(= lrbDa/d\
!)=lkrj/d\
!!= a}ª\Un'?
!@= b cf6{ ckm lnleª OG6/g];gn ;]G6/
!#= d};'?
!$= >L/ª\uk6gf
!%= s[i0f/fhf;fu/
!^= gGhgu'8'
!&= ;f]dgfyk'/f
!*= e]nf]/
!(= c/sf]6
@)= sf~rLk'/d\
@!= r]ª\ufnk6\6'
@@= dxfanLk'/d\
@#= r]GgO{
@$= lt?klt afnfhL
@%= >Lsfnx:tL
@^= k'§ktL{
@&= n]kfIfL
@*= xf];'/
!= lqjfGb|d\ -lt?jgGtk'/d\_
s]/nfnfO{ O{Zj/sf] b]z xf] elgG5 . s]/nf z}lÔs tyf cfly{s b[li6n] Ps
ljsl;t /fHo dflgG5 . s]/nsf] ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf k|s[ltsf] Ps pkxf/ xf] . otfsf
dflg;x¿ s]/fsf] kftdf vfg]s'/f vfG5g\, o;} s'/fn] s]/f;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] s]/n
gfd /fv]sf] xf]nf eG7fGy]F d . t/ xf]Og /x]5, ‘s]/n’ zAb ‘s]/’ cyf{t\ ‘gl/jn’ /
‘cnd\’ cyf{t\ ‘:yfg’ ldnL ag]sf] /x]5 . oxfFsf] nueu ;f7L k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof lxGb'
wdf{jnDaL 5 . kf}/fl0fs ¿kn] x]bf{ s]/nfsf] ;DaGw eujfg\ lji0f'sf] 5}6f}F cjtf/
eujfg\ k/z'/fd;Fu 5 . k/z'/fdn] cfˆgf] k/z' ˆofFs]/ uf]s0f{d\b]lv
sGofs'df/L;Ddsf] !^) s6d\ e"ld ;d'b|af6 d'Qm u/fpg'ePsf] xf] . cfh ;f]xL
:yfgdf s]/n a;]sf] 5 . o;}sf/0f s]/nnfO{ k/z'/fdÔ]qd\ klg elgG5 .
wfld{s b[li6n] s]/nsf] ;DaGw eujfg\ lji0f'sf] jfdg cjtf/;Fu klg ;DalGwt
5 . c;'//fh dxfjlnn] jfdg eujfg\sf] :jfut u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/ cfh klg s]/ndf
k|ltjif{ ‘sf]8d\’ kj{ dgfOG5 .
afbn, lah'nL, jiff{ / xl/ofnL s]/nsf] kl/ro xf] . oxfFsf] cs"t
k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ x]/]/ yfxf x'G5 of] /fHo k|s[ltsf] sfvdf a;]sf] 5 eGg] .
x]gf{;fy yfxf eOxfN5 of] b]jtfx¿sf] cfˆg} e"ld xf] eg]/ . o; ;f}Gbo{sf]
kfg ug{ k|ltjif{ nfvf}F ko{6s b]zb]zfj/af6 oxfF cfOk'U5g\ . o;af6 oxfFsf]
k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;'/lÔt /fVgdf d2t ldn]sf] 5 .
s]/nfsf] k/Dk/fut kl/wfg ;fbf / ;'Gb/ 5 . oxfFsf]
vfgf klg oxfFsf] k|s[lts} cg';f/ 5 . s]/fsf] kftdf vfgf vfg' oxfF uf}/jsf] s'/f
x'G5 . s]/nfnfO{ d;nfx¿sf] au}Frf klg elgG5 . oxfFsf k/Dk/fut g[To sTysnL,
df]lxgLc§d\, s'l6c§d\ / gfUof/s'6\6" cflb clt dgdf]xs x'G5g\ .
s]/nfsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ lt?jgGtk'/d\ xf]M >Llji0f' cyf{t\ cgGt
eujfg\sf] :yfg . lt?jgGtk'/d\d} 5 >Lkßgfe:jfdL dlGb/ .
s]/nfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ :kz{ ug{ dg 5 eg] lqjfGb|d\ k'Ug}k5{ . To;df klg
oxfFsf] u'? kßgfe:jfdL dlGb/ gk'uL x'Fb}g . u'? kßgfe:jfdL dlGb/ >Llji0f'df
;dlk{t 5 . ef/tdf >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t !)* dlGb/ cyf{t\ ‘lbJob]zd\’dWo] of] Ps
k|d'v xf] . ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf wgL dlGb/dWo] Ps, ;a}eGbf a9L tLyf{n' cfpg]
dlGb/dWo] Ps cflb cg]s pkflw 5g\ o;sf . ef/tdf ;a}eGbf a9L eÏhg bz{gfy{ k'Ug]
dlGb/x¿df lt?klt afnfhL, >Lkßgfe:jfdL dlGb/ lqjfGb|d\, >L j}i0ff]b]jL hDd"sZdL/,
:j0f{dlGb/ cd[t;/, >L huGgfyk'/L, >L sfdfVof dfO{ u'jfxf6L, sfzL ljZjgfy
dlGb/ cflb kb{5g\ . o;kl5 d'DaO{sf l;l4ljgfos, pQ/fv08sf s]bf/gfy, l;/8Lsf ;fO{+
dlGb/, ;f}/fi6« u'h/ftsf >L ;f]dgfy dlGb/, goL lbNnLsf :jfdLgf/fo0f cÔ/wfd
cflbsf] rrf{ x'G5 .
lt?jgGtk'/d\df k'Ug}kg{] 7fpFx¿ M
|
|
!= >Lkßgfe:jfdL dlGb/ M
lt?jgGtk'/d\ /]nj] :6];gaf6 of] dlGb/ cfwf lsnf]ld6/hlt blIf0fdf 5 .
/]nj] :6];gaf6 aflx/ lg:sgf;fy xf]6nx¿ b]lvg]5g\ . s'g} xf]6ndf emf]nf la;fpg'
7Ls x'G5 . clg k}bn g} lxF8]/ dlGb/ hfg' a]; . ;fFemdf >Lkb\dgfe:jfdLsf]
bz{g ug{ ;lsof] eg] ef]lnkN6sf] ;do cGo :yfgsf nflu ;b'kof]u x'g]5 . ef/t
;]jf>d ;ª\3sf] cfjf;rflxF cQ'snaf6 klg s]xL b"/Ldf cyf{t\ /]nj]
:6];gaf6 emGg} rf/ lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf 5 . oxfF a:g k'luof] eg] csf{] ;'vb cg'ej x'g]5 .
dnofnd / tldn efiffdf lt?jgGtk'/d\sf] cy{ ‘cgGt’sf] k'/ cyf{t\ ;x/ eGg]
x'G5 . cgGt eGgfn] >Llji0f'' eujfg\ . lji0f'k'/f0f, dT:ok'/f0f, a|Xdk'/f0f,
j/fxk'/f0f, :sGbk'/f0f, kßk'/f0f, jfo'k'/f0f / efujtk'/f0fdf o; dlGb/sf] klg
rrf{ ePsf] 5 .
of] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf wgL wfld{s k|lti7fg xf] . t/ leq Sofd/f nUg cg'dlt
5}g / leqL /x:ox¿ cfFvfn] dfq lvFRg kfOG5 .
lqjfGb|d\sf kßgfe:jfdL dlGb/ k|j]z ubf{ k/Dk/fdf ´}F z/L/ 7Ls;Fu
9fSg'kb{5 . 5f]/L dflg;n] 6L;6{ kfOG6 nufP/ hfg kfOFb}g, ;f/L–rf]nf] cflb
k/Dk/fut n'uf nufpg'k5{ . nf]sn dlxnfn] nfpg] s]/nf kf];fs nufpg' a]; x'G5
dlxnfn] . k'?ifn] wf]tL nufP/ dfq hfg kfOG5 . KofG6 cflb nfP/ hfg kfOFb}g .
k'?ifn] ;]tf] ;kmf wf]tL nfpg'k5{, sDd/dfly s]xL nufpg kfOFb}g . dlGb/
Joj:yfkgn] o:tf s'/fdf grflxFbf ts{ jf clwsf/, k|hftGqh:tf s'/fdf s'g} ;D´f}tf
ub{}g . dlGb/df lxGb'n] dfq k|j]z kfpF5g\ .
oxfF bz{gfy{ cfpFbf w]/} ;fdfg gaf]Sg] . 38L, df]afOn, k]6L cflb /fVgsf
nflu cdfgt 3/ -Snf]s ?d_ kfOG5 . t/ oxfF dxFuf u/uxgf /fVg cg'dlt 5}g . cfˆgf
;/;fdfg xf]6ns} sf]7fdf 5f]8\g' dgfl;a 5 .
;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf wgL dlGb/ xf] of] . o;leqsf] vhfgfdf Ps nfv s/f]8
ef/tLo ?lkofF d"Nosf u/uxgf, wft' / d'b|f 5g\ . ;g\ @)!@ df ;jf{]Rr
cbfntsf] cfb]zdf o; u'Kt e08f/nfO{ vf]lnPsf] lyof] . oxfFleq txvfgfdf 5j6f
ljzfn sf]7fx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] aL gDa/sf] ef]N6 cfh;Dd vf]lnPsf] 5}g . s] ljZjf;
ul/G5 eg] ef]N6 aLdf s'g} tfnf nufOPsf] 5}g, :jod\ z]ifgfun] o;sf] /Ôf ug'{x'G5
. of] 9f]sf s'g} ljåfg\ k'?ifn] u?8dGqåf/f dfq vf]Ng ;Ï5g\ .
olt eg]kl5 oxfFleqsf] eJotf, zf}o{, ;f}st ;fgsf] s'/f elg/xg k/]g . o;
dlGb/df eujfg\ lji0f'sf] cgGt cjtf/sf] d"lt{ 5 . o;}sf/0f o; ;x/n]
lt?jgGtk'/d\ gfd kfPsf] xf] . xftdf df]afOn, 38L, Sofd/f cflb lnP/ leq k:g vf]Hg'eof]
eg] oxfFsf k'ln;n] tkfO{FnfO{ ceb| Jojxf/ ug{]5g\, s] u¿g\ lar/fx¿, eGbfeGbf tL
yfs]sf / lbSs ePsf xf]nfg\ . pgLx¿sf] hl6ntf a'´]/ xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u x'g]
Jojxf/ ug'{ plrt xf]nf eG5' d .
dlGb/cufl8 ljzfn / eJo tnfp 5, kb\dtLy{ ;/f]j/ . tnfpsf] klZrd lsgf/df
dflg; k"hfcfhf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . laxfg ;"o{tkm{ kms]{/ hnfk{0f
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
oxfF cfPkl5 l3p–8f];f vfg'k5{ . dlGb/ lt?jgGtk'/d\ ;]G6«n /]nj] hª\S;gaf6
Psbd glhs k5{ . ctM jf;sf] aGbf]a:t u/]/ t'?Gt bz{gsf nflu lg:sg ;s] a]; x'G5 .
of] :yfg ;x/sf] rnO{ eGg] v08 xf] . oxfFaf6 jlnofy'/f lar ;f9] rf/ lsnf]ld6/
k5{ / k|l;4 zË'd'ud\ lar ToxfFaf6 ´Gg} Ps lsnf]ld6/ pQ/ ;d'b|sf] lsgf/}lsgf/
hfg'k5{ . of] ;Dk"0f{ :yfg lt?jgGtk'/d\ cGt/f{li6«o xjfOd}bfg;Fu} 5 . olb
;do ldNof] eg] kGw| lsnf]ld6/ blÔ0fsf] sf]jnd\ lar hfg' 7Ls x'G5 . oxfFaf6
km]l/ a; kqmg ;xh} xf]nf .
@= ch}dnO{ lzj dlGb/ M
oxfFsf lzjhLsf] ljzfnsfo dlGb/ / lqz"n lgs} k/af6 ;d]t b]lvG5 .
lzjsf] a;]sf] d"lt{ v'nf cfsfzd'lg ;d'b|sf] lsgf/}df 5 . dlGb/ kl/;/leq
Sofd/f cg'dlt 5}g . oxfF ljzfn r§fgdfly a;]/ c/a ;fu/sf 5fn / xfjfsf]
cg'e"lt ug'{k5{ .
#= sf]jnd\ lar M
lqjfGb|d\df ;fF´df k'Ugsf nflu oxfFsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ax'd"No cg'ej
x'g]5 .
$= a]6\6'sfpb rr{ M lqjfGb|d\ ;x/df s'g}lkR5] rr{ b]Vg kfOG5 .
a]nfotL, 8r / k|m]Gr sf]nf]gL aGg k'u]sf] o; efudf lqml:6og wd{ ckgfpg]
ef/tLosf] ;ª\Vof klg 7"n} 5 . olb tkfO{F;Fu Pp6} dfq rr{ e|d0f ug{] ;do 5
eg] of] a]6\6'sfpb rr{ 5fGg'xf]nf . of] 7"nf] t 5 g}, cToGt snfTds / ;'Gb/
klg 5 .
%= k'j/ 6fk' M ToxfFsf ˆnf]l6ª leNnf .
cfxf Û
^= dx]Zj/d\ dlGb/ M of] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzjlnË xf] .
of] !!! lkm6 cUnf] 5 .
&= zª\u'd'ud\ lar M
*= j]nL n]s 6''l/:6 len]h
(= cQ'sn eujtL 6]Dkn M oxfF k'Ug kb\dgfe:jfdL dlGb/af6 ;f]em}
blIf0f !=&% lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
!)= lt?jgGtk'/d\ lrl8ofvfgf
!!= Doflhs Knfg]6
!@= sgsSs'Gg' b/af/
!#= x\ofKkLNofG8 jf6/ lyd PG8 cDo'hd]G6 kfs{
!$= g]lko/ Do'lhod . g]lko/ Do'lhod / h' glhs} 5g\ . oxfF k'Ug
/]nj] :6];gaf6 @=$& lsnf]ld6/ ;f]em} pQ/ k5{ .
rlr{t JolStx¿ M
lt?jgGtk'/d\ dft{08
jdf{, ;]t'nIdL afO{, wd{/fh, cOng\ lt?gnh:tf k|l;4 zf;sx¿åf/f zfl;t e"lddf
c°og snL, >L dw's/gfy, jSsf]d df}njL, >Lgf/fo0f u'?, rQDkL :jfdLsn,
;b\u'? lzjlnËbf; :jfdLun cflb wd{u'?x¿åf/f lgb{]lzt hLjg afFr]sf 5g\ dflg;x¿n]
. jSsf]d cAb'n sfb/h:tf :jtGqtf ;]gfgLsf] ;x/n] zlz t?/, jSsf]d k'?iff]Qdd\,
js{nf /fwfs[i0fg\h:tf /fhg]tf kfof] . oxfF j}1flgs, ;dfh;'wf/sx¿n] hLjgnfO{ c´
;'Gb/ agfP . :jftL lt?gn, aL zlzs'df/, s]P; lrqf, Pd horGb|g, lar' lt?dng\,
xl/x/gh:tf ;of}F ;ËLt1 oxLF hGd] . /fhf /ljjdf{, P /fdrGb|gh:tf lrqsf/ / sgO{
s'lg/dg\h:tf d"lt{sf/ klg hGd] . ;ËLtsf/x¿sf] h:t} cleg]tf, cleg]t[,
gf6ssf/, slj, n]vs / kqsf/sf] ;"rL Psbd nfdf] 5 . o;af6 yfxf x'G5 otfsf]
hLjgdf ;ËLt, snf, ;flxTo, clego, lrqsf/Lh:tf] s'/fsf] slt 7"nf] k|efj 5
eg]/ .
dnofnd efiffsf k|l;4 sljx¿ jNntf]n gf/fo0f d]gg -!*&*–!(%*_,
s'df/g\ cfzfg\, P coKkfg\, lslndfg"/ rGb|g\, ;'uts'df/L, uf]kL sf]6\6'/
oxLF lyP . cf]PgeL s'¿k, hh{ cf]gfSs'/, O{eL s[i0flkNnO{, ;LeL /d0f lkNnO{ cflb
klg oxLFsf x'g\ . oxfFaf6 ljZjk|l;4 ;}lgs clkm;/, jlsn / GofofwLzx¿ klg eP .
ef/tLo lqms]6 / km'6an l6ddf oxfFsf cg]s v]nf8L 5flgP . ltgn] ljZje/ v]n]/
ef/tnfO{ kbs lbnfP . cfO{6L Ô]qsf] s'/f ug{] xf] eg] OGkmf]l;;sf] ;LO{cf] lqm;
uf]kfns[i0fg\ oxLFsf x'g\ . d]l8sn lkmN8df klg of] ;x/ cl3 5 M kßgfeg\ kNk',
8f= s?0ffs/g\, P= dft{08 lkNnO{ / Pd= s[i0fg\ g}o/ ef/tsf uf}/j x'g\ . lkmNd /
clegosf] Ô]qdf t lt?jgGtk'/d\sf] of]ubfg slt xf] slt 5 . lkmNdsL k|l;4 gflosf
P]Zjo{nIdL -rlr{t lkmNd– dfofgbL @)@@_, rlr{t dnofnd lkmNd lgb{]zs lk|obz{gd\
-lkmNd– cf]Kkd\_ oxLFsf x'g\ . lkmNd / clego Ô]qsf ef/tel/ rlr{t snfsf/,
lgb{]zs, Sofd]/fDofgx¿sf] ;"rL t cToGt nfdf] x'G5 .
@= sGofs'df/L
sGofs'df/L -h;nfO{ s]k sf]df]l/g klg eg]/ elgg] ul/G5_ ef/tsf] tldngf8'
/fHodf sGofs'df/L lhNnfdf cjl:yt Ps ;x/ tyf tLy{:yn xf] . d'Vo e"ld ef/tdf
;aeGbf blIf0fL ;x/, o;nfO{ slxn]sfxLF ÚNofG8\; PG8Ú sf ¿kdf lrlgg] ul/G5 .
ef/tdf sGofs'df/L crDdsf] ;fu/ ;"of]{bo, ;"of{:t / rGb|f]bosf
nflu k|l;4 /x]sf] 5 eg] of] t6eGbf !## lkm6 k/ lt?jNn'j/ k|ltdf / ljj]sfgGb /s
d]df]l/on / Pp6f tLy{:ynsf ¿kdf Pp6f nf]slk|o ko{6g :yn /x]sf] 5 .
ef/tsf] k|foåLkLo 6fpsfdf cjl:yt sGofs'df/L, c/a ;fu/, aª\ufnsf] vf8L /
lxGb dxf;fu/sf] ;ª\ud:yndf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] tLglt/ &!=% ls=ld= sf] t6Lo
/]vf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;x/ gfu/sf]Onaf6 @) ls=ld= blIf0fdf, sGofs'df/L lhNnfsf]
d'Vofno / s]/nsf] /fhwfgL lt?jgGtk'/d\af6 nueu () ls=ld= blIf0fdf l:yt /x]sf] 5
.
;x/sf] lsgf/fdf Pp6f dlGb/ /x]sf] 5, h'g b]jL sGofs'df/L -cljjflxtf
b]jL_ x¿df ;dlk{t x'g] ub{5, o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;x/sf] gfds/0f sGofs'df/L x'g
uPsf] xf] . sGofs'df/L ;ª\ud sfnb]lv Pp6f ;x/ /x]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ k'/fgf] tldn
;flxTo / dfsf]{ kf]nf] / 6n]dLsf ljj/0fx¿df ;Gble{t ul/Psf] 5 .
sGofs'df/Ldf oxfF cfpg] ko{6s / tLy{ofq'nfO{ nIo u/L zª\v, df]tL,
;"tL sk8f, v]nf}gf / ;fgf u/uxgfsf k;n]x¿ 5g\ . ltgsf] Jofkf/ /fd|f] x'G5
.
sGofs'df/Lsf bz{gLo :ynx¿M
!= ljj]sfgGb /s d]df]l/on M of]
;d'b|lsgf/af6 %)) ld6/ k/sf] ;fgf] 6fk'df 5 . dlGb/ /ftf / gLnf u|]gfO6 kTy/
k|of]u u/L :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] ;Ddfgdf !(&) df agfOPsf] xf] . oxfF k'Ug
km]/L r9]/ hfg'k5{ / km]/L ef8f krf; ?lkofF k5{ . oxfF WofgsÔ klg 5 .
sGofs'df/L r/0fkfb'sf klg 5g\ . oxfF;Dd hfg] km]/Lsf] l6s6 sf6]kl5 kx]Fnf nfOkm
Hofs]6 nufpg'k5{ . nfOg nfu]/ l6s6 sf6\g] xf], nfOg nfu]/} km]/Ldf r9\g] xf] .
of] klg cg'kd cg'ej x'g]5 . dlGb/ k|j]zsf] l6s6 tL; ?lkofF k|ltJolQm kb{5 . ;g\
!*(# df ha ljj]sfgGb s]/nsf] ofqfdf cfPsf lyP, pgn] o; 6fk'df cfP/ Wofg u/] .
oxLF Wofg u/]/ pgn] 1fg k|fKt u/L :jfdL ljj]sfgGb ag] elgG5 .
:jfdL ljj]sfgGb o; :yfgdf Ps lbg dfq cl8gsf nflu eg]/ cfPsf lyP, t/ pgL
tLg lbg tLg /ft k"0f{ Wofgdf a;] . p;a]nf oxfF cfpg km]/Lsf] aGbf]a:t x'g]
s'/f lyPg . pgL kf}8]/} cfP .
sGofs'df/LnfO{ lxGb dxf;fu/, c/a ;fu/ / aËfnsf] vf8Lsf] ;Ëd eg]/ hflgG5
. c/a;fu/lt/sf] kfgL wldnf] d}nf] 5, aËfnsf] vf8Llt/sf] kfgL gLnf] 5 eg] lxGb
dxf;fu/lt/sf] kfgL sfnf] b]lvG5 . oL tLg ;fu/sf] kfgLsf] ;Ëd x'gfn] o; :yfgnfO{
lqj]0fL ;Ëd klg elgG5 . dftf kfj{tLn] o;} :yfgdf a;]/ lzjhLsf] Wofg u/]sL lyOg\
. lzjhLnfO{ kltsf] ¿kdf k|fKt ug{ kfj{tLn] tk:of u/]sf] :yfg g} sGofs'df/L xf]
. ljj]sfgGb :df/s a;]sf] r§fgd} a;]/ kfj{tLn] tk:of u/]sL / oxLF r/0fkfb'sf
kfOPsf] elgG5 .
dlGb/leq 5fofÍg ug{ ;Vt dgfxL 5 .
dlGb/df :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] ;f9] cf7 lkm6 cUnf] sf:o k|ltdf 5 .
r}qk"l0f{dfsf] a]n'sf ;kmf cfsfzdf Ps;fy k"j© lbzfdf aËfnsf] vf8Ldf
x'g] rGb|f]bo / c/a ;fu/df x'g] ;"of{:tsf] b[Zo b]Vg kfOG5 . of] cToGt
cg'kd nf]enfUbf] b[Zo x]g{ ljZje/sf lxGb'x¿ e]nf x'G5g\ pQm lbgdf . csf{] lbg
laxfg aËfnsf] vf8Ldf ;"of{]bo / c/a ;fu/df rGb|–c:tsf] b[Zo klg plQs}
dgf]/d eOlbG5 .
o;} km]/Ldf r9]/ lt?jNn'jf/ d"lt{ k'Ug] . of] ef/tsf] @%
cf}F cUnf] d"lt{ xf] . of] !## lkm6 cUnf] 5 . of] d"lt{ k|l;4 ;Gt
Pjd\ slj lt?jNn'jf/sf] xf] . ;g\ @))) df ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] . %))
dhb'/n] agfPsf . oxfF Ps ;o rfnL; v'8\lsnf r9]/ k|ltdfsf] r/0fdf k'Ug'k5{ .
oxfFaf6 ;d'b|sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ / :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] k|ltdf klg cjnf]sg ug{
kfOG5 .
o;kl5 km]/Ln] xfdLnfO{ sGofs'df/L lardf NofO{ 5fl8lbg]5 . sGofs'df/L
lar ;"of{]bo / ;"of{:tsf] cjnf]sgsf nflu gfd'b 5 . cToGt dgf]xf/L
b[Zo x'G5 of] . oxfFsf] Eo'6fj/df r9]/ ;'Gb/ kmf]6f] lng ;lsG5 .
@= sGofs'df/L dlGb/ M ;'k|l;4
zlQmkL7 sGofs'df/L ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHosf] clGtd blÔ0fL laGb'df l:yt 5 .
sGofs'df/L cDdgsf] gfdn] lrlgg] of] dlGb/ cToGt eJo 5 . dflg;sf] eL8ef8 hlxNo}
/xg]5 . sGofs'df/L dftfnfO{ kfj{tLs} :j¿k dflgG5 . of] :yfg ;j{k"Ho /
;fx}| w]/} eQmhgsf] cfudgsf] s]Gb| xf] .
dlGb/aflx/ a;]sf dflg;x¿n] cg]s axfgf agfP/ k};f w'Tg sf]l;; ug{]5g\ .
aRg'k5{ . logLx¿n] ljz]if bz{g, ljz]if k"hf / k|j]z z'Nssf] nf]e b]vfP/
´'Sofpg ;S5g\ . dlGb/df s'g} k|j]z b:t'/ 5}g .
jf0ff;'/ gfdsf] b}Ton] dxfb]jnfO{ k|;Gg
ug{sf nflu 3f]/ tk:of u¥of] . tk:ofaf6 k|;Gg eO{ lzjhLn] j/bfg dfu eg] . df}sf
kfPkl5 jf0ff;'/n] cd/ x'g kfpFm eg]/ j/ dfUof] . lzjhLn] tyf:t' eGb} eGg'eof]–
ltdLnfO{ s'df/L sGofn] afx]s s;}n] dfg{ ;Sg]5}g . j/bfg kfPkl5 jf0ff;'/
lg/ª\s'z tyf pkb|jL x'g nfUof] . p;sf] cTofrf/n] ubf{ ;f/f ;+;f/el/sf b]jtf /
dflg;x¿ qflx qflx ug{ nfu] . o:tf] l:yltaf6 kf/ kfpg b]jtfu0f >Llji0f'sf
kfpdf z/0f lng k'u] . lji0f' eujfg\n] lqe'jgsf] /Ôfsf vflt/ Ps o1 ug'{eof] . o;
o1af6 Ps cToGt ¿kjtL sGof k|s6 eOg\ . ltg} sGofn] lzjhLnfO{ klt ¿kdf kfpFm egL
tk:of ug{ o; blÔ0fL lsgf/df cfOg\ . pgsf] cf/fwgfaf6 k|;Gg eO{ lzjhLn] ltgsf]
kfl0fu|x0f ug{ :jLsf/ u/] . ljjfxsf] ltly klg lglZrt ul/of] . ljjfxsf]
;Dk"0f{ tof/L k"/f eof] .
ca b]jtfx¿ lrlGtt x'g yfn] . o:tL lbJo sGofsf] ljjfx x'g nfu]sf] 5, ca
jf0ff;'/sf] jw s;n] unf{ < j/bfgsf cg';f/ t pm s'df/L sGofåf/f dfq dfl/g]
lyof] . o:tf] l:yltdf dxfd'lg gf/bn] ;xof]u u/] . lzjhL ljjfxsf lgldQ blÔ0fL
;fu/tkm{ uO/xg'ePsf] lyof] . lzjhL ToxfF k'Ug'cufj} ;'lrGb|d\ gfds :yfgdf
gf/bhLn] lzjhL;Fu ;+jfb u/] . of] ;+jfb nlDaFb} uP/ w]/} ;do laTof] . lzjhLsf]
ljnDasf sf/0f ljjfxsf] d'x"t{ 6/]/ uof] . ljjfxsf] ;fOt 6gf{n] ljjfxsf
nflu tof/ ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L ;d'b|df lj;h{g ug'{k¥of] . ljjfxsf] ;fdu|L
5gf{n] g} oxfFsf] afn'jf rfdnsf bfgf´}F sfnf, /ftf cflb ePsf x'g\ .
s'df/L sGof lzjhLnfO{ klt¿kdf k|fKt ug{ k'gM lzjhLsf] tk:ofdf nLg eOg\
. otf jf0ff;'/n] ltgsf] ¿knfj0osf] rrf{ ;'Gof] . pm s'df/L b]jL;Fu ljjfx ug{]
OR5f ub{} ToxfF k'Uof] . jf0ff;'/ sGofs'df/Lsf cufl8 k|0fo lgj]bg ug{ nfUof] .
p;n] af/Daf/ o;f] ugf{n] b]jLsf] tk:of eË x'g k'Uof] . o;af6 s'lkt b]jLn] To;
cTofrf/L b}Tosf] jw ul/lbOg\ . jf0ff;'/sf] jwaf6 ;a}nfO{ /fxt ldNof] . s'df/L
sGof b]jLsf] ¿kdf k"hgLo aGg k'lug\ . o; kfjg tLy{:yndf cflZjg gj/fqsf]
;dodf ljz]if pT;j dgfOG5 .
sGofs'df/L dlGb/df k|j]z kfpg k'?ifn] Ps j:q wf]tL wf/0f ug'{kb{5 .
l;nfOPsf] sk8f nufP/ o; dlGb/df k|j]z ug{ lglif4 5 . o; tLy{sf] hn:kz{ ugf{n]
dg'io ;Dk"0f{ kfkx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ hfG5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
oxfF cfP/ gl/jnsf] kfgL vfg' 7Ls x'G5 . 3'Dg c6f]sf] ;xfotf lng ;lsG5 .
#= kßgfek'/d\ b/af/ M sGofs'df/Laf6
nueu tL; lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf kßgfek'/d\ b/af/ 5 . kfgj]n–sf]rL–sGofs'df/L
xfOj]sf] t'Ssno ufpFg]/ of] bz{gLo 5 . a;df hfg kfOg] o; :yfgsf nflu rf/–kfFr
306f t 5'6Øfpg'kg{] xf]nf, cft]hft] tLg 306f / Ps 8]9 306f e|d0fnfO{ lbg'
kl/xfNof] . o; Ô]qsf] a;ofqf xfd|f nflu ljz]if cg'ej x'g]5, lsgeg] otfsf
gl/jnsf ljzfn au}Frfx¿, ;'Gb/ / ;kmf ufpFx¿, l9:sfl9:sL kxf8x¿ xfd|f] cfFvfnfO{
s}b ub{5g\ .
kßgfek'/d\ b/af/ ljZjsf ;'Gb/td b/af/dWo] Ps xf] . of] nueu 5 Ps8
e"lddf km}lnPsf] 5 . ;qf}F ztfAbLdf k"0f{¿kdf l6s sf7sf] ag]sf] of]
b/af/ x]g{ nfos 5 . b/af/leq lkQnsf] nflN6g, s[i0f eujfg\sf] k]lG6ª / ;/:jtL
dftfsf] dlGb/ klg x]g{ kfOg]5 . oxfF k|j]z ubf{ h'QfrKkn aflx/} vf]Ng'k5{ . k|j]z
z'Ns #%.– afx]s Sofd/fsf nflu cnUu z'Ns ltg'{kg{] x'G5 . lel8of]u|fkmL ug]{
cg'dlt 5}g .
$= ufGwL d08kd\ M ef/tsf /fi6«lktf dxfTdf
ufGwLsf] of] :df/s x]g{ of]Uo 5 . dxfTdf ufGwLsf] c:t' lj;h{g ug'{cl3 c:t'snz
blÔ0f ef/tLo z}nLdf ag]sf] of] :df/s ag]sf] :yfgdf /flvPsf] lyof] .
%= ;'gfdL :df/s M ;g\ @))$ sf] ljgfzsf/L
e"sDk / ;'gfdLaf6 d[To' x'g k'u]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;D´gfdf of] ;f]x| lkm6sf]
:df/s agfOPsf] xf] .
^= lt?k/Kk' ´/gf M dg;'gsf] ;dodf sGofs'df/L
hfg]n] o; :yfgsf] e|d0f / cjnf]sg ug'{ h?/L 5 . krf; lkm6 cUnf] ;'Gb/ ´/gf xf]
of] . hnofqf, lkslgs ug{sf nflu of] :yfg pQd 5 . afnaRrfl;t hfg]x¿ o; :yfgdf
cjZo k'u"g\ .
&= :j0f{ dlGb/ M /]nj]
6ld{g;sf] k5fl8 sGofs'df/L lar;Fu} 5 of] dlGb/ .
*= lrGgd'Qd lkml;ª xfa{/ M lrGgd'Qd dT:o
s]Gb| x]g{ nfos 5 .
(= j6\6sf]6\6O{ kmf]6{ M of] :yfg x]g{
nfos 5 .
!)= :jfdLbf]k'/ M ;fN6 pBf]u, dfgfs'8L n]s
. oxfF Aofsjf6/ af]l6ª ug'{ a]; . k'ndf k'Ug sGofs'df/Laf6 nueu * lsnf]ld6/
k"j{ 5 . gbLsf] klZrdk6\l6 # lsld pQ/ uPdf ;fN6 Kofg x]g{ kfOg] . cem
k'naf6 ! lsld klZrdpQ/sf] sNnl8lenO{ hª\S;gaf6 klg ;fN6 Kofg x]g{ ;xh xf]nf .
#= gfu/sf]On
gfu/sf]OnnfO{ :yfgLox¿ gfu/sf]ljn eGb5g\ . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 gfusf] dlGb/
. of] ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHosf] sGofs'df/L lhNnfcGtu{t kg{] dxfgu/ xf] . of] ;x/
ef/tLo pkdxfåLksf] clGtd 6'Kkfdf /x]sf] dxfgu/ xf] . o; ;x/nfO{ cGgsf] srf}/f
eGg] ul/G5 . oxfF kfgL k|z:t kmNg] x'gfn] gl/jn, s6x/, cfFk cflb kmN5g\ . oxfF
s6x/ / cfFk jif{el/ g} kmnfOG5 . oxfF jif{el/ g} wfg /f]lkG5 / kmnfOG5 .
jif{sf] rf/ afnL wfg kmNg' oxfF ;fdfGo s'/f xf] . o;} eP/ gfu/sf]OnnfO{ rfdnsf]
s6f]/f elgG5 . oxfFsf] ufpF d'KkGbndf jfo'zlSt k|of]u u/L !%,))) d]ufjf6 ljB't\
pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] tldngf8' /fHosf] ljB't\ dfusf] @) k|ltzt wfg]sf] 5 .
gfu/sf]Onsf] gfu/fhf dlGb/
o; ;x/sf d'Vo cfly{s ultljlwx¿df ko{6g, pmhf{ /
cfO{6L ;]jf d'Vo x'g\ . o;afx]s gl/jn, wfg, s6x/ / cfFksf] pTkfbgsf lx;fan] klg
of] lhNnf cu|0fL 5 . o;}u/L /a/ v]tL, Njfª kmnfpg], km"n pTkfbg, df5f
dfg{] hfn pTkfbg, /a/ pTkfbg klg oxfF pNn]Vo dfqfdf x'G5 . gfu/sf]Onsf] Njfª
ef/tel/sf] d;nf ahf/df ljz]if ;'uGwsf nflu /f]lhG5 . o;sf] cf}ifwLo u'0f klg 5
. Njfª, dl/r / cGo d;nfx¿ ;x/aflx/sf klZrdL ;d'b|lsgf/df a9L pTkfbg ul/G5g\ .
gfu/sf]On tldngf8'sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf
k|ltJolSt cfo, lzIff, :jf:Yo ;"rs cflbn] ;a}eGbf pRr:t/sf] 5 . of]
gu/kflnsf ePsf] !)) jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf o;nfO{ @)!( df dxfgu/sf] bhf{ ldn]s]f
5 .
gfu/sf]Ondf 3'Dg nfos :yfgx¿ M
gfu/fhf dlGb/ M ;x/sf] s]Gb|df 5 of]
dlGb/ . ;x/sf] gfd o;} gfu/fhf dlGb/sf] gfdaf6 /x]sf] xf] . oxfF kfFr lz/ ePsf
gfub]jtf jf;'lssf] k"hf x'G5 . dlGb/ nueu @))) jif{ k'/fgf] xf] .
>L:yf0f'dfnod\ :jfdL dlGb/ ;'lrGb|d\ M oxfFsf] c~hg]o -xg'dfg_sf] @@ lkm6 cUnf] d"lt{ Ps} 9'ª\ufaf6
s'Fb]/ agfOPsf] xf] . o; :yfgdf gf/bn] lzjhLnfO{ ukmdf e'NofP/ sGofs'df/L;Fusf]
lax]sf] d'x"t{ 6/]sf] lyof] . o;kN6 d'x"t{ 6gf{n] sGofs'df/Lsf]
af/]df jf0ff;'/n] sGofs'df/Lsf] ¿knfj0osf] af/]df ;'Gg / pgnfO{ l/; p7\g] u/L
ljjfxsf] k|:tfj /fVg k'Uof] . jf0ff;'/sf] clt cfTdljZjf;, p;sf] Psf]xf]/f]
l9kLn] ubf{ b]jLn] l/;fP/ jf0ff;'/sf] xTof ul/g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . of] :yfg
gfu/sf]Onaf6 nueu & lsnf]ld6/ k"j{blIf0fdf / sGofs'df/Laf6 nueu !!
lsnf]ld6/ pQ/klZrddf k5{ . Oltxf;df of] qjGsf]/ /fhj+z -!&@(–!($(_sf] /fhwfgL
/ l;6f8]n lyof] . l;6f8]n eg]sf] jl/kl/ ljzfn kvf{n agfO{ lsNnfem}F ;'/lIft
kfl/Psf] ;x/ xf] .
:yf0f'dfnod\ of ;'lrGb|d\ dlGb/df Ps} d"lt{df tLg b]j 5g\ .
:yf0f'sf] cy{ lzj, dfnsf] cy{ lji0f' / codsf] cy{ a|x\df x'G5 . !#$ lkm6 cUnf]
of] dlGb/ ;x/ k:gf;fy b]lvOxfN5 .
oxfFaf6 tLg ;o ld6/hlt k"j{sf] /f3j]Gb| dlGb/ klg eJo / pNn]Vo 5 .
;'lrGb|d\df k';df dsf{hL / r}qdf lrl2/} kj{ dgfOG5g\ . o; ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof nueu
afx| xhf/ 5 . k|l;4 ef/tLo kqsf/ 6L=Pg= uf]ks'df/ o;} :yfgsf x'g\ . oxfFsf]
l;/8L ;fO{+afaf dlGb/, dxfClif ljBfkL7 cflb klg bz{gLo 5g\ .
;'lrGb|d\ t?/ kIfL ceof/0o M oxfFsf] kIfL
ceof/0o klg rlr{t 5 . ;'lrGb|d\ t?/ kIfL ceof/0o gofF ePsfn] o;n] cfjZos
k|lqmof k"/f ul/;s]s]f 5}g . t}klg oxfFsf] l;d;f/sf] dxŒj kSs} 7"nf]
5 . oxfF tLgj6f o:tf l;d;f/ 5g\ / oL tLgf]6} l;d;f/nfO{ ldnfP/ Ps lj:t[t\ r/f
cf/If aGg nfu]sf] xf] .
sGofs'df/L / gfu/sf]On s;/L 3'Dg] M
c6f] lnP/ . kfFr 5 ;o ?lkofFdf oL ;a} :yfg 3'dfOlbg]5 c6f]n] .
sGofs'df/L 6ld{g;df 6«]gaf6 cf]n{]kl5 sGofs'df/L lar hfg b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .
$= db'/}
blÔ0fL ef/tsf] k|l;4 ;x/ db'/}sf] hg;ª\Vof nueu ;f9] c7f/ nfv 5 . o;
;x/sf] e|d0f hLjgsf ;'vb cg'ejdWo] Ps xf] . db'/}nfO{ æt'Ë gu/d\Æ cyf{t\ slxNo}
glgbfpg] ;x/, dlGb/x¿sf] ;x/, rd]nLsf] ;x/ / rf}af6fx¿sf] ;x/ eg]/ lrlgG5 .
oxfF tldn, ;f}/fi6«f, t]n'u' / pb"{ efiff Hofbf af]lnG5 .
df}o{ ;fd|fHosf nflu lu|s /fhb"t d]ufl:ygLn] O;fk"j{ t];|f]
ztfAbLdf db'/} ;x/sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . dgfn'/df ul/Psf] pTvggn] o; s'/fnfO{
k'gk'{li6 u/]sf] 5 . kf08]o, rf]n, db'/} ;'Ntflgot, ljhogu/ ;fd|fHo, db'/}
gfos, s0ff{6s clw/fHo / cGTodf la|l6; zf;gdf of] e"ld zfl;t /x]sf] b]lvG5
. oxfF s"bn chu/ dlGb/, dLgfÔL cDdfg dlGb/ / lt?dn} gfoSs/ dxn oL tLg
NofG8dfs{ x'g\ . of] ;x/ w]/} c6f]df]afOn, s]ldsn, /a/ / u|]gfOg lgdf{0f
pBf]usf sf/0f klg k|l;4 5 .
oxfFsf] rsn]6 ef/tel/ nf]slk|o 5 . cg]s cfsf/, ¿k, :jfb / l8hfOgdf
ag]sf oL rsn]6x¿ ef/tel/ lgMz'Ns 8]lne/Lsf] Joj:yf 5 .
db'/} zAb kvf{no'Ï ;x/ eGg] cy{df ag]]sf] xf] . o;jl/kl/ kfOg]
sbDaj[Ôsf sf/0f jgx¿nfO{ sbDajgd\ elgG5 . jbdb'/} / dgdb'/} u/L b'O{ efu 5g\ .
jbdb'/} pQ/L v08 / dgdb'/} blÔ0fL v08 xf] . dgdb'/}nfO{ blÔ0fsf] dy'/f klg
elgG5 . s;}s;}n] o;nfO{ t]gsfzL cyf{t\ blÔ0fsf] sfzL eg]sf 5g\ . of] ;x/ vf;u/L
tldn efiff ;flxTosf] s]Gb| / j}i0fj ;Dk|bfosf] cfwf/e"ld xf] . oxfF a8]a8]
Clifd'lgx¿ eP h;n] j}i0fj ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf;df ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofP .
af}4 Oltxf; k':ts ædxfj+zÆsf cg';f/ O;fk"j{ 5}6f}F ztfAbLdf
/fhs'df/ ljhon] db'/}sf /fhf kf08'sL 5f]/L;Fu ljjfx u/]sf lyP . ;fy} ljhosf ;ft
;o k'?ifx¿n] db'/}sf ;ft ;o sGofx¿ ljjfx u/] . oL ;a}nfO{ ax'd"No u/uxgf
lbP/ >LnÍfsf] dxftLYydf k7fOof] . ;f] :yfg cfh dGgf/ pkåLk xf] .
O;fk"j{ 5}6f}F ztfAbLb]lv ToxfF lg/Gt/ O;fk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbL;Dd
a;f]jf; /x]sf] 1ft x'G5 . d]ufl:ygLsf] aofgdf o; :yfgnfO{ pgn] dyf]/f eg]sf 5g\
. sltn] pgsf] o; gfdsf] j0f{gnfO{ pQ/ ef/tsf] dy'/fsf] s'/f u/]sf] eg]sf 5g\,
lsgeg] df}o{sfndf dy'/f Ps ljzfn, Jojl:yt / ;DkGg ;x/ alg;s]sf] lyof] . db'/}
sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q k':tsdf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dt'/}s0fRrLh:tf ;Ëd ;flxTodf klg
o;sf] k|;Ë kf08]oj+zL /fhfx¿sf] /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . /f]dsf Oltxf;sf/ lKngL
b oË/ / 6f]n]dLn] klg o;sf] lhls/ u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L lu|s :qfaf] / Ol/ly|og
;Lsf k]l/Kn;n] klg o; ;x/sf] gfd lnPsf 5g\ .
;Ëd o'ukl5 db'/}dfq x}g, nueu ;d:t tldngf8'n] g} sne| /fhj+zsf] zf;g
kfof] . 5}6f}}F ztfAbLdf kf08\oj+zn] sne|j+znfO{ h/};lxt pv]n]/ ˆofFs]/ cfˆgf]
/fhj+z :yfkgf u/] .
db'/} !*)! df la|l6;sf] xftdf k'Uof] . !*^^ df of] gu/kflnsf 3f]lift
ul/of] .
db'/}sf bz{gLo :ynx¿
!= dLgfIfL cDdfg dlGb/ M b'O{ xhf/
kfFr ;o jif{ k'/fgf] dLgfÔL dftf dlGb/ db'/}sf] zfg xf] . of] dlGb/ db'/}
;x/sf] d'Vo efusf] lrqO{ l:6«6df l;6L ;]G6/af6 nueu Ps lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf
5 . of] dlGb/ lzjhL / dLgfÔL b]jLdf ;dlk{t 5 . oxfF ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu lgMz'Ns
k|j]zsf] Joj:yf 5 / eLcfO{kLx¿sf nflu ? %) b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] b:t'/ lnO{ ljz]if
kf; lbOG5 .
blÔ0f ef/tdf cg]s ljzfn dlGb/ 5g\ . ljzfn k|fË0f, cfsif{s uf]k'/d\,
lzNk;f}Gbo{, /ªx¿sf] clegj cfFsng, Ps;] Ps d"lt{ Pjd\ 5n5n ug{] ;/f]j/x¿ M
log} ljZjk|l;4 dlGb/dWo] Ps xf] dLgfÔL ;'Gb/]Zj/ dlGb/ . of] dlGb/ :yfkTo /
jf:t'snfsf lx;fan] cfw'lgs ;dodf ;d]t ljZjsf cfZro{x¿dWo] Ps xf] . of] ljzfn
dlGb/ eujfg\ ;'Gb/]Zj/ cyf{t\ lzjhL / dLgfÔLsf nflu ;dlk{t dlGb/ xf] . dLgfÔL
eGgfn] df5fsf h:tf cfFvf ePsL dftf kfj{tL eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . dLgfÔL dftf
kfj{tLsf] dT:o cjtf/ xf] .
oxfFsf zf;sx¿ kf08\oj+zL /fhf lyP . ltg} kf08\oj+zL /fhfx¿n] dLgfÔL
cDdfgsf] dlGb/ agfPsf x'g\ . b]jLsf ;jf{lws kljq dlGb/x¿dWo] of] Ps xf] . sf~rL
sfdfÔL, db'/} dLgfÔL, blÔ0f sGofs'df/L, sfzL ljzfnfÔL cflb kfj{tLsf ljz]if
dlGb/ x'g\ . ltg}dWo]sf] Ps xf] of] kf08\o /fhf dnoWjhåf/f lgdf{0f u/fPsf] of]
ljzfn dlGb/ . oxfF afx|j6f ljz]if uf]k'/d\ 5g\ / k"/f dlGb/sf] kl/j|mdf,
kl/e|d0f / bz{g ug{sf nflu k"/f Ps lbg vr{g'kb{5 .
syfcg';f/ kf08\o /fhf dnoWjhn] cl3Nnf] hGddf 3f]/ tk:of u/]sf lyP . o;}
tk:ofsf] kmn:j¿k dftf dLgfÔLsf] ¿kdf oL /fhfsxfF kfj{tL dftfn] 5f]/L eP/ hGd
lng'eof] . eujfg\ lzjhL klg ;'Gb/]Zj/sf] ¿kdf k[YjLdf cjtl/t x'g'eof] . lzjhLn]
dLgfÔL;Fu ljjfxsf] k|:tfj /fVg'eof] . of] k|:tfj :jLs[t eof] . elgG5, eujfg\
>Llji0f' :jod\ pkl:yt eP/ o; ljjfx sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfng ug{ eg]/ cfpFb}
x'g'x'GYof] . lsGt' OGb|sf sf/0f pxfFnfO{ dfu{d} ljnDa eof] . o;}aLr :yfgLo
b]jtf s'08nåf/f pQm ljjfx sfo{j|md ;~rflnt eof] .
lji0f' eujfg\ cfOk'Ubf w]/} sd{ ;lsO;s]sf] lyof] . of] b]v]/ lji0f'
eujfg\ l/;fpg'eof] . pxfFn] db'/} ;x/df slxNo} gcfpg] k|lt1f ug'{eof] . pxfF
To;kl5 ;x/sf] ;Ldfaflx/sf] cNuf/ sf]len gfdsf] ;'Gb/ kj{tdf uP/ a:g'eof] . kl5
c¿ b]jLb]jtfx¿ uP/ pxfFnfO{ To;f] gug{ dgfP . clg pxfF cfP/ dLgfÔL /
;'Gb/]Zj/sf] kfl0fu||x0f u/fpg'eof] . of] ljjfx / lji0f' eujfg\nfO{ zfGt kfg{
dgfpg'nfO{ db'/} ;x/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] rf8sf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . o; cj;/nfO{
‘lrQ/}/ lt?lj´f’ of ‘chs/ lt?lj´f’ cyf{t\ ;'Gb/ O{Zj/sf] pT;j elgG5 .
elgG5, dLgfÔL dlGb/sf] :yfkgf OGb|n] u/]sf x'g\ . OGb| cfˆgf s'sd{sf
sf/0f tLy{ofqfdf uO/x]sf lyP . To;} a]nf pgn] o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ .
pgn] lzjhLsf] d"lt{ lzjlnËsf] ¿kdf kfP . clg pgn] d"n dlGb/ agfpg
nufP . cfh klg ;f] dlGb/df k|frLg k|yfsf] kfngf ul/Fb} cfOPsf] 5 . pT;jsf]
cj;/df cfof]lht zf]efofqfdf OGb|sf] jfxgnfO{ klg :yfg k|fKt x'G5 .
s;}n] o;nfO{ ;ftf}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] eg]sf 5g\ . t]x|f}F ztfAbLdf d'l:nd
cfj|mfGtf dlns sk"/n] o; dlGb/nfO{ gi6e|i6 kfl/lbP . dlGb/sf k'hf/Lx¿
s;f]s;f] u/]/ d"n k|ltdfnfO{ hf]ufpg ;kmn ePsf lyP .
oxfFsf] ljzfn k|fË0fdf ;'Gb/]Zj/ cyf{t\ lzjhL / afofFtkm{ dLgfÔL
b]jLsf] dlGb/ cjl:yt 5 . lzjdlGb/ ;d"xdf eujfg\ lzjsf] g6/fh ¿ksf] cfsif{s
k|ltdf 5 . of] k|ltdf Ps /ht j]bLdf :yflkt 5 . ;fdfGotM eujfg\ g6/fh g[To ub{}
x'g'x'Fbf cfˆgf] afofF kfp p7fPsf] b]V5f}F, lsGt' oxfF pxfFsf] bfofF kfp p7]sf]
5 . dLgfÔL b]jLsf] ue{u[x lzjhLsf] afofFtkm{ cjl:yt 5 . lgs6d} :j0f{k'isl/0fL
gfdsf] cToGt ;'Gb/ tnfp 5 . o;sf rf/}tkm{ lgld{t d08kx¿df cfsif{s lrqx¿ agfOPsf
5g\ . km/a/L dlxgfdf eujfg\ ;'Gb/]Zj/ / dftf dLgfÔL b]jLsf] k|ltdf ;hfP/ oxfF
gf}sfljxf/ u/fOG5 . lzjkfj{tLsf] ljjfx oxLF ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . elgG5, OGb|
oxLF cfP/ :j0f{sdn l6Kg] ub{y] .
of] ;/f]j/ !^% lkm6 nfdf] / !@) lkm6 rf}8f 5 . eQmx¿ dlGb/df k|j]z
ug'{k"j{ o; k'isl/0fLsf] kl/j|mdf ub{5g\ . dLgfÔL cDdfg dlGb/df b]jL
dLgfÔLsf] Zofdj0f© k|ltdf cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 . blÔ0f ef/tLo k/Dk/fcg';f/ b]jLsf]
bz{g bLkssf] k|sfzdf dfq ug{] ul/G5 . oxfFsf] k|fË0fdf cg]sf}F d08kd\ agfOPsf
5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] ;x;| :tDe cToGt k|l;4 5 . o;df gf} ;o krf;Lj6f eJo :tDe 5g\ .
oL ;a} :tDen] k|frLg b|lj8 lzNksnfsf cg'kd ufyf k|:t't ub{5g\ . o; d08kdf Ps
snf ;ª\u|xfno klg 5 . o;df k|frLg d"lt{x¿, lrq, 5foflrq tyf Oltxf;sf]
lbUbz{g u/fOPsf] 5 . d08kd\sf] klZrdf efudf h'g :tDe ag]sf] 5, Tof] ef/tLo
lzNksf}znsf] >]i7 pbfx/0f xf] . oxfFsf] h:tf] :tDe k"/f ljZjel/ sxLF
klg kfOFb}g .
dLgfÔL dlGb/df laxfg kfFr ah]b]lv ;f9] afx| ah];Dd / ;fF´ rf/ ah]b]lv
/ftsf] gf} ah];Dd bz{g ug{ kfOG5 . dLgfÔL dlGb/nfO{ ljZjsf ;ft wfld{s
cfZro{x¿dWo] Ps dflgG5 . o;sf] lgdf{0fdf ldxLg lzNksf/Lsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
o;} ;"Id lzNksf/Lsf sf/0f o;nfO{ ljZjsf ;ft dxfg\ cfZro{dWo] Ps pkflw
ldn]sf] xf] . o; dlGb/df k|ltlbg ;/b/ aL; xhf/ dflg; bz{gsf nflu cfpFb5g\ .
z'j|mjf/sf lbg t of] ;ª\Vof a9]/ tL; xhf/;Dd k'Ub5 . xfdL z'j|mjf/ /ftsf] b;–P3f/
ah] dfq db'/} k'Ug] x'Fbf zlgjf/ laxfgdfq bz{g ug{ kfpg]5f}F . ctM ;f] lbg
plt;f/f] eL8ef8 x'g]5}g .
ko{6s tyf
>4fn'x¿af6 ul/Psf] bfg cflbaf6 a;]{lg nueu 5 s/f]8 ef/tLo ?k}ofF o; dlGb/n]
k|fKt ub{5 . dlGb/df s'n t]QL; xhf/ d"lt{ :yflkt 5g\ elgG5 . o;df b]jL
dLgfÔL cfˆgf] bflxg] xftdf Pp6f ;'uf lnPsL 5g\ . lzjhLn] hDdf kfFr :yfgdf
tf08jg[To ug'{ePsf] lyof] / tL kfFr :yfgdWo] of] Ps xf] eGg] dfGotf 5 . o;
dlGb/tkm{sf] ofqfnfO{ df]Ôofqf dflgG5 .
bz{g s;/L ug{] M dLgfÔL cDdfgsf]
dlGb/ d'Vo ahf/df 5 . a'wjf/ / z'j|mjf/ clt eL8 x'gfn] tL lbgdf hfg sl7g 5 .
xfdL b;}Fsf] ;KtdL laxfg k'U5f}F, zlgjf/ x'gfn] eL8 sd xf]nf ls < laxfg rf/}
ah] ;fpy u]6df k'Ug] .
@= lt?dn} gfoSs/ b/af/ M
db'/} ;x/sf] d'Vo efudf dLgfÔL dlGb/eGbf k"j{k6\l6 Kofn]; Pl/of 5 . of]
b/af/ Kofn]; /f]8df 5 . of] x/]s lbg laxfg gf} ah]b]lv ;fF´ cf7 ah];Dd v'nf
/xG5 . tkfO{FnfO{ db'/}sf] k'/fgf] zfg–zf}st / Oltxf;sf] t'h's x]g{ dg 5 eg]
oxfF k'Ug'xf]nf . ;qf}F ztfAbLdf agfOPsf] of] b/af/ d'Vo ;x/af6 @ lsnf]ld6/ k/
5 . o; dxnsf] e|d0fsf nflu ? !) k|j]z z'Ns nfUb5 . dxnsf b'O{ lx:;f 5g\ M
:ju{ljnf;d\ / /Ëljnf;d\ .
of] b/af/ O6flnog cfls{6]Sr/df ag]sf] x'gfn] xfd|f nflu ljz]if gofF g}
x'g]5 . laxfg gf} ah]b]lv a]n'sf kfFr ah];Dd of] v'nf /xG5 . ;fF´df nfO6 PG8
;fpG8 ;f] x'G5 . zlgjf/ ;fF´ df}sf ldNof] eg] ;f] sfo{j|md x]g'{k5{ .
oL dxŒjsf :yfgx¿ j}uO{ gbLsf] blÔ0fk6\l6 5g\ . ;x/sf] aLr}aLr of] gbL
aUb5 .
#= ufGwL d]df]l/on Do'lhod M of] Do'lhod
td'Ssdsf] sn]S6/ /f]8df 5 . of] ejg db'/}sf] P]ltxfl;s b/af/ td'sd Kofn];leq
agfOPsf] 5 . s'g} ;dodf of] b/af/ gfos ;fd|fHosL /fgL dËfdnsf] b/af/ lyof] . o;
;ª\u|xfnodf ufGwLhL;Fu ;DalGwt kq, kmf]6f] / cGo j:t'x¿ k|blz{t ul/Psf 5g\ .
oxfF pgnfO{ nfu]sf] uf]nL / pgn] cGTosfndf nufPsf] wf]tL klg oxLF ;ª\u[xLt 5 .
$= c?lNdu' ;''a|d0od :jfdL dlGb/ M
lt?k/Gs'Gb|d\sf] lau sf/ l:6«6df / d'Vo ;x/af6 gf} lsnf]ld6/hlt 6f9f 5 . of]
dlGb/ laxfg kfFr ah]b]lv ;fF´ gf} ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 . of] dlGb/ d'?ug b]jtfdf
;dlk{t 5 . blÔ0f ef/tdf d'?ug b]jtf lzjhLsf k'qsf] ¿kdf cToGt ;Ddflgt /
k"lht 5g\ . ljzfn r§fgnfO{ vf]k]/ agfOPsf] o; dlGb/sf] sflnu8L /
/ª–;+of]hg cg'kd 5 .
%= lt?k/gs'Gb|d\ d'/ug dlGb/ M of] dlGb/
db'/}af6 ( lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 / of] eujfg\ d'/ugdf ;dlk{t 5 . of]
;ftf}F ztfAbLdf kj{t vf]k]/ agfOPsf] xf] .
^= d]/Lh Sofy]8«n M db'/}sf] O:6 j]nL l:6«6df
cjl:yt of] rr{ db'/}sf] Ps k|ltli7t luhf{3/ xf] . ;x/sf] s]Gb|af6 nueu b'O{
lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] of] luhf{3/ uf]lys jf:t'snfsf] gd'gf xf] . 8]9 ;o jif{eGbf
k'/fgf] of] rr{ lj|m;d;df k|sfzsf] l´lnldnLdf g'xfPsf] x'G5 . of] /f]dg
Sofyf]lnsx¿sf] rr{ xf] .
&= cltzfod M of] db'/}sf] Ps nf]slk|o
cDo'hd]G6 tyf jf6/kfs{ xf] . ;Q/L Ps8df km}lnPsf] of] kfs{df ;f7LeGbf Hofbf
/dfOnf v]n v]Ng kfOg]5 . ;KtfxfGtdf oxfF w]/} ofq' dgf]/~hgsfy{ cfpF5g\ .
*= sfhLdf/ a8L dl:hb M db'/} d'Vo
;x/df k]l/of/sf] sfhLdf/ l:6«6df 5 of] k|l;4 dl:hb . of] db'/} ;x/sf] ;a}eGbf
k'/fgf] dl:hb xf] . o;nfO{ a8L dl:hb eGg'sf] sf/0f oxfF Ps;fy ;f9] b'O{ xhf/
JolQmn] Ps;fy gdfh k9\g ;S5g\ . of] dl:hb t]x|f}F ztfAbLdf xh/t d'xDdbsf j+zh
xh/ sfhL ;}ob th'2Lgn] :yflkt u/]sf x'g\ . k|j]z lgMz'Ns .
(= j}uO{ afFw M u]:6 xfp; /f]8, d]ndËnd\,
db'/} . k|s[ltk|]dLx¿sf nflu of] afFwsf] cjnf]sg Ps cf};t cj;/ xf] . db'/}
;x/af6 ^% lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] of] :yfg laxfg ^ ah]b]lv a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 .
db'/} e|d0f ug{ cfpg] clg oxfF gcfpg] < o:tf] ug'{ db'/}sf] cw'/f]
ck"/f] ofqf xf] .
!)= jlGbo'd dl/cDdg t]Kkfs'nd\ M dLgfÔLgu/df
l:yt of] :yfg ;f]x| Ps8df km}lnPsf ljzfn tnfp xf] . o; s'08sf] aLrdf Ps dlGb/
agfOPsf] 5 . o; dlGb/nfO{ blÔ0f ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tnfpdf lgld{t
dlGb/sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . oxfF k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ljz]if /f}gs b]lvG5 . tnfpsf]
pQ/k6\l6 csf]{ k|frLg dlGb/ 5 M >L d'ÏLZj// dlGb/ jfo':yfgd\ . oxfF hfgsf
nflu cS6f]a/b]lv dfr{;Dd pko'Qm dflgG5 .
!!= ogfO{dnfO{ M k|s[lt, Oltxf; / wfld{s
:ynsf] ;dfud . r§fgdf s'FlbPsf h}g wd{;DaGwL snfs[ltsf nflu gfd'b . ;x/L
eL8ef8af6 k/ ePsfn] tkfO{FnfO{ v'nfkgsf] cg'ej u/fpg]5 . of] :yfg db'/}sf]
g/l;+xd\ Ô]qdf 5 . oxfF k'Ug db'/}sf] d'Vo ;x/L v08af6 gf} lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . oxfF
s'g} k|j]z z'Ns nfUb}g .
!@= df/L cDdfg dlGb/ M of] ;fpyu]6
eGg] 7fpFdf 5 . of] 7fpF /]njf hÍ;gaf6 8]9 lsnf]ld6/hlt klZrdblÔ0fdf k5{ . O:sg
dlGb/ /]nj] hÍ;gaf6 ´Gg} Ps lsnf]ld6/ pQ/ cyf{t\ /]ndfu{;Fu} hf]l8Psf] 5 .
!#= s'8n chu/ dlGb/ M s'8n chu/
dlGb/ db'/}sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dlGb/ dflgG5 . ef/tsf Ps ;o cf7 j}i0fj dlGb/dWo]
of] klg Ps xf] . oxfF Ps u?8d08kd\ klg 5 hxfF u?8 kÔLsf] cToGt 7"nf]
k|ltdf agfO{ :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .
!$= O:sf]g dlGb/ M dLgfÔL dlGb/af6 ´Gg} b'O{
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf pQ/k6\l6 5 .
!%= ;dgf/ dnO{ M of] k|fs[lts :yn db'/}af6
afx| lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5 . oxfF h}g wd{;Fu ;DalGwt k|frLg d"lt{ s'FlbPsf 5g\ .
u'kmf / lznfn]v 5g\ . u'kmfsf] d'vdf cg]s b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{ 5g\ .
!^= cnu/ sf]ljn dlGb/ M of] dlGb/
cnu/ kxf8sf] km]bdf l:yt 5 / db'/}af6 PSsfO; lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . of]
dlGb/ eujfg\ lji0f'df ;dlk{t 5 .
db'/} k'u]kl5 oxfFsf] gfd'b O8nL vfg}k5{ . gl/jn r6gL, cg]s d;nf /
crf/x¿;lxt oxfFsf] O8nL vfg'sf] dhf 5 .
oxfF jf; a:gsf nflu gy{ j]nL l:6«6, s]s] gu/, s] k'b'/ / tnSs'nd ljz]if
nf]slk|o 5g\ . oxfF;Dd k'Ugsf nflu ef/tsf ;a} 7"nf ;x/af6 ;f]em} xjfO{,
6«]g / a;sf] ;'ljwf 5 .
%= /fd]Zj/d\
/fd]Zj/d\ /fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/sf sf/0f k|l;4 5 . /fd]Zj/d\ >L/fdn] nÍf
ljho ug{ hfg'cl3 :yfkgf ug{'ePsf] lzjdlGb/ xf] . /fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/ kDag 6fk'df
cjl:yt 5 . of] ;fgf] 6fk' ef/tsf] d"n e"ldaf6 Psbd glhs 5 / /]n tyf
a;dfu{af6 of] d'Vo e"ld;Fu kDag ;]t'n] hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] :yfg >LnÍfsf]
dGgf/ 6fk'af6 rfnL; lsnf]ld6/ dfq k5{ .
/fd]Zj/d\ ef/tsf rf/wfddWo] Ps wfd xf] . ab/Lgfy, /fd]Zj/d\, åf/sf /
k'/L rf/ wfd x'g\ . xfdL klxNo} k'/L / åf/sfsf] ofqf u/L tLyf{6g–bz{g ug{ ;kmn
ePsf x'gfn] xfd|f nflu o; tLy{sf] ljz]if dxŒj 5 . of] Ps Hof]ltlnË klg xf] .
oxfF eujfg\ ef]n]gfyn] cfkm}F cfP/ >L/fdnfO{ bz{g lbg'ePsf] lyof] . /fj0fn]
x/]/ nÍf k'¥ofpg'ePsL ;LtfdftfnfO{ ckx/0fd'Qm u/L kmsf{P/ Nofpgsf nflu
>L/fdn] 7"nf] jfg/;]gfsf] ;fy lng'ePsf] lyof] . oxfFaf6 ;]t' lgdf{0f
u/L ljzfn jfg/ ;]gf nÍf k'u]sf] lyof] . gnn] oxfF k'n agfOlbP eGg] syf 5 .
oxfF uPsf] a]nf uGwdfbg kj{t tyf ;Dej ePdf wg'ifsf]8Lsf] ofqf klg ;'vb
cg'ej /xg]5 .
/fd]Zj/d\sf d'Vo bz{gLo :ynx¿M
!= c?lNdu' /fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/ M of] :yfg
tldngf8'sf] /fdgfyk'/d\ lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 . oxfF :yflkt lzjlnËnfO{ åfbz lzjlnËdWo]
Ps dflgG5 . of] zª\v cfsf/sf] kDag åLkdf 5 . åLk;Dd k'Ugsf nflu /]ndfu{ tyf
;8sdfu{sf k'n ag]sf 5g\ . o; dfu{af6 /]n r9\g' ljlzi6 cg'ej x'G5 . tkfO{F
/fd]Zj/d\ k'Ug'eof] eg] oxfF ;d'b|dflysf] k'ndf /]nofqf ug{ g5'6fpg'xf]nf .
;d'b|df kfgLsf] ;tx sd ePsf] a]nfdf oxfFsf] k'n prflnG5 / hxfhx¿ ;lhn} rNg
kfpF5g\ . hxfhx¿ s6]kl5 k'n k'gM cfˆgf] k"jf{j:yfdf kms{G5 .
/fd]Zj/d\ dlGb/ ;'j{0fdo 5 . /fd]Zj/d\sf xf]6ndf lrof / d]Gb' jf8f vfhf
vfOG5 . nueu !)% ?lkofF k5{ vfhfsf] . oxfF ;]tf] n'ËL lsg] a];, !^) ?lkofFhlt
k5{ . n'ËL b'O{ ld6/sf] x'G5, wf]tL nfdf], olQ xf] km/s oxfF . /fd]Zj/d\sf]
bz{g ug'{ sl7g 5, eL8ef8sf sf/0f . c´ ;f]djf/ kl/of] eg] t eL8 l5rf]lng;Sg'
x'g]5 .
@= clUgtLy{d\ M oxfF k'Ug xfOj]af6 ´Gg} Ps
lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . xfOj]sf] /fd]Zj/d\ df]8af6 clnslt blÔ0faf6 k"j{ hfg] ;8s
kj|mg'k5{ . /fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/sf] k"j© u]6af6 clUgtLy{d\ Psbd glhs k5{ .
!)) ld6/hlt dfq k"j{df . clUgtLy{d\ bz{g ug'{ eg]sf] uËf:gfgh:t} xf] t/
oxfFsf] kfgL g'lgnf] 5 . clUgtLy{d\df :gfg ul/;s]kl5 sk8f lgrf]g]{ . ;of}F
dflg; g'xfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . s;}n] rflxF k~r:gfg u/]/ kms{G5g\ . clUgtLy{d\df 5fn
sd x'Fbf] /x]5 . clg ;f]xL lr;f] sk8f nfP/ afO; s'08sf] bz{g ug{ hfg] . afO;
s'08df :gfg ug'{k5{ . kfgL afN6Ln] vGofOlbG5g\ . xfdL ;f]djf/ k'Ug]5f}F . To;
lbg clt eL8ef8 x'g]5 . cfˆgf ;fdfg klxNo} xf]6ndf 5f8\g] xf] . df]afOn t
nUg}k¥of], kmf]6f] lvRgsf nflu . To;nfO{ klg Knfl:6sn] /fd|/L a]g'{k5{ . clg
Tof] ns/df /fVg] . c¿ s]xL ;fdfg afFsL 5g\ eg] ns/df /fVg'k5{ / rKknsf] af/]df
s] ug{], nfpFb} gnfpg] xf] ls, ns/df /fVg] xf] pltv]/} ;f]rf}Fnf . ;fgf] ns/sf]
krf; ?lkofF ltg'{k5{, 7"nf] ns/sf] ;o ?lkofF . cfˆgf] ;fydf clnslt
k};frflxF lnP/} lxF8\g'k5{ t/ Tof] k};f glehf];\ eGgfvflt/ Knfl:6sn] Psbd
alnof]u/L afFWg'k5{ .
bz{g s;/L ug{] M
;j{k|yd clUgtLy{ :gfg ug{] . clg pQ/9f]sfaf6 k:g] . e/;s ufO8 lng] .
ufO8n] ;d"xsf nflu b'O{ xhf/ n]nfg\, ;d"xdf uOof] eg] ;:tf] knf{ .
dlxnfn] g'xfO;s]kl5 km]/kmf/sf nflu csf{] Ps hf]/ sk8f af]Sg] . afO; s'08x¿sf]
:gfgkl5 dlGb/ bz{g ug{] xf] clg sk8f km]g{] xf] . s'08:gfg / dl0fbz{gkl5 aflx/
kms{g] . ;fydf df]afOn, Sofd/f, 5fnfsf cfO6d s]xL nUg kfOFb}g . rKkn gnufpg] .
rKkn /fVg] 7fpF kfOFb}g . a]kQf x'g]5g\ . ;a} ;fdfg xf]6nd} 5f8]/ cfpg] .
a]sf/df b'Mv x'G5 gq . ns/ kfpg} sl7g, dxFuf] klg . lg:sFbf klZrdL åf/af6
lg:sg] . lg:sg t c¿ 9f]sfaf6 klg ldN5, t/ klZrdLaf6 lg:sg' ;xh xf]nf . cfˆgf]
xf]6n htf 5, Tot}af6 lg:sg] .
laxfg hlt ;Sof] Tolt rfF8f] hfg' a]; .
dl0fbz{gsf] ;do laxfg ;f9] tLg ah]b]lv 5 ah];Dd . k|j]z z'Ns
;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu ? @% 5 . ;fu/df :gfg u/]/ cfpg] . dlGb/leq k'gM g'xfpg] rng 5
. ;fdfg /fVg ns/ ?d kfOg]5 . Sofd/f, cflb s'g} klg ;fdfg ;fydf gnUg] . xf]6n
?dd} 5f8\g] xf] . dlGb/df k:g'cl3sf nflu kmf]6f] lvRg eg]/ Pp6f df]afOn af]s]
xf]nf, e/] ns/df /fVg] xf] . dlxnfn] ;f/L of s'tf{ nufpg kfOG5 . ;6{KofG6
cg'dlt 5}g . sk8f k6sk6s glehf];\ eGgsf nflu leh]s} sk8fdf yk g'xfpg] ul/G5 .
afN6Ln] s'08sf] kfgL vGofOlbG5g\ . /fdgfy :jfdL dlGb/df dl0fbz{g ug{] xf] .
dl0fbz{g eg]sf] laxfgsf] cf/tL / Hof]ltln{Ësf] bz{g xf] . dl0fbz{gsf nflu pQ/L
åf/af6 leq l5g'{kb{5 . lgMz'Nsjfnf nfOg Psbd eL8ef8o'Qm x'G5 . kRrL; ?lkofFjfnf
nfOg nfdf] x'G5, nueu Ps lsnf]ld6/sf] . Psbd eL8 x'G5 . lzjlnËsf] bz{g nueu ;ft
ld6/sf] b"/Laf6 ug{ kfOg]5 . b'O{ ;o ltg{]n] Ps ;ohlt ld6/sf] nfOgdf
a:g]5g\ / nueu kfFr ld6/sf] b"/Laf6 bz{g ug{ kfpg]5g\ . kGw| ;o ?lkofF
ltg{] eLcfO{kLn] Psbd glhsaf6 bz{g ug{ kfpg]5g\ / nfOgdf al;/xg klg kb{}g .
leqsf] sl/8f]/ cToGt eJo / ;'Gb/ 5, nfdf] dfq xf]Og .
afO; s'08 :gfgsf] kRrL; ?lkofF ltg'{k5{ . Ogf/af6 kfgL l´s]/ vGofOlbg]
x'g\, k};f To;}sf] lnPsf . /fd]Zj/d\ dlGb/sf] sl/8f]/ ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf]
sl/8f]/ xf] .
/fd]Zj/d\df jf; sxfF a:g] <
wd{zfnf M dlGb/ kl/;/af6 cfwfb]lv Ps
lsnf]ld6/df 5g\ . ;a}eGbf ;:tf] log} wd{zfnfsf] jf; x'g]5 . wd{zfnfsf sf]7fsf]
ef8f @%) b]lv #)) ?lkofF k5{ . csf{] ljsNk oxfFsf] /fd]Zj/d\ ;]jf 6«:6sf sf]7f
5g\ . tLg lbg klxNo} a's ul/;Sg'kg{]5 . sf]7fef8f %)) hlt kb{5 . /fd]Zj/d\df
lghL xf]6ndf sf]7f lnFbf %)) b]lv !))) ;Dd kb{5 . lghL xf]6nsf] b//]6 Hofbf
bz{gfyL{ cfPsf] a]nf x\jfQ} a9\5 .
wd{zfnfx¿ M aª\u'/ wd{zfnf, ef/t ;]jf>d ;ª\3 -/]nj] :6];gg]/_,
dfx]Zj/L eQmlgjf; wd{zfnf, >L/fd~ho]g 5qd\, dxfk|e'hL a}7s -nId0f s'08,
/]nj] :6];gglhs_, uf]:jfdL dfbd 6«:6, >Ls[i0fk|0ffdL dËn dlGb/ .
oxfFsf xf]6nx¿df l;Ën cSo'k]G;L sf]7f nueu kfOFb}g . hf]8f cyjf
kfl/jfl/s sf]7f dfq ;xh} kfOG5 . hlxNo} dflg;sf] eL8ef8 x'g] x'Fbf sf]7f kfpg
plt;f/f] ;lhnf] 5}g . xfdL /fd]Zj/d\ cfOtjf/sf] lbgdf a; r9]/ a]n'sf k'Ug]
ePsfn] sf]7f kfpg d]xgt ug'{knf{ . olb sf]7f kfpg w]/} sl7g x'g] a'l´of] eg]
krf; lsnf]ld6/ j/}sf] /fdgfyk'/d\df a:g ;lsG5 . otf ;:tf]rflxF kSs} klg kb{}g .
b;}Fsf] ;do ePsfn] /fd]Zj/d\df sf]7f kfpg sl7g xf]nf ls eg]/ of] ljsNk
x]/]sf] . xfdL pQ/df gj/fq dgfO/x]sf] a]nfdf otf /fd]Zj/d\df u'8L kj{ dgfOG5 /
eL8ef8 klg 8/nfUbf] x'g]5 . /fdgfyk'/d\df sf]7f kfpg sl7g gxf]nf . xf]6n, nh
k|z:t 5g\ . /fdgfyk'/d\df a:g k'luof] eg] oxfFsf] /fhb/af/ x]g{ 5'6fpg'x'Fb}g .
/fd]Zj/d\sf] dlGb/af6 hlt k/ uof] plt sd xf]6n 5g\ . tL dxFuf klg
xf]nfg\ . To;}n] dlGb/sf] pQ/, blÔ0f jf klZrdlt/sf ;:tf xf]6n jf wd{zfnf vf]Hg'
a]; xf]nf .
e|d0f s;/L ug{] <
c6f] kj|mg] . clUgtLy{d\eGbf clns pQ/df cyf{t\ /fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/sf]
k5fl8 clUgtLy{d\ lbzfdf c´ cufl8 df]6/;fOsn ef8fdf kfOG5 . ;fOsn klg kfOPnf .
ef8fdf lnP/ cfkm" s'bfpg] xf] .
#= cl/rn d'gO{ M cl/rn d'gO{ nueu afO; lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5 . a;d}
hfg' a]; x'G5 . cl/rn d'gfO{ k'Ug'cufj} wg'ifsf]8L cfpF5, ToxfF lbgsf] vfgf
vfg' ;'vb cg'ej x'g]5 . e/;s Tot} vfgf vfg] . wg'ifsf]8L hfg c6f] geO{ sl7g 5,
glhssf 7fpFrflxF e/;s l/S;f lng' a]; .
wg'ifsf]8L / cl/rn d'gfO{sf] ofqf cToGt ;'vb x'g]5 . c;f]h sflt{sdf
sfFrf cfFk, v/a'hf kfOg]5 . ud©sf] rflxF s'/f gu/f}F .
$= wg'ifsf]8L M wg'ifsf]8L /fdfo0fsyf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .
/fd;]t'sf] lgdf{0f oxLF ul/Psf] lyof] . !(^$ sf] ;d'b|L cfFwLn] wg'ifsf]8L Wj:t
kf/]sf] xf] . klxn] oxfF;Dd /]ndfu{ lyof] . oxfF 7"nf] ;x/ lyof] . :s'n
lyP . s]s] lyof] . ;a Wj:t eof] . ca ToxfF sf]xL a:t}g . dflg;x¿ lbpF;f]
cfpF5g\– Jofkf/L, vfg]s'/f a]Rg] / d5'jf/]x¿, clg ;fF´df /fd]Zj/d\ kms{G5g\ .
wg'ifsf]8L k'u]sf] a]nfdf ToxfFsf] eTs]sf] /]nj] :6];g, /]ndfu{ cflb
x]g{] xf] .
%= ljeLif0f dlGb/ M af6}df kg{] ljeLif0f dlGb/ klg x]l/xfNgk5{ . of] wg'ifsf]8Laf6 kfFr
lsnf]ld6/ / /fd]Zj/d\af6 t]x| lsnf]ld6/hlt k5{ .
^= PkLh] cAb'n snfd ejg M /fd]Zj/d\
hfFbf /fdgfy:jfdLsf] dlGb/afx]s x]g{]kg{] csf{] 7fpF xf] PkLh] cAb'n snfd ejg .
of] pgsf] 3/ ca ;ª\u|xfnodf ablnPsf] 5 . ef/tsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf Kof/f /fi6«kltsf]
klxrfg agfP pgn] . pgsf] csf{] kl/ro xf] ld;fOn Dofg ckm OlG8of . logL s'zn
;}lgs lyP / dxfg\ j}1flgs klg . pgsf] hLjg k|]/0ffx¿sf] k'~h xf] . d]/f nflu
rflxF pgsf] ;flxTok|]d, n]vglzNk / z}nL w]/} lk|o 5 . pgsf s[ltn] ef/taflx/
w]/} 7"nf] 5fk 5f8]sf 5g\ .
ef/tsf] blÔ0fL s'gfsf] o; ;fgf] ;x/df hGdL x's{]sf cAb'n snfd afNosfndf
3/3/ k'u]/ klqsf afF8\y], kl5 klqsf a]Rg] sfd ug{ yfn] . ;fob kqklqsfsf] ;Ëtn]
pgnfO{ cÔ/sf] tfut lrgfof] . oxL s'/fn] pgL k9\gdf nfu] . ef/tsf /fi6«klt cAb'n
snfdnfO{ s'g} ef/tLon] wfld{s sf]0faf6 x]b{}g . pgn] x/]s ef/tLosf] dg lht] .
cAb'n snfd hGd]sf] Tof] 3/ @)!! df ;ª\u|xfnosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/of] . o;df
pgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ;fdu|L ;'/lÔt ul/Psf 5g\ . oxfF w]/} kmf]6f]x¿, k':tsx¿ /
egfOx¿ k|blz{t ul/Psf 5g\ .
/fd]Zj/d\ hfg] dg x'g]n] ToxfF hfg'cl3 PkLh] cAb'n snfdsf s[ltx¿ k9\g'
/fd|f] xf] . sDtLdf klg pgsf] ;ª\lÔKt hLjgL t hfGg}k5{ . laxfg * b]lv ;fF´
& ah];Dd v'nf . k|j]z z'Ns ? %.–
&= k~rd'vL xg'dfg M /fd]Zj/d\af6
! lsld k"j{df . k~rd'v c~hlgo]sf gfdn] klg lrlgg] .
d'Vo xfOj]d} . laxfg ^ ah]b]lv
;fF´ & ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 . oxfF t}/g] 9'ª\uf b]Vg kfOG5 . /fd;]t' agfpg o:t}
t}/g] 9'ª\ufsf] k|of]u ePsf] lyof] elgPsf] 5 .
*= /fdtLy{d\ / /fds'08d\
(= nId0f s'08d\ / nId0f dlGb/
!)= sf]yfgb/fdf:jfdL dlGb/
!!= ;L jN8{ cSjfl/od
!@= /fd/kfbd\ M of] :yfg uGwdfbg kj{tsf]
6'Kkfdf 5 . ´Gg} b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5
/fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/af6 pQ/df . /fd]Zj/d\ 6fk'df j/k/sf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu of]
cTo'Qd :yn xf] .
!#= ;fÔL xg'dfg dlGb/ M /fd/kfbd\
hfg] af6}df 5 of] ;fgf] tLy{:yn .
!$= >L PsfGt /fd:jfdL dlGb/ M of] c¿ dlGb/x¿eGbf
lgSs} pQ/df 5 .
!%= kDag ;]t'
!^= hbf tLy{d\, leNn'GbL tLy{d\, lt?k'NnfgL cflb .
/fd]Zj/ dlGb/sf] kf}/fl0fs syf M
/fd]Zj/sf] >L/fdgfy:jfdL dlGb/sf] syf w]/} k'/fgf] 5 . eujfg\
>L/fd :jod\n] o; lzjlnËsf] :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] dflgG5 . ha >L/fdn] /fj0fsf]
jw ug'{eof], pxfFnfO{ a|XdxTof nfUof] . Clif k'n:Tosf] gflt, Clif lj>jfsf]
k'q lyof] . /fÔ;L dftf s}s;Lsf] x]/rfx / nfngkfngdf x's{]sfn] p;sf] rl/q /fÔ;L
x'g uPsf] lyof] . /fÔ;Lsf] k'q eP klg a|fXd0fsf] k'q ePsfn] >L/fdnfO{ a|XdxTof
nfu]sf] xf] . o;} a|XdxTofsf] kfk w'gsf nflu >L/fdn] nÍfaf6 kms{]/ oxfF
lzjlnËsf] :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] xf] elgG5 . >L/fdn] xg'dfgnfO{ cfb]z lbg'eof]–
æx] xg'dfg\ Û ltdL sfzL hfpm / Ps lzjlnË lnP/ cfpm . xg'dfg t kjg;'t lyP . pgL
t'?Gt jfo'j]un] p8]/ sfzL k'u] . t/ xg'dfgnfO{ kms{gdf l9nfO eof] . ;Ltf dftfn]
pQ/tkm{ x]g'{eof], xg'dfgsf] s'g} cQf]kQf] lyPg . clg pxfFn] afn'jf lnP/
To;nfO{ df6fn] afFwL Ps lzjlnËsf] lgdf{0f ug'{eof] . of] b]v]/ >L/fd w]/}
v';L x'g'eof] . lgot ;dodf pxfFn] ;f]xL lzjlnËnfO{ tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf :yflkt
ug'{eof] . o;sf] s]xL ;doleq}df xg'dfg sfzLaf6 eujfg\sf] cf1fcg';f/ Ps lzjlnË
lnP/ cfOk'u] . >L/fdn] ;Ltfdftfn] agfpg'ePsf] ;fgf] lzjlnª\us} ;fydf
xg'dfgn] sfzLaf6 NofPsf] sfnf] kTy/sf] ljzfn lzjlnËnfO{ klg :yflkt ul/lbg'eof]
. cfh klg /fd]Zj/d\sf] d'Vo dlGb/df oL b'j} lzjlnË k"lht 5g\ .
h;/L b'O{ cnu cnu lzjlnË 5g\, p;}u/L oxfF kfj{tLhLsf klg b'O{ cnucnu
d"lt{ 5g\ . b]jLsf] Ps d"lt{nfO{ kj{tjlw{gL elgG5 eg] csf{] d"lt{
ljzfnfÔLsf] ¿kdf k'lhG5 .
^= lt?lr/fkNnL
lt?lr/fkNnL tldngf8'sf] ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgL dflgG5 . of] /fHosf] rf}yf]
nf]slk|o ;x/ xf] . tldngf8' /fHosf] /fhwfgL r]GgO{af6 sl/a tLg ;o aL; lsnf]ld6/
klZrddf kljq gbL sfj]/Lsf] lsgf/df a;]sf] ;'Gb/ ;x/ xf] . o;nfO{ af]nLrfnLsf]
efiffdf lqrL elgG5 . of] ;x/ cfˆgf kj{t, dlGb/, gbL / lzjfnosf nflu gfd'b 5 .
O:6 OlG8of sDkgL / la|l6;sf aLr ePsf] s0ff{6s o'4df lt?lr/fkNnLsf] e"ldsf
cxd\ /x]sf] lyof] .
syf M Ps lzjelQmgL j[4f cfˆgL
cf;Gg–k|;jf k'qLsf] b]vefnsf lgldQ pgsf] 3/lt/ uO/x]sL lyOg\ . k/Gt' dfu{df
gbLdf af9L cfOlbgfn] nIo;Dd k'Ug ;lsgg\ . ctM pgL ;f]xL lsgf/df a;]/ lzjhLsf]
Wofgdf dUg /lxg\ . /ft k¥of] . pgL WofgdUg /xFb} ;f] /ft laTof] klg .
csf{] lbg laxfg x]bf{ gbLdf af9L xl6;s]sf] /x]5 . pgL gbL t/]/ k'qLsf]
3/ k'lug\ . pxfF k'u]kl5 yfxf eof] :jod\ lzjhL j[4f cfdfsf] ¿kdf cfP/ tL k'qLsf] b]vefn ug'{ePsf]
lyof] /x]5 . oxfFsf dflg;x¿df s] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 eg] sNof0fsf/L lzjn] o;k|sf/
cfˆgf c;n eQmx¿sf] kSs} /Ôf ug'{x'G5 .
lt?lr/fkNnLsf] k|frLg gfd
lqlz/fkNnL lyof] . of] ;x/ /fj0fsf] k'q lqlz/n] a;fPsf] lyof] elgG5 . lqlz/
lzjhLsf] 7"nf] eQm lyof] . o;sf/0f lt?lr/fkNnLnfO{ blÔ0fsf] s}nfz xf]
elgG5 .
lt?lr/fkNnLsf bz{gLo :ynx¿ M
!= >L/ª\ugfy:jfdL dlGb/ M >L/Ëgfy:jfdL dlGb/ sfj]/L /
sf]ln8d gbLsf] aLrdf Ps åLkdf cjl:yt 5 . eujfg\ >Llji0f'sf] zogd'b|fdf
d"lt{ :yflkt 5 . >Llji0f'sf] of] dlGb/ ef/tdf ;a}eGbf a9L Ô]qkmn ePsf]
dlGb/ xf] . of] nueu !%^ Ps8 e"lddf km}lnPsf] 5 . %&@) ju{lkm6 cyf{t\
sl/a 8]9 sÝf e"lddf plePsf] d'Vo dlGb/ !#& lkm6 cUnf] 5 . b|flj8
jf:t'snf tyf lzNksnfsf lx;fan] klg of] dlGb/ cTolws dxŒjsf] 5 . oxfF s'n ldnfP/
PSsfO; k|j]zåf/ cyf{t\ uf]k'/d\ / Ps xhf/ kTy/ :tDe 5g\ .
k|j]zåf/nfO{ /fhuf]k'/d\ elgG5 .
dª\l;/ dlxgfdf dgfOg] kj{df nfvf}F eQmhg pkl:yt x'G5g\ . xl/af]lwgL PsfbzLsf]
cj;/df Tof] kj{ dgfOG5 .
@= clvnf08]Zj/L dlGb/ M lt?lr/fkNnL ;x/sf] k|ltli7t
:yfgdf a;]sf] of] dlGb/ sfj]/L gbLlsgf/df 5 . o;nfO{ lt?jf0fLsflan jf hDa's]Zj/
dlGb/ M klg elgG5 . oxfF hDa' j[Ôsf d'lg l:yt lzjlnËnfO{ xfQLåf/f hnfleif]s
u/fOG5 . o; dlGb/nfO{ hnsf] k|lt¿k klg dflgG5 . tldngf8'sf kfFr k|l;4
lzjlnËdWo] o;nfO{ Ps dflgG5 . of] dlGb/ >L/Ëd\ åLkd} 5 . dlGb/ d'Vo¿kdf
kfj{tL b]jLsf] xf] . dlGb/ kl/;/nfO{ lgs}j6f uf]k'/ / gf}j6f tnfpn] 3]l/Psf] 5
. of] dlGb/sf] Ô]qkmn !* Ps8 5 .
#= plrlklnof/ sf]ljn M u0fklt eujfg\df ;dlk{t of] dlGb/
r§fgL lsNnfsf] 6'Kkfdf 5 . b'O{ ;o axQ/ lkm6sf] pFrfOdf /x]sf] of] dlGb/ Ps
kf}/fl0fs lznfn]vsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . l;F9Lsf] r9fO v'a /dfOnf] 5 .
hfg}kg{] 7fpF xf] .
k"/f lt?lr/fkNnLsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ tyf >L/Ëgfe:jfdL dlGb/sf]
lrqdo b[Zo x]g{ klg oxfF k'Ug}k5{ . o; b[ZonfO{ k5fl8 kf/]/ kmf]6f] lvRg
kfOPsf] Ô0f s:tf] xf]nf < cfxf Û
oxfF jf; a:g nh / xf]6ndf k|ltlbg *)) b]lv &))) ?lkofFdf kfOG5 .
cgnfOg a'lsª klg ;xh 5 . xfdL /ft ga:g] ePsfn] o;f] ug'{ gknf{ . lt?lr/fkNnL
/]nj] :6];g cf7 lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 .
#= sNngO{ afFw M lt?lr/fkNnL
$= /s kmf]6{ 6]Dkn M 6]Kkfs'nd\
%= d'Ssf]Da' M lt?lr/fkNnL
^= PkmP;Pd xfOk/ dn M SofG6f]gd]G6
&= cfj/ n]8L ckm n8{]; rr{ M 6]Kkfs'nd\
*= d]g uf8{ u]6 M l;ª\u/ftf]k
(= coKkfg 6]Dkn M SofG6f]gd]G6
!)= k'lnofGrf]nfO{ kmN; M t'/°o'/
!!=
a6/ˆnfO{ kfs{ M >L/ª\ud\
&= >L/ª\ud\ If]q
lt?lr/fkNnLsf >L/Ëd\nfO{ e"nf]ssf] j}s'07 eg]/ hflgG5 . sfj]/L
gbLn] agfPsf] åLkdf cjl:yt of] tLy{e"ld k|fs[lts ef}uf]lns lx;fan] klg
bz{gLo 5 . ;fÔft\ k/d]Zj/ >L/Ëd\ oxLF lgjf; ug'{x'G5 .
a|Xdfn] ;j{k|yd /ËgfyhLsf] cf/fwgf ug'{eof] . tTkZrft\ ;"o{
eujfg\n] clg To;kl5 dxf/fhf cDa/Lif, O{Ijfs', v6\jfË, ;fu/, dfGwftf, c+z'dg,
lbnLk, euL/y, ch, dxf/fh bz/y cflb cg]s b]jtf, Clifu0f / dxfg\ /fhfx¿n]
>L/ËgfyhLsf] cf/fwgf u/] . oL dxfg\ Clifu0f, b]jtf / dxf/fhfx¿sf] gfd
k'/f0fx¿df jl0f{t 5 . cof]Wofdf >L/fdn] >L/Ëgfylju|xsf] k"hf
ug'{eof] . >L/Ëd\ ;ft ljzfnsfo k|frL/x¿n] 3]l/Psf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dlGb/
dflgG5 . o;n] ;ft pk/L :ju{nf]sx¿nfO{ b;f{pFb5 .
k|yd k|frL/ -rf/lbjf/L, kvf{n_ d08ksf] glhs 5, o;nfO{ ;Tonf]s eg]/
lrlgG5 . o;nfO{ dxf/fh rf08]nfj+zL wd{jdf{n] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . bf];|f] k|frL/
tknf]s eg]/ lrlgG5 . o;nfO{ /fhf /fhdx]Gb|n] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . t];|f] k|frL/
hgnf]s eg]/ lrlgG5 . o;nfO{ dxf/fhf s'nz]v/n] agfpg nufPsf lyP . rt'y{ k|frL/
dlxnf{]s xf] . o;nfO{ /fhf lt?dËO{ cNjfn] agfpg nufP . kfFrf}F k|frL/
:jnf{]ssf] gfdn] hflgg] u/]sf] 5 . 5}6f}F k|frL/ e'jnf{]s elgG5 . ;ftf}F
k|frL/n] e"nf]snfO{ b;f{pFb5 . o; tLy{:ynsf] Ô]qkmn !%^ Ps8 xf] eg] oxfFsf
PSsfO; cToGt ;'Gb/ k|j]zåf/ 5g\ h;nfO{ uf]k'/d\ elgG5 . tL x]bf{ cfkm}Fdf
dlGb/´}F nfUb5g\ .
dlGb/sf] blÔ0fdf cjl:yt /fhuf]k'/d\ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] uf]k'/d\ xf]
. of] @#^ lkm6 cUnf] 5 . >L ;Dk|bfosf eQmx¿sf] d'Vo sfof{no >L/Ëd\ g} xf]
. !)* lbJob]zd\ dlGb/x¿df >L/Ëd\sf] gfd k|yd xf] eg]/ lnOG5 . >L/Ëd\nfO{
ef]ud08ksf] gfdn] klg k'sfl/G5 . oxfF eujfg\nfO{ cg]s pT;jdf a8f] >4fsf ;fy
k'lhG5 . jif{sf] #@@ lbg oxfF pT;jsf] dfxf}n x'G5 .
cfnjf/ gfdn] lrlgg] blÔ0f ef/tsf dxfg\ ;Gt ;w}F >L/Ëgfysf] cf/fwgf
ub{5g\ . k/d]Zj/n] cfˆgf cè't nLnfx¿sf] j0f{g oxLF >L/Ëd\df ug'{x'G5 . ;Gt
cfnjf/ eujfg\;Fu cf/fwgf ub{5g\– æx] k|e' Û csf{] hGddf klg d >L/Ëd\d} /xg
kfpmF . d}n] slt hGddf ;fwf/0f s's'/, la/fnf] jf :ofn g} aGg' lsg gk/f];\ x/]s
hGddf d oxLF hGd"F, oxLF /x"F .Æ
j]bx¿df s] elgPsf] 5 eg] olb s'g} JolQmn] >L/Ëd\ hfg] af/]df of]hgf
dfq agfPsf] 5 eg] olQ lrGtgsf sf/0f p;sf ;d:t kfk gi6 eP/ hfG5g\ . pm d'Qm x'G5
. >L/Ëd\sf] gfd :d/0fdfq klg p;sf ;d:t kfk gi6 ug{ ;dy{ 5g\ . >L/Ëd\sf]
Oltxf; cg]s j]b / k'/f0fx¿df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{ cflbz]ifsf
cjtf/ dflgg'x'G5 . pxfF >L/Ëd\d} lgjf; ug'{x'G5 . o;af6 >L/Ëd\sf] dxŒj /
>L/Ëgfysf] k"hfcf/fwgfsf] dxŒj c´ :ki6 x'G5 . >L/Ëd\df >Lkfb
/fdfg'hfrfo{sf] dlGb/ 5 . >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{ >L ;Dk|bfosf d'Vo u'?
dflgg'x'G5 .
eujfg\ cgGtz]ifdf zog ul//xg'x'G5 . >L/Ëd\sf nflu >Lkfb
/fdfg'hfrfo{sf] b]g csNkgLo 5 . pxfFn] >L/ËgfyhLsf] ax'd"No ;]jf
ug'{eof] . pxfFn] >L/ËgfyhLsf] dlxdf ljZjel/ lkmFhfpg'eof] . pxfFn] ;a}
ljlwljwfgx¿ enLefFtL :yfkgf ug'{eof] / o;af6 eujfg\sf] d"lt{k"hgsf]
c´ a9L lj:tf/ x'g ;Sof] .
eujfg\nfO{ r9fOg] ef]uk|;fb s;/L tof/ ul/g'k5{, eujfg\nfO{ ck{0f h]h]
j:t' tof/ ul/GYof], pxfF cfkm}F tL ;a}sf] x]/rfx ug'{x'GYof] . pxfFn] cg]s
j}i0fj ;flxTo w]/} ;'Gb/ 9Ën] n]Vg'eof] . ltgn] eujfg\sf] dlxdfnfO{ Psbd ;'Gb/
tl/sfn] k|bz{g ub{5g\ . pxfFn] j}i0fj ePkl5 p;sf] /xg;xg s:tf] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{
eGg] lzÔf ;a}nfO{ lbg'eof] . >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{sf] >L/Ëd\k|lt clt
7"nf] nufj lyof] . pxfFsf ldqx¿ >L/Ëd\ zAb ;'Ggf;fy c>'wf/f axfpFby]
. o;}u/L pxfFsf] eujfg\ >L/Ëgfyk|lt klg c;Ld nufj lyof] .
PskN6 >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{ sf~rLk'/d\af6 >L/Ëd\ cfpg'eof] .
eujfg\n] pxfFnfO{ cfˆgf] lghL dfnf / ef]uk|;fbåf/f :jfut ug'{eof] . >Lkfb
/fdfg'hfrfo{n] eujfg\nfO{ ;f]Wg'eof]– æx] eujfg\ Û k|e'n] d]/f] :jfutsf nflu
olt 7"nf] si6 lsg p7fpg'eof] <Æ
eujfg\n] eGg'eof]— æd t clnslt dfq lxF8]F . ltdLn] t sf~rLk'/d\b]lv
>L/Ëd\;Dd cfpg olt nfdf] af6 to u¥of} .Æ
eujfg\ :jod\n] /fdfg'hfrfo{nfO{ /xga:gsf nflu lgjf;:yfg k|bfg ug'{eof]
. >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{ lgjf; ug'{ePsf] ejg cfh klg ;'/lÔt 5 . o;} ejgdf /x]/
pxfFn] cfˆgf cfZro{hgs nLnfx¿sf] k|bz{g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cr]n pxfFs} cg'ofoL
h;nfO{ xfdL lho/ :jfdL eg]/ hfGb5f}F, o;} ejgdf a:g'x'G5 . >L/Ëd\sf
s'gfs'gfdf cfh klg >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{sf :d[ltx¿ 5g\ .
ha pxfFn] cGTodf b]xTofu ug'{eof], eujfg\n] k'hf/LnfO{ eGg'eof]–
ælogsf] clGtd ;+:sf/ dlGb/leq ul/lbg" .Æ
pQm :yfgnfO{ j;Gtd08kd\ elgG5 . eujfg\sf] cfb]zcg';f/ pxfFsf] clGtd
;+:sf/ j;Gtd08kd\d} ul/of] . t];|f] lbgdf >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{sf] z/L/ k'gM
k|s6 eof] . >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{sf] :jod\ lbJo z/L/ cfh klg b]Vg kfOg]5 .
k'hf/Lx¿n] pxfFsf] lbJo z/L/nfO{ lat]sf cf7 ;o kRrL; jif{;Dd ;Dxfn]/ /fv]sf 5g\
. o;sf nflu pgLx¿n] k"/} z/L/df k|ltlbg s]z/ / sk"/sf] n]k nufpg]
ub{5g\ . xfdLn] Wofg lbP/ x]¥of} eg] pxfFsf gª / cf}Fnfx¿ cfh klg b]Vg kfpF5f}F
.
>Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{sf] lbJo z/L/;Fu} pxfFsf u'?sf] klg d"lt{ 5 .
>Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{ nueu Ps xhf/ jif{ cl3 k|s6 x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] o;
w/tLdf Ps ;o aL; jif{;Dd cfˆgf nLnfx¿ ug'{eof] . oxfF >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{sf
x:tfÔ/ klg x]g{ kfOg]5 . >L/Ëd\df bz{gfy{ cfpg] eQmx¿nfO{ cfzLjf{b lbgsf
nflu >Lkfb /fdfg'hfrfo{ ;w}F;w}F xfdL;Fu} /xg'x'g]5 .
>L/Ëd\df nIdLb]jLsf] Ps eJo dlGb/ 5 . >Lsf] cy{ b]jL nIdL x'G5 /
/Ëd\sf] cy{ g[To:yfg . b]jL nIdLs} sf/0f o; :yfgsf] gfd >L/Ëd\ /xg uPsf] xf]
. oxfF nIdL b]jLnfO{ >L/Ëgfyof/sf] gfdn] klg hflgG5 . eujfg\sf]
cfudgk"j{ b]jL o;} :yfgdf lgjf; ug'{x'GYof] .
s] ljZjf; ul/G5 eg] >L/Ëgfyof/sf] b[li6 h;dfly kg{ uof], p;nfO{ 1fg,
zlQm, P]Zjo{, ljhosf] j/bfg k|fKt x'G5 . /lt, dlt, ;/:jtL, w[lt, ;d[l4, l;l4,
>]of olt ;ft JolQmTj b]jLsf] ;]jfdf x/avt tof/ /xG5g\, h;/L 3f]8f bf}l8gsf
nflu hltv]/} klg tDtof/ /xG5 .
eujfg\ >L/Ëgfysf] bz{g ug'{k"j{ >L/Ëgfyof/ cyf{t\ nIdLsf]
bz{g ug'{kb{5 . dlGb/leq tLg lju|x b]Vg ;lsG5 . k|yd lju|xnfO{ pT;jd"lt{
elgG5 . pxfFnfO{ g} >L/Ëgfyof/sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . aLrdf / k5fl8k6\l6
>Lb]jLsf] lju|x :yflkt 5 . d';ndfgx¿sf] cfj|md0fsf] ;dodf j}i0fjx¿n] d'Vo
lju|xsf] /Ôfsf nflu Ps k|frL/ agfpg nufP clg pT;jlju|xnfO{ Ps ljNjj[Ôsf d'lg
n'sfP/ /fv] . s]xL ;dokl5 k'hf/Lx¿n] bf];|f] lju|xnfO{ kvf{nsf ;fd' /fv] . o;
36gfsf] ;f7L jif{kl5sf k'hf/Lx¿nfO{ yfxf eof] d'Vo lju|x t kvf{naflx/}
n'sfOPsf] 5 eg]/ .
To; ;do 7"nf] jiff{n] pQm ;fgf] cfsf/sf] lju|xnfO{ vf]tn]/
lgsflnlbof] . clg pQm lju|xnfO{ k'gM :j:yfgdf :yflkt ul/of] . o;sf/0f cfh ToxfF
tLg lju|x b]Vg kfOPsf] xf] .
>L/Ëgfyof/sf] v';Ldf cg]s pT;jx¿ dgfOG5 . xfdLn] klg s'g} g s'g}
pT;j b]Vg kfpg]5f}F . gj/flqsf] cj;/df >L/ËgfyhLsf] ;a}eGbf lk|o xfQLn] dfpy
cuf{g ahfpFb5 . xfQLn] >L/Ëgfyof/sf] cf/fdsf nflu rDd/n] ;]jf ub{5 . cGTodf
xfQL cfˆgf tLg uf]8fn] lxF8]/ hfG5 . gj/fqsf] pT;jdf >L/ª\gfyof/nfO{
:j0f{lgld{t gj/flq–d08kd\df a;fOG5 . jif{el/df gj/fqdf dfq xfdLn]
>L/Ëgfyof/sf r/0fsdnsf] bz{g kfpFb5f}F .
>L/Ëgfysf] pT;jd"lt{nfO{ xfdL gdk]?dnsf] gfdn] hfGb5f}F .
>L/Ëd\df eujfg\sf] kbofqfsf] b[Zo cToGt ;'Gb/ x'G5 . eujfg\sf] ;'Gb/tf /
pxfFsf] lxF8fOsf] rfn w]/} k|l;4 5 . pxfFsf] rfn cg]s 5g\– l;+xult, uhult,
x+;ult, ;k{ult cflb . gdk]?dn pT;jsf] ;'?df eujfg\sf] rfn l;+x´}F
;ts{tfk"0f{ x'G5 . eujfg\ k'gM lgjf; kms{g] a]nfdf b'nfdf l5g{ nfu]sf]
;k{´}F tLj| ultdf pxfFsf] ofqf rNb5 .
;a} cnjf/n] >L/ËgfynfO{ s[i0f;dfg ;D´]/ pxfFsf] k"hf u/] .
eujfg\ /Ëgfysf] lbJo z/L/af6 gf}gLsf] uGw cfpF5 . o:tf] lsg ePsf] eg] pxfFsf
s[i0f¿kn] ptf j[Gbfjgdf gf}gL rf]g'{x'GYof] . gdk]?dnsf] z/L/df 8f]/Lsf] lgzfg
b]lvG5 . s[i0fnfO{ gf}gL rf]/]sf] eg]/ dftfn] 8f]/Ln] Pp6f sf7df afFWg'ePsf]
lyof] .
k'hf/Lx¿ eG5g\– >L/fd cjtf/ lnFbf eujfg\n] sfFwdf sf]b08 wg'if u|x0f
ug'{eof], >L/Ëgfysf] sfFwdf o;}sf] lrGx kfOG5 .
t];|f] k|frL/df xfdLn] ;/:jtL tyf xou|Ljf dlGb/ b]Vg kfpF5f}F . oxfF
od/fh Ps b'/fTdfnfO{ nUgsf nflu Pp6f 8f]/L klj|m/x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'Gg]df ptf lrqu'Kt
plePsf 5g\ .
h'g JolQmn] elQm Pjd\ k|]dn] >L/Ëgfy eujfg\sf] bz{g ub{5 p;nfO{
d[To' / od/fhsf] eoaf6 t'?Gt d'lQm ldNb5 . PsfbzLsf] lbgdf oxfF kl/j|mdf ugf{n]
cToGt w]/} k'0o k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . ;f}efUojz xfdL ljhof PsfbzLs} lbgdf
ToxfF k'u]sf x'g]5f}F / xfdLn] ;f] cj;/ u'dfpg'x'Fb}g . cg]s ;'Gb/ :tDex¿sf]
aLr}aLr uOG5 . o; sl/8f]/nfO{ lxGbLdf ulnof/f elgG5 . xfdL Pp6f ;'Gb/ d08kd\df
k'Ug]5f}F . o;nfO{ lj/hf gbL elgG5 . of] gbL e"d08ndfly axG5, / oxfF klg
alx/x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f eQmhgx¿ oxfF cfP/ lj/hf gbLnfO{ b08jt\ k|0ffd ub{5g\ .
hf] JolQm o; b'lgofFsf] dfofdf]xaf6 d'Qm, lj/Qm / j}/fuL 5, p;n] oxfF gbLsf]
axfjsf] cfjfh ;lhn} ;'Gb5 . o;kl5 p;n] k/DkbjT;nsf] pkflw k|fKt ub{5 .
oxfF j}s'07 PsfbzLdf dfq v'Ng] Ps åf/ 5 . hf] JolQm pQm lbgdf o; åf/sf]
cufl8 eP/ hfG5, p;n] j}s'07nf]s k|fKt ub{5 elgPsf] 5 . j}s'07nf]sdf hGd /
d[To'sf] s'g} si6 /xFb}g .
kl/j|mdf ub{} k"j© lbzfdf k'Ubf xfdLn] rf/ JolQmTj b]Vg ;Sg]5f}F .
s[i0f, xg'dfg, 3f]8f / g]qxLg dT:o . dflg; d/]kl5 dfu{df lji0f'b"tn]
;f]Wg]5g\– s] ltdLn] >L/Ëd\sf] bz{g u/]sf 5f} < o:tf] a]nfdf oL rf/ lbJo
JolQmn] xfdL >L/Ëd\ bz{gfy{ k'u]sf] k|df0f lbg]5g\ .
oxfF cGo cg]s d"lt{lju|x klg 5g\ . blÔ0fk"j© s'gfdf xfdLn] Ps
Ogf/ b]Vg]5f}F . o;nfO{ l3psf] s'jf elgG5 . klxn] eQmhgx¿ eujfg\sf] pkf;gfdf l3p
r9fpFby] / xjg ub{y] . o;}sf] 5]pdf csf{] klg s'jf 5, o;nfO{ b'Uws'08 elgG5 .
of] s'jf b"w hDdf ug{sf nflu k|of]u x'GYof] . oxLF eujfg\sf] 8f]nf]T;j
d08kd\ klg 5 . oxfF eujfg\ lkª v]Ng'x'GYof] .
t];|f] k|frL/df alnlstd\ dlGb/ 5 . oxLF xg'dfgsf] dlGb/ klg 5 . eQmx¿
>L/Ëgfysf] bz{g ug'{k"j{ xg'dfgsf] bz{g u5{g\ . oxfF Ps :j0f{dl08t
u'Dah 5 . of] u'Dah >L/Ëljdfgd\ gfdn] lrlgG5 . o;sf] bz{gaf6 ;d:t kfk
w'ln;ft\ x'g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . of] ljdfg a|Xdb]jn] b"wsf] dxf;fu/df
e]§fpg'ePsf] lyof] . a|Xdb]jn] ;Tonf]sdf >L/Ëljdfgsf] k"hf ug'{–eof] .
kl5 >L/fdn] cof]Wofdf /Ëljdfgsf] k"hg ug'{eof] . kl5 >L/fdn]
of] ljdfg ljeLif0fnfO{ k|bfg ug'{eof] . ljeLif0fn] of] ljdfg lnP/ cfP clg
>L/Ëd\df o;sf] :yfkgf u/] . /Ëljdfg :j0f{dl08t 5 . o;nfO{ k|0fjfsf/ ljdfg
elgG5 . o; ljdfgdfly gf}j6f ;'Gb/ snz :yflkt 5g\ . gju|xn] logsf] pkf;gf ub{5g\
. /Ëljdfgsf] k5fl8k6\l6 c¿ rf/j6f snz :yflkt 5g\ . oL rf/ snznfO{ rf/ j]bsf]
¿kdf xfd|f ;fd' k|s6 ePsf] dflgG5 . oL rf/ snzsf ;fd' kfFr yk snz 5g\ .
logLx¿n] k~rtŒjsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ M k[YjL, hn, cfsfz, jfo', clUg . oL;Fu
c7f/ kqbn klg 5g\ . logn] c7f/ dxfk'/f0fx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . kqbnd'lg Ps
;o cf7 uf]nfsf/ cfs[lt klg 5g\, ltgn] rflxF !)* pklgifb\sf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{
k|:t't ub{5g\ . cGo lrqx¿n] t]QL; s/f]8 b]jtfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ .
:j0f{dl08t o; /Ëljdfgsf rf/ lbzfdf rf/ >]i7 d"lt{ klg :yflkt 5g\ .
oxfF blÔ0f lbzfdf jf;'b]j, klZrd lbzfdf cRo't lju|x 5, pQ/df cgGt lju|x
/ k"j© lbzfdf uf]ljGb / s[i0fsf] d"lt{ :yflkt 5 . ctM dflg;x¿ x/]s
lju|x;fd' k'Ubf pQm d"lt{cg';f/sf dGqx¿ pRrf/0f ub{5g\ . h:tf], klZrd
lbzfdf cRo'tsf ;fd' k'Ubf ç cRo'tfo gdM, pQ/tkm{ ha cgGtlju|xsf] gh/ x'G5
dflg;n] ç cgGtfo gdM eGg'kb{5 .
a|Xdf08k'/fdf a|Xdb]j / ;gTs'df/sf aLrdf hf] jftf{nfk eof] ;f] n]lvPsf]
5 . a|Xdb]j cfkm}F eGg'x'G5– æhf] JolQm o; ljdfgsf] PskN6 kl/j|mdf ub{5, p;n]
Ps xhf/ clUgi6f]d o1 / ;f]x| xhf/ jfhk]o o1sf] nfe k|fKt ub{5 .Æ
pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] 5– æd}n] o; ljdfgsf] kl/j|mdf a8]a8] Clifd'lgx¿sf ;fy
afx|k6s u/]F . h'g JolQmn] o;sf] kl/j|mdf PskN6 dfq eP klg ub{5, ;f/f b]jtfu0f
p;b]lv k|;Gg x'g]5g\ . h'g JolQmn] /Ëljdfgsf] kl/j|mdf u¥of], p;n] a|fXd0fxTof,
uf}xTofh:tf 3f]/ kfksd{af6 ;d]t d'lQm k|fKt ub{5 .Æ
PskN6 nIdLb]jLn] /ËgfyhL;Fu ;f]Wg'eof]– ædg'iosf nflu o; ef}lts ;+;f/sf
si6af6 d'lQm kfpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm pkfo s] xf]nf <Æ
æ>L/Ë ljdfgsf] bz{g, k|0ffd, kl/j|mdf . h'g JolQmn] oL tLg pkfo
ckgfpF5, p;n] cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ ;t\, lrt\, cfgGb agfpg ;Qm5 . oL tLg pkfodWo]
ljdfgsf] kl/j|mdf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .Æ
>L/Ë/flugLn] eGg'eof]– æh;n] o; ljdfgsf] jl/kl/ b'O{ of Ps}kN6 dfq
eP klg kl/j|mdf u¥of], p;n] ;f/f u|xd08nsf] kl/j|mdfsf] nfe kfof] . h;n] o;
ljdfgsf] k6sk6s kl/j|mdf u¥of], / c¿nfO{ klg ug{ k|]l/t u¥of], p;n] t Ps nfvkN6
ç gdf] gf/fo0fM dGqsf] pRrf/0f u/]sf] kmn kfpg]5 . h;n] >L/Ë ljdfgsf]
rf}aL;kN6 kl/j|mdf u¥of], p;n] Ps s/f]8kN6 ufoqL dGq pRrf/0f u/]sf] nfe k|fKt
ub{5 . kl/j|mdf ugf{n] JolQm ladf/L / ul/aLaf6 d'Qm eP/ hfG5 . >L/Ëgfysf
cfzLjf{bn] p;sf ;f/f OR5f k"/f eP/ hfG5g\ .Æ
oxfF sflt{s uf]k'/d\ klg 5 . xfdL sflt{sdf;df k'Ug] ePsfn] sflt{s
uf]k'/d\ k'Ug' pQd 5 . xfdL rGb|kfqf]cg';f/ cflZjgdf;d} k'u]sf x'G5f}F t}klg
;f}o{kfqf]cg';f/ of] sflt{s g} x'g]5 . o; ;dodf eQmhgx¿ tfnj[Ô tf8sf kQfx¿sf]
Psbd 7"nf] y'k|f] agfpF5g\ . tf8sf kftsf] y'k|fdf w]/} k6sfx¿ /flvG5 . kl5
/Ëgfysf] ofqf rn]sf] a]nf Tof] y'k|fdf eujfg\sf] ;fd'df cfuf] nufOG5 . k6sfx¿
k8\s]/ pT;jnfO{ /f}gsdo agfpF5g\ .
sflt{s dlxgfdf oxfF Psbd eJo k6sf pT;j x'g] u5{ . o; dlxgfdf dlGb/nfO{
;'Gb/ bLkx¿ k|Hjng u/]/ ;hfOG5 . of] uf]k'/d\ kf/ u/]kl5 xfdL u?8 d08kd\df
cfOk'Ug]5f}F . oxfF cg]s /fhfx¿ / eQmx¿sf lzNk b]Vg]5f}F . ltgLx¿n] dlGb/sf]
ljleGg efux¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{df ;xfotf u/]sf lyP . u?8 d08kg]/ Ps ;'Gb/ xfQL 5 .
of] xfQL eujfg\ >L/Ëgfysf] ljZjfl;nf] bf;L xf] . p;sf] gfd cG8fh xf] .
d08ksf] aLrdf ljzfn u?8lju|x 5 . of] u?8 a;]sf] cj:yfdf 5 . u?8
b]jtfnfO{ /Ëgfysf] jfxg dflgG5 . of] lju|x sl/a tL; lkm6 cUnf] 5 . u?8sf]
z/L/df cfe"if0f / ljleGg lsl;dsf j:qx¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;sf] j:qsf nflu #^
ld6/ sk8f rflxG5 .
gdnjf/ M afx| cnjf/dWo] Ps x'g\ logL .
u?8 d08ksf] klZrdk6\l6 gdnjf/sf] dlGb/ :yflkt 5 .
*= t]Ghf}/
t]Ghf}/ cyf{t\ tGhO{ ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHosf] !@cf}F 7"nf] ;x/ xf]
. blIf0f ef/tsf] of] 7"nf] wfld{s, jf:t'snf, lrqsnf, d"lt{snf,
sfi7snf / ;ª\uLtsf] s]Gb| xf] . oxfF rf]n /fhj+zsf] kfnfdf o; ;x/ / j/k/sf]
If]qdf h]hlt dlGb/ ag], ltgn] cfh ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf 5g\ .
logLx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf rlr{t a[xbLZj/ dlGb/ xf] . of] rf]n ;d|f6\ /fh/fhf k|ydn]
;x/sf] dWoefudf agfPs]f dlGb/ xf] . oxfFsf] gGbL Ps} 9'ª\uf] sf6L agfOPsf
ljZjsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf gGbLsf] ;"rLdf 5 . t]Ghf]/ ;x/ oxfFsf] ljlzi6
t]Ghf}/ lrqsnf / z}nLsf nflu klg gfd'b 5 . sfj]/L gbL–pkTosfsf] of] ;a}eGbf
d'Vo s[life"ld xf] . o;nfO{ tldngf8'sf] cGge08f/ elgG5 . oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf
glhssf] Po/kf]6{ lt?lr/fkNnL / aGb/ufx s/}sfn xf] .
rf]nx¿sf] zf;gsfndf o; ;x/sf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 eof] / o;sf] To; e]ssf]
;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ;x/sf] ¿kdf pbo eof] . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ ;fd|fHosf] /fhwfgL
/ d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/] . rf]nj+zsf] ktgkl5 d'b/}o/ /fhj+z,
kf08\oj+z, ljhogu/ ;fd|fHo, db'/}sf gfosx¿, t]Ghf}/sf gfosx¿, t]Ghf}/sf d/f7fx¿
/ la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] lx:;f /xFb} Oltxf; cl3 a9\of] .
tldngf8'sf] t]Ghf}/ ;x/df xfdL k'Ug}kg{] 7fpF b'O6f 5g\ .
s= a[xbLZj/ dlGb/ M ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
kg{] of] dlGb/ rf]n o'usf] ;a}eGbf h]7f] / hLljt dlGb/ xf] . oxfF eujfg\ lzjsf
g[To/t d"lt{x¿ 5g\, h;nfO{ g6/fh elgG5 . oxfFsf] u|]gfO6sf] /x:o cfh;Dd
s;}n] ;'N´fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . k]?a'l6of/ sf]ljn gfdn] :yfgLo hgtfn] af]nfpF5g\ .
of] o:tf] dlGb/ xf] h;sf] 5fof huGgfy k'/Lsf ´}F slxNo} e"lddf
kb{}g . o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fdf huGgfyk'/Lsf] dlGb/ lgdf{0fdf ´}F s'g} k|sf/sf]
Un' of r'gf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5}g . t/ klg of] ztflAbof}Fb]lv Ho"FsfTo"F
v8f 5 . of] dlGb/ Ps xhf/ jif{eGbf k'/fgf] xf] . /fhf /fh rf]n k|ydaf6 ;g\ !)!)
df lgdf{0f u/fOPsf] xf] . !#),))) 6g u|]gfO6 kTy/n] of] ag]sf] 5 . o; Ô]qdf
sxLF klg u|]gfO6 kfOFb}g .
oltsf u|]gfO6 s;/L sxfFaf6 NofOof], of] /x:o cfh;Dd v'n]sf] 5}g . of]
dlGb/ t]x| tn] 5, / $$ Ps8df km}lnPsf] o; dlGb/sf] pFrfO @!^ lkm6 5 . dlGb/
:yfkgfsf] !))) jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf ef/tdf !))) ?lkofFsf] l;Ssf agfOof] h;sf]
tf}n #% u|fd lyof] . o;df c;L k|ltzt rfFbL / aL; k|ltzt tfdf ld;fOPsf] 5 .
dlGb/sf] 6'Kkfdf Ps snz 5 . lzv/df /flvPsf] Psdfq kTy/ nueu Psf;L 6gsf]
5 . of] s;/L ToxfF r9fOof] xf]nf < p;a]nf qm]g jf cGo oGq lyPgg\ . vfln
xfQLsf] andf Tof] s;/L Tolt dfly r9fOof] xf]nf, cg'dfg ug{;d]t sl7g 5 . ef/tLo
l/ha{ a}Ín] !(%$ sf] Ps xhf/sf] gf]6df o; dlGb/sf] lrq 5fk]sf] 5 .
oxfFaf6 nueu ^) lsnf]ld6/sf] 3]/fdf s'g} kxf8 5}g, s'g} kTyl/nf]
e"ld 5}g . s;/L o;nfO{ rflxg] kTy/ NofOof] xf]nf < oxfFsf] !# lkm6
cUnf] gGbL klg Ps} kTy/af6 ag]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] lzjlnË ;f}/fi6«af6 NofOPsf] xf] .
sDtLdf klg @%) 6gsf] 9'Ëf] NofP, sf6]/ agfP . pt} agfP/ NofpFbf To;df bfu /
r]f6 nfUg ;SYof], olt nfdf] af6f] NofpFbf . /f]8 lyPg, k'n lyPgg\, 6«s lyPgg\,
ljGWofrn kxf8 kf/ u/fP/ Tof] s;/L NofP <
of] dlGb/ k'8'sf]§}sf] kxf8af6 kTy/ nuL agfOPsf] xf] . a[xbLZj/ dlGb/
tLgj6f 5g\ M != /fh/fhf k|ydn] agfpg nufPsf] t]Ghf}/sf] @= uª\ufO{sf]G8f,
rf]nfk'/d\sf] /fhf /fh]Gb| k|ydn] agfpg nufPsf], #= P]/fjt]Zj/ dlGb/ /fhf /fh låtLon]
agfpg nufPsf], t]Ghf}/sf] . ;d|f6\ czf]sn] agfPsf lznfn]vdf ;d]t rf]n /fHosf]
pNn]v x'g'n] of] /fhj+z O;fk"j{ #)) d} lyof] eGg] b]lvG5 .
v= t]Ghf}/ d/f7f Kofn]; / /f]on Kofn];
Do'lhod .
o'6\o'adf lbOPsf] Ps lel8of]sf cg';f/ t]Ghf}/df e|d0fof]Uo :yfgx¿
o;k|sf/ 5g\–
!= a[xbLZj/ dlGb/, afnu0fkltgu/ -;x/sf] d'Vo efu,
gx/sf] pQ/k6\l6, /fhb/af/s} k"j{k6\l6_
@= lzjuª\uf kfs{, afnu0fkltgu/
#= :jfdLdnO{ dlGb/, s'Dasf]gd\ -$) lsld k/ 5_
$= /f]on Kofn]; Do'lhod, /fhs[i0fk'/d\ -;x/leq 5_
%= ;/:jtL dxn nfOa|]/L -/fhb/af/leq_ t]Ghf}/
^= lt?jnGr'hL, s'Dasf]gd\
&= dgf]/f kmf]6{, t]Ghf}/ -() lsld_
*= /fdfZjfdL dlGb/, s'Dasf]gd\
(= tldn o'lgel;{6L Do'lhod, lkNnof/k6\6L, t]Ghf}/ .
(= lrbDa/d\ M
tldngf8'sf] s'8\8fnf]/ lhNnfdf kg{] ;x/ lrbDa/d\ Ps P]ltxfl;s wfld{s
;x/ xf] . e]Nn/ / sf]lnbd gbLsf] aLrdf a;]sf] of] ;x/ kNnj, rf]n, kf08\o,
ljhogu/ ;fd|fHo, t]Ghf}/ gfos, d/f7f / la|l6;x¿af6 zfl;t eof] . of] P]ltxfl;s
ljhogu/ /fHosf] /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . ltNnO{ g6/fh dlGb/ / ltNnO{ sfnL
dlGb/sf sf/0f klg of] ;x/ k|l;4 5 . lbJo>L uf]ljGb/fhf k]?dn dlGb/
-lt?lrqs"8d\_ ef/tsf !)* lbJob]zd\dWo] Ps xf] . of] dlGb/ ltNnO{ g6/fh
dlGb/ kl/;/d} 5 . o; Ô]qsf cGo tLg k|l;4 k|frLg dlGb/x¿df lt?j]6snd\ lzj dlGb/
-j8ls?Kk'_, lt?g]njOn lzjdlGb/ -lzjk'/L_ / lt?SshLKkNnO{ kNjGggfy/\ dlGb/
kb{5g\ .
nueu ^%,))) hgtfsf] a;f]jf; ePsf] ;fgf] wfld{s ;x/ xf] of] cfh . ;g\
!(@( df ag]sf] cGgdnO{ ljZjljBfno o; e"efusf] ;a}eGbf h]7f] /
dxŒjk"0f{ z}lÔsk|lti7fg xf] . o; ;x/sf] cfosf] d'Vo ;|f]t ko{6g xf] .
lrt\ zAbsf] cy{ 1fg, hfu/0f, ljj]s jf r]tgf xf] eg] cDa/d\sf] cy{
cfsfz, kl/j]z jf jftfj/0f xf] . o;y{ lrbDa/d\ zAbn] 1fg jf r]tgfsf] kl/j]z eGg]
cy{ lbG5 . o;af6 ;x/sf] k|lti7f 1fg, ljj]s, a'l4h:tf s'/f;Fu slt hf]l8Psf] 5 a'‰g
sl7g 5}g .
syfcg';f/ ltNnO{ kxf8df cg]s Clifd'lgx¿ a:ty] . ltgLx¿ tGqljBf,
hfb'6'gf cflbsf] cEof; ub{y] . pgLx¿nfO{ nfUYof], dGq / o1ofuflbåf/f O{Zj/nfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . eujfg\ lzjhLn] of] s'/f yfxf kfpg'eof] . pxfF leÔf6g ug{]
leÔ'sf] e]ifdf 3'Db}3'Db} oxfF cfpg'eof] . lzjhLsf ;fydf df]lxgL¿k lji0f'hL
kTgL¿kdf x'g'x'GYof] . Clif / ClifkTgLx¿ of] hf]8Lsf] cg'kd ¿k;f}Gbo{ b]v]/
dGqd'Uw eP . cfˆgf kTgLx¿ lzjhLsf] ¿kdf df]lxt b]v]/ Clifx¿ kTgLx¿;Fu Psbd
l/;fP . l/;fPsf Clifx¿n] dGq / of]uljBfåf/f gfu pTkGg u/] . lzjhLn] tL
gfux¿nfO{ xftdf lng'eO{ h6f, 3fF6L / sDd/df dfnfsf] ¿kdf wf/0f ug'{eof] . of]
b]v]/ Clifx¿ c´ l/;fP . pgLx¿n] l/;sf] ´f]Fsdf dGq k|of]u u/L af3 pTkGg u/] .
lzjhLn] pÏ af3sf] 5fnf sDd/df a]/]/ j:qsf] ¿kdf nufpg'eof] . Clifx¿ c´ l/;fP,
pgLx¿n] dGqåf/f xfQL pTkGg u/] . lzjhLn] To;nfO{ dfl/lbg'eof] . of] syf
uhf;'/;+xf/ eGg] syfdf k9\g kfOG5 .
Clifx¿n] cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ tk:of, dGqzlÏ / tGqljBf vr{ u/]/ d'ofnsg
gfdsf] cToGt eofgs / qm'4 /fÔ; pTkGg u/] . d'ofnsg /fÔ; qmf]w, 3dG8 /
d"v{tfsf] gd'gf lyof] . of] b]v]/ lzjhL d';'Ss d':sfpg'eof] . pxfFn] To;
/fÔ;sf] sfFwdf r9]/ To;nfO{ lg:t]h kfg'{eof] . /fÔ; r6k6fpg} ;s]g . To;kl5
lzjhLn] cfˆgf] ;SsnL ¿k k|s6 ub{} cfgGb tf08jd\ b]vfpg yfNg'eof] . Clifd'lgx¿n]
cfkm";Fu hlt;'s} of]uzlÏ, tGqljBf, tk:ofan, WofgzlÏ jf dGqljBf eP klg
dxfb]jsf cufl8 ltgsf] s]xL rNb}g eGg] a'´] . pgLx¿ dxfb]jsf] z/0fdf k/] .
tldn ;flxTosf] k|frLgtd ljj/0fdf o; ;x/ / dlGb/sf] rrf{ kfOG5 . ;ftf}F
ztfAbLsf sljx¿n] o; e"ldsf] ;'Gb/ sfJofTds rrf{ u/]/ otfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ cd/
agfPsf 5g\ . lt?1fg ;+jGt/, lt?gj'Ss/;/ / ;'Gb/d"lt{ gfog/ cflb tLg
sljx¿n] o; e"efusf] ;'Gb/ j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ .
o; ;x/df Hofbfh;f] ;do ud© x'G5 . l8;]Da/ / hgj/Ldf clns zLtn x'G5 .
jif{el/df cS6f]a/ / gf]e]Da/df ;a}eGbf Hofbf jiff{ x'G5 eg] km]a'|c/L, dfr{ /
clk|ndf ;a}eGbf sd kfgL k5{ .
lzjhLsf] g6/fh cjtf/ lrbDa/d\ ;x/sf d'Vo b]jtf x'g\ eg] df/ufhL
lt?jflb/} pT;j oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kj{ xf] . of] lrbDa/d\ dlGb/;Fu
;DalGwt kj{ xf] . of] kj{ jif{el/sf z'Snrt'b{zLdf dgfOG5 . lzjhL cfb|f{ gÔq
kf/]/ oxfF cjtl/t x'g'x'G5 eGg] dflg;x¿ ljZjf; u/L of] pT;j dgfpF5g\ . df3
dlxgfdf ef/tel/af6 oxfF e/tgf6Ød\ k|bz{gfy{ gt{s–g[TofËgfx¿ e]nf x'G5g\ . of]
zf:qLo g[To lzjdf ;dlk{t ul/G5 . e/tgf6Ød e/td'lgn] ;'?cft u/]sf] dflgG5 . of]
g[To ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] g[To xf] . ef/tsf cGo k|l;4 zf:qLo g[Tox¿
s'lrk'8L, sTys, sTysnL, dl0fk'/L / cf]l8;L x'g\ . e/tgf6Ød\ tldngf8'sf] df}lns
zf:qLo g[To xf] . e/tgf6Ød\ dlGb/x¿df lzjhLdf ck{0f ug{sf nflu gf/Lx¿åf/f dfq
gflrGYof] . of] g[To !(#) b]lv dfq ;fj{hlgs d~rx¿df k|bz{g ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .
of] g[To Ps hgfn] nuftf/ b'O{ 306f;Dd k|:t't ul/G5 . aLrdf klx/g km]g{] cflb
s'g} sfd x'Fb}g .
gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf j]gsL /fds[i0fg\ o;} ;x/df ;g\ !(%@ df hGd]sf lyP
. oxfFsf P]oKkf/ lblÔtf/ -!%@)–!%(#_ k|l;4 of]uL / cå}t dtsf k|rf/s tyf cWo]tf
lyP .
cn OlG8of cGgf b|lj8 d'Gg]q shud\, b|lj8 d'Gg]q shud\, sDo'lg:6 kf6©
ckm OlG8of -dfS;{jfbL_, ef/tLo /fli6«o sfFu|]; tyf tldn dflg; sfFu|];n] oxfF
r'gfj lht]sf 5g\ . xfn cn OlG8of b|lj8 d'Gg]q shud\sf g]tf s]=P kfl08og o;
Ô]qsf ljwfos -PdPnP_ 5g\ .
!)= lkrj/d\
lrbDa/d\g]/sf] kf/fª\uLk6\6}sf ;d'b|lsgf/sf ufpFx¿dWo]
lkrj/d\ Ps xf] . of] ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHosf] s'8\8fnf]/ lhNnfdf k5{ . of]
pQ/df j]nf/ gbLd'vb]lv sf]n?d gbLd'v;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . of] lsNn} Aofsjf6;{ /
Dofgu|f]e jgsf sf/0f rlr{t 5 . Dofgu|f]e
jg:klt s]xL lkm6 ulx/f] kfgLdf afSn} h/f uf8]/ km}lnPsf] x'G5 . of] ko{6sLo
laGb' lrbDa/d\af6 !% lsnf]ld6/dfq k5{ .
lkrj/d\df Dofgu|f]e jgsf] ljzfn km}nfj6 5 hxfF
Aofsjf6;{df htftt} ;fgf;fgf xf]rf 6fk' 5g\ . of] jg ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] Dofgu|f]e
jg xf] eg]/ bfaL ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] If]qkmn nueu $% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ 5 . oxfF
cfly{s lx;fan] d"Nojfg\ zª\s, l;kL / df5f kfOG5g\ . o; jgn] cg]s k/b]zL /
:yfgLo r/fnfO{ cfsif{0f u/L cf>o pknAw u/fpF5 . ;+;f/sf !&& hftsf
r/f oxfF kfOG5g\ . gf]e]Da/b]lv hgj/L;Dd oxfF r/fsf] pkl:ylt a9L b]lvG5, lsgeg]
ltgn] o;} ;dodf ;a}eGbf a9L df5f cflb rf/f kfpF5g\ . k/b]zL / :yfgLo r/fx¿ oxfF
cG8f kf/]/ sf]/N5g\ clg ar/f 7"nf ePkl5 k"/} kl/jf/ p8]/ gofF nIolt/
nfU5g\ . oxfFsf] ;'/lIft Dofgu|f]e jg, kof{Kt df5f / cGo hnhLjsf sf/0f oxfF r/fx¿n]
cfkm\gf aRrf x'sf{pg] :yfgsf] ¿kdf rog u/]sf x'g\ .
s'8\8fnf]/ lhNnfsf] d'Vo gu/ s'8'nf]/ xf] . of]
kflG8r]/Laf6 !( lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf db|f;–lqrgfkNnL ;8sdf 5 . oxfFsf]
hnjfo' cToGt /fd|f] 5 . oxfF w]/}j6f :jf:Yojw{s s]Gb| v'n]sf 5g\ . kf]g]o/ tyf
ulbnd\ oxfFsf d'Vo gbL x'g\ . s'8\8fnf]/ ;DejtM s'bn p/ zAbsf] ljs[t ¿k xf],
h;sf] cy{ x'G5 b'O{ gbLsf] ;ª\ud . of] If]q wfg, pv' / t]nxgsf] pTkfbgsf] Ps
d'Vo If]q xf] . oxfFsf] h]ndf s}bLx¿
b/L, uD5f ty cGo ;'tL sk8f a'Gb5g\\ .
lkrj/d\df bz{gLo :ynx¿
!= Dofgu|f]e km/]:6 / af]l6ª M oxfF cfPkl5
x]g'{kg{] s'/f] oxfFsf] Dofgu|f]e km/]:6 xf] . o;sf nflu oxfF 8'ª\uf ef8fdf
lnP/ hfg'k5{ . Aofsjf6;{sf] af]l6ª cg'ej ljlzi6 x'g]u5{ . ;fgf;fgf / ;fFu'/f
hndfu{ eP/ 8'ª\uf hfG5 / Dofgu|f]e jg:kltsf nx/f, h/f / kftn] xfdLnfO{ 5'G5g\ .
st}st} t h/fn] lxsf{pg] 8/n] Psbd lgx'l/g'kg{] klg x'G5 .
dfemLx¿ hfn xfg]/ df5f df/]sf] b[Zo, zª\v / l;kL
vf]Hg]x¿sf ;d"x oxfFsf csf{ cfsif{0f x'g\ . t/ d'Vo cfsif{0frflxF oxfFsf]
zfGt kfgLdf 8'ª\uf ;o/sf] cfgGb g} xf] . ;g\ @))$ df cfPsf] eofgs ;'gfdLn] o;
e]udf vf;} Iflt k'u]g, lsgeg] Dofgu|f]e jgn] 7"nf] kvf{nsf] ¿kdf sfd
ul/lbof] . hldgnfO{ o; jg:kltn] 9fs]/ Psvfn] Anfª\s]6sf] sfd u/]sf] 5 .
@= ;fldo/k]6\6O{ M of]
d5'jf/]x¿sf] s]Gb| xf] . df5f kqmg]x¿sf] /ldtf x]g{ oxfF hfg'k5{ . oxfFsf]
;d'b|lsgf/n] zflGt, a]r}gL, Jo:ttf, k'm;{t / cg]s ljlzi6 cg'ej lbg] vfnsf] 5 .
#= lsNn/ M of] :yfg Dofgu|f]e jgsf nflu
ljz]if ko{6sLo laGb' xf] . oxfFsf ;fgf;fgf 6fk' ko{6ssf cfFvf nf]Eofpg ;dy{ 5g\
. lsNn/sf] ofqf hLjgsf ;'vb / :d/0fLo
pT;jdWo] Ps x'G5 ko{6gdf ?lr /fVg] h;sf nflu klg .
s;/L hfg] < slxn] hfg] <
lt?lr/fkNnL cfPsf] a]nf otfsf t]Ghf}/, s'Dasf]gd\,
lrbDa/d\ / lkrj/d\sf] ofqfof]hgf agfpg' 7Ls x'G5 . o;}u/L ptf kfG8'r]/L e|d0fdf
hfg] ePsf] a]nf oxfF cfpg cem ;lhnf] k5{ .
oxfF jif{sf] h'g;'s} ;dodf cfpg ;lsG5 . t/
;]K6]Da/b]lv gf]e]Da/;Dd em/LkfgLsf] ;do ePsfn] clns sl7g x'g ;S5 . r/fk|]dLn]
rflxF gf]e]Da/ / l8;]Da/ dlxgf 5fg]sf] a]; .
!!= a}ª\Un'?
a}ª\Un'? eGgf;fy tkfO{Fsf] lbdfun] s:tf] lrq agfpF5 < dnfO{ t
6«flkms hfd, cfO{6L / ;kmf ;x/sf] lrq cfpF5 . d]/f Ps hgf ldq 5g\ s0ff{6sdf .
c/ljGbhL . pgsf] klg lrq cfpF5 . a}ª\Un'?nfO{ l;lnsg EofnL ckm OlG8of elgG5 .
ef/tsf w]/}h;f] cfO{6L sDkgLsf x]8Sjf6{/ oxLF 5g\ . ef/tdf ;a}eGbf a9L cfO{6L
PS;k6{ klg oxLF 5g\ . cfO{6L k9\g] ljBfy©sf] klxnf] /f]hfO klg a}ª\Un'? g} xf]
. x/]s ;ˆ6j]/ OlGhlgo/ a}ª\Un'?d} sfd ug{ ?rfpF5 .
a;f]jf;sf nflu a}ª\Un'? ;x/ ef/tsf ;a}eGbf /f]Hhf 7fpFdWo] Ps xf] elgG5
. ef/tsf ;a}eGbf l56f] al9/x]sf ;x/dWo] of] Ps xf] . ko{6gdf ?lr /fVg]sf nflu
a}ª\Un'?df w]/} P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, cf}Bf]lus, k'/ftflŒjs tyf wfld{s :ynx¿
5g\ . cfw'lgs ;+/rgf, /ËLg kfs{ / au}Frf, P8e]Gr/, kmg, cDo'hd]G6 tyf /flqsfnLg
dgf]/~hgsf nflu klg of] ;x/ pQd 5 .
jif{}el/ oxfFsf] df};d Psbd ;'Gb/ /xG5 . of] e"ld ;d'b|;txaf6 sl/a
()) ld6/sf] pFrfOdf 5 . ctM oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL jif{}el/ !% b]lv @% l8u|L
;]lN;o;sf] aLrdf /xG5 . xfdL g]kfnLsf nflu oxfFsf cfsfz r'Dg] cUnf 3/x¿,
km/flsnf / Jo:t ;8s, ´ndNn pHofnf] / slxNo} kNnf] 5]p gk'lug] ;x/L km}nfj6
cfZro{sf ljifo aG5g\ .
a}ª\Un'?df 3'Dg}kg{] 7fpFx¿ M
!= a}ª\Un'? Kofn]; M oxfF k'Ug
l;lDku' /f]8 d]6«f] :6];gaf6 tLg lsnf]ld6/ dfq k5{ .
@= nfnjfu af]6flgsn uf8{]g M x}b/ cnLn] !&^) df agfpg
nufPsf] of] af]6flgsn uf8{]g ef/tsf k'/fgf uf8]{gdWo] Ps xf] . o; af]6flgsn
uf8{]gnfO{ x}b/ cnLsf 5f]/fn] pgLkl5 lgdf{0f k"/f u/]sf lyP . nfnafu
d]6«f] :6];gaf6 #)) ld6/dfq k5{ .
#= jG8nf{ cDo'hd]G6 kfs{ M of] kfs{
ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfs{ xf] . a}ª\Un'?df of] ;j{lk|o dgf]/~hg s]Gb| klg
xf] . oxfFsf] jf6/kfs{ cg'kd 5 . oxfF /f]n/–sf]:6/ cflb ug{ hfg'k5{ .
$= ljwfg ;f}wf M a}ª\Un'?sf] ljwfg ;'wf
oxfFsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjsf cfsif{0fdWo] Ps xf] . of] ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
Joj:yflksf ejg xf] . of] 5 ;o Ps8df km}lnPsf] 5 . ;]tf] u|]gfO6n] ag]sf] o;
ejgsf] cfls{6]Sr/ klg ljlzi6 5 . o;nfO{ b|lj8Lo / /fh:yfgL ejg lgdf{0fsnfsf]
ld>0f u/L agfOPsf] 5 . ljlzi6 cfls{6]Sr/, zfgbf/ ejgx¿, ejg of]hgf cflbn] o;
ejgsf] ul/df pRr 5 . To;} eP/ xf] o;nfO{ blÔ0fL ef/tsf] tfhdxn eg]/ lrlgG5 .
o; ejgsf leqL sÔx¿ klg cToGt eJo 5g\ . ljz]if cg'dlt lnP/ oxfFsf] u|]6 P;]DAnL
RofDa/df klg hfg ;Sg'x'g]5 . o;afx]s x/]s cfOtjf/, /fli6«o kj{x¿ :jtGqtf lbj;,
u0ftGq lbj;, ljhof bzdL, bLkfjnL cflbdf klg oxfFsf] ´ls´sfp x]g{ hfg'k5{, Psbd
dgdf]xs x'G5 . oxfFsf] nfO6 ;f]sf] b[Zo ;fFRr}sf] dgdf]xs x'G5 .
%= OGgf]e]l6e lkmNd l;6L M x}b/fafbsf]
/fdf]; lkmNd l;6Lh:t} xf] . of] ef/tsf ;a}eGbf /fd|f dgf]/~hg kfs{dWo] Ps xf] .
d'DaO{sf] lkmNd l;6LeGbf of] clns leGg vfnsf] 5 . of] ax'p2]ZoLo kfs{ klg xf] .
oxfF x/]s pd]/;d"xsf dflg;sf nflu dgf]/~hg ultljlwx¿ pknAw 5g\ . PS;fOl6ª
/fO8, jf6/ kfs{, 8fOgf];/ kfs{, ld// u]h, xfpG6]8 dfG;g, 6«fOan Do'lhod, sf6'{g
kfs{, lau af];, :ofG8 lar, cfSjf lsª8d cflb cg]s yf]s 5g\ . oxfF skf]{/]6
ldl6ª, lalhg]; ldl6ª, lk|–j]l8ª ;'6sf nflu klg xn a's ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF Ps
k"/f lbg latfpg'xf]nf / ;Dk"0f{ dgf]/~hgfTds lj|mofsnfk ug'{xf]nf,
tkfO{Fn] hLjgdf Tof] lbg slxNo} la;{g'x'g]5}g . o;df k|j]z z'Ns k|ltJolÏ ? ^))
kb{5 . oxfF hfg s]gu]/L d]6«f] :6];gdf k'Ug'k5{ / ToxfFaf6 aLPd6L;L cflb a;
kqm]/ hfg'k5{ .
^= ag]/3§f /fli6«o lgs'~h M !(&! df
!)$ ju{lsld Ô]qdf km}lnPsf] of] /fli6«o lgs'~h a}ª\Un'?sf nflu dfq xf]Og
s0ff{6s / ;d:t blÔ0f ef/tsf nflu uj{sf] ljifo xf] . oxfF cg]s lsl;dsf jGohGt',
kG5L, sL/f / j[Ô–jg:klt b]Vg ;lsG5 . ef/tsf] klxnf] k'tnL kfs{ klg oxLF 5 .
o;afx]s oxfF cSjfl/od, lrl8ofvfgf, afnf]Bfg, uf]xL kfs{, ;k{ kfs{ /
k|fu}ltxfl;s hGt' kfs{;d]t 5 . of] kfs{ hËn ;kmf/Ldf ofqf ug'{k5{ . v'nf k}bn
lxF8]/ kf/ nfUg] 5}g, c;'/lÔt klg 5 .
&= O:sf]g dlGb/ M ef/tsf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] >Ls[i0fdlGb/sf] bz{g ug{] xf] eg] oxfF hfg'xf]nf . O:sf]g
dlGb/sf] ;/;kmfO, cfls{6]Sr/, k|fljlws ;+of]hg tyf ;'Joj:yfsf] d}n] rrf{
ul//xg'kb{}g . a}ª\Un'?sf] of] O:sf]g dlGb/ ef/tel/sf] w]/} dxŒjsf] dlGb/ xf] .
of] cfw'lgstf / k/Dk/fnfO{ hf]8]/ agfOPsf] 5 .
O:sf]g dlGb/df x'g] ehgsLt{g, k|jrg cflbdf ;xefuL x'g s'g} z'Ns nfUb}g
. oxfF >Ls[i0fsf] k|;fb klg lgMz'Ns k|fKt x'g]5 . !((& .
*= sag kfs{ M a}ª\Un'? Ps xl/ofnLk"0f{
;x/ xf] . oxfF kof{Kt jiff{ x'G5 . ctM k|s[ltn] g} oxfFsf] xl/ofnL Joj:yfkgdf
d'Vo e"ldsf v]N5 . 7"nf], eL8ef8o'Qm ;x/ eP klg oxfF w]/}j6f kfs{,
uf8]{g / ;fgf;fgf jgx¿ b]Vg kfOG5 . sag kfs{ #)) Ps8df km}lnPsf] 7"nf]
kfs{ xf] . eJo 5 . k|s[ltk|]dLsf nflu of] 7fpF Psbd ;'xfpFbf] 5 . oxfF k|fs[lts
;'Gb/tfdfq xf]Og, ko{6ssf] dgf]/~hgsf nflu cg]s cfsif{0fx¿ agfOPsf 5g\ M c6f/f
sr]/L, uag kfs{ Do'lhod, z]/ hxf/L P]o/ g];gn kfs{, a}ª\Un'? cSjfl/od .
(= :gf] l;6L M a}ª\Un'?df lxpFdo ;x/ .
cgf}7f] ePg / < t/ ;To xf] . oxfF z"GoeGbf sd tfkj|mddf lxpFdf v]Ng]
cj;/ ldNg]5 . tkfO{F ud©df hfg'x'g] xf] eg] klg o;f] Hofs]6 cflb lnP/ hfg'knf{
eg]/ g;f]Rg'xf]nf . df]hf / kGhf klg ToxLF kfOg]5, lrGtf 5}g . oxfF gfOg–8L
cyf{t\ gf} cfofdo'Qm lkmNd klg x]g'{xf]nf . dhf cfpg]5 . xf] .
!)= uf]xgtf/f s]e l/hf]6{ M of]
ef/tel/sf] klxnf] cG8/u|fpG8 u'kmf l/hf]6{ xf] . ldq tyf kl/jf/hgsf ;fydf hfg'
Psbd pko'Qm 5 oxfF . oxfF k'/fgf] hdfgfsf u[xlgdf{0fsnf, OG8f]/ / cfp68f]/
v]nx¿, x;{/fOl8ª tyf /s jflsª tyf af]l6ªh:tf cg]s dgf]/~hgfTds ultljlwx¿ 5g\ .
!!= l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] ;d/ Kofn]; M of] b/af/
OG8f] O:nflds cfls{6]Sr/sf] gd'gf xf] of] . o;nfO{ l6k' ;'Ntfgn] cnu gfd lbPsf
lyP . oxfF hfg dfu8L /f]8df d]6«f]af6 cf]n{g'k5{ . d]6«f] :6];gaf6 kfFr
lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .
!@= gGbL kxf8 M a}ª\Unf]/ ;x/af6 nueu ^)
lsld k5{ . ;"of{]bo x]g{ hfG5g\ . oxfF hfg s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg
kfOFb}g . cfˆg} lghL ;jf/L ;fwg lnP/ uOG5 .
!#= a}ª\Un'/ kmf]6{ M of] lsNnf
!%#& df df6fsf] lsNnfsf] ¿kdf agfpg yflnPsf] xf] . kl5 x}b/ cnLn] sAhfdf
lnPkl5 o;nfO{ df6fsf] lsNnfaf6 :j¿k abn]/ 9'Ëfsf] lsNnf agfP . dfu8L /f]8
d]6«f] :6];gaf6 #=% lsld .
!$= x'n;'? n]s M x'n;'? n]s a}ª\Unf]/sf
7"nf tfndWo] Ps xf] . of] tfn ;x/sf] k"j© v08df 5 . o;df cg]s 6fk'
5g\ . of] PdhL /f]8af6 glhs} 5 . xn;'? d]6«f] :6];g b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5 .
P;cf/Pd a;n] 3'dfOlbg] kfFr :yfg M
!= O:sg 6]Dkn M
/fwfs[i0f dlGb/ M dlGb/nfO{ tLg efudf afFl8Psf] 5 .
s= k|ãfb g/l;+x eujfg\ v= >Llgjf; uf]ljGbd\ u= /fwfs[i0f dlGb/ -d'Vo
oxL xf]_ oxfF kmf]6f] lvFRgaf6 ar]sf] /fd|f], z'Ns Hofbf 5 .
@= l6k' ;'Ntfg Kofn]; M of] sf7af6 ag]sf] 5 . l6s sf7 . oL sf7x¿ ejg lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ug'{cl3
nfdf] ;do;Dd sfj]/L gbLsf] kfgLdf 8'afOof] tf ls kl5 sL/f gnfuf];\ . o; dxndf
hDdf rf/ sf]7f 5g\ . ca of] Do'lhodsf] ¿kdf 5 . k|j]z ugf{;fy /fhf a:g] l;+xf;g
b]lvg]5 . ;fob oxfF /fhf l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] ef/bf/L a}7s x'Fbf] xf] . of] ejg
k"/f sf7sf] dfq ag]sf] eP klg cfh;Dd o;df wld/f k;]sf] 5}g, s'g} sf7 klg
dsfPsf] 5}g . dxnsf] dflyNnf] tnfdf sf7sf] leqdf /FufOPsf] k]lG6ª / s'FlbPsf
cfs[lt cfh klg oyfjt\ 5g\ . oxfF vfFafdfq xf]Og e'OF, l;lnª / leQf klg sf7}sf
5g\ .
#= l;Ns sk8f pBf]u
$= nfnjfu af]6flgsn uf8{]g M df]:6 cfOsf]lgs 6'l/:6 8]l:6g];g . k|s[ltk|]dLn] t oxfF h;/L klg
cfpmg\ t/ lbpF;f] cfpg' bzf x'G5 . Psbd lgb{oL ud© x'g]5 lbpF;f] . a}Í :6fG8,
Unf; xfp; cflb .
%= lau a'n dlGb/ M
gGbLhLsf] dlGb/
^= 8f]8\8f u0fklt dlGb/
&= ljZj]Zj/}of cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ k|f}Bf]lus
;ª\u|xfno .
!@= b cf6{ ckm lnleª
OG6/g];gn ;]G6/
cf6{
ckm lnleª ;]G6/ a}ª\Un'? ;x/g]/sf] Ps bfz{lgs, cfWoflTds s]Gb| xf] hxfF
>L>L /ljzª\s/ / pgsf r]nfx¿ a:5g\ . of] ljzfn kl/;/ rl/qlgdf{0f, ;sf/fTds
;f]r, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] ljsf;sf nflu ;jf{]Qd 7fpF xf] . ‘b cf6{ ckm
lnleª OG6/g];gn ;]G6/’ gfdn] hflgg] of] s]Gb cf6{ ckm lnleª kmfpG8];gsf]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, tflnd s]Gb|, u'? cfjf;, z}lIfs kl/;/ Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts pT;jx¿sf]
s]Gb| xf] .
cf6{ ckm lnleª
;]G6/df 3'Dg}kg{} 7fpFx¿ M
gIfqjgd\
M
gÔq ;QfO; 5g\ . x/]s gÔqsf ;fy Ps j[Ô;DalGwt ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;"rgfsÔ;Fu}
lrofgf:tf ug{sf nflu Sofkm]6]l/of 5 . cf>ddf pTkflbt cg]s vfnsf ;fu;AhL oxfF
kfOG5 . ;fy} oxfF >L>L tŒjsf cg]s pTkfbg pknAw 5g\ . l/;]K;gd} ;6n uf8L
jf x\ljnr]o/sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'G5 . sf];{ ug{ cfpg]x¿n] l/;]K;gdf l/kf]6{
ub{5g\ . sf];{ ug{]x¿n] 6Øfu k|fKt x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ :6] l86]n klg lbOG5 .
OR5'sn] oxfF sfpG6/d} 8f]g];g ug{ klg ;S5g\ .
u'?kfb'sf
jgd\ M kfb'sfs} cfsf/df 5 of] . o;sf k5fl8 ljzfnfÔL dG8ksf] ;'Gb/ b[Zo klg
b]Vg kfOG5 . /ftsf] ;dodf oxfFsf] ;'Gb/tf x]g{ nfos x'G5 . s'g} ;dodf of]
k"0f{¿kdf j~h/e"ld lyof] . k'/fgf lel8of] x]/]df cf>d aGbfsf avt
of] slt ;'Svf, gfËf] / lj/ÏnfUbf] lyof] yfxf kfOG5 . u'?b]j cfkm}Fn] oxfFsf
s}of}F ¿v /f]Kg'ePsf] xf], s}of}Fdf k6sk6s kfgL nufpg'ePsf] xf] . oxfFsf] hGt'
tyf jg:kltsf] ljljwtf rrf{ ug{ nfos 5 . oxfF k'tnL dfq klg tL;–rfnL; hftsf
kfOG5g\ .
j}lbs
wd{ ;+:yfg M j}lbs k/Dk/f, ;+:sf/x¿sf] k'gM kfng u/fOG5 . oxfF xft]
tfgsf sk8f, cfo'j{]b cf}iflw cflb cg]s j:t' kfOG5g\ . oxfF gf8L k/LÔ0fåf/f cg]s
/f]usf] pkrf/ ul/G5 . zlgjf/ / cfOtjf/ o; k|lti7fgdf a; e|d0f u/fOG5 . of]
;'ljwf sDKnLd]G6/L ePsfn] s'g} z'Ns nfUb}g . of] e|d0f Psb]lv 8]9 306fsf nflu
x'G5 . klxnf] a; ;f9] P3f/ ah] x'G5, klxn] cfpg]n] 7fpF kfpF5 . of] ;'ljwf lng
vf]Hg]n] laxfg P3f/b]lv afx| ah];Dddf cf>ddf cfOk'Ug'k5{ .
>L>L
cfo'j{}lbs c:ktfn M oxfF x/]s vfnsf /f]usf] pkrf/ cfo'j{}lbs k4ltåf/f ul/G5 .
ljlzi6 Ôdtfsf 8fS6/x¿åf/f oxfF cf}ifwf]krf/ ul/g] ePsfn] pkrf/sf] u'0f:t/ pRr
x'G5 .
/fwfs'~h M oxfF ;f/f
j}lbs sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5g\ .
u'?s'n
M
5fqx¿nfO{ rf/} j]bsf] lzÔf lbOG5 . oxfF lxGb" kf}/fl0fs zf:qsf cg';f/ x'g]
u/L oxfF 5fqx¿sf] b}lgs sfo{tflnsf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF k~rd'vL
u0f]zhLsf] dlGb/ klg bz{gLo 5 . o;}u/L oxfF Ps xhf/ cf7 lzjlnËn] ag]sf] zfDa
k/d]Zj/ dlGb/ klg 5 . o;sf] agfj6 cd/gfy u'kmfx¿´}F nfU5 . oxfF ofq'x¿n]
hnfleif]s ub{5g\ / dgf]sfdgf cleJoÏ ub{5g\ . oxfF bz{g ugf{n] JolÏsf dgf]sfdgf
k"/f x'G5g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
d'?ug
jfl6sfM of] jfl6sf sflt{s]o eujfg\sf] k"hfsf nflu agfOPsf] xf] . oxfF
k'u]kl5 Psbd ´ª\s[t eOG5 .
eÏlgjf;df
sf];{ kfl6{l;k]G6sf nflu P;L tyf ggP;L sf]7fx¿sf] ;'ljwf 5 .
cGgk"0ff{
xn M
o;df kfl6{l;k]G6 / lelh6;{sf nflu slDKnd]G6/L ef]hgsf] k|aGw 5 . o; xnsf] Ôdtf
;f7L xhf/ hgfsf] 5 . oxfFsf] efG;fdf ul/g] ;AhL s]nfpg], efG5f ;kmf ug{], yfn
cflb df‰g] sfo{ sf];{ kfl6{l;k]G6 tyf ;]jsx¿åf/f u/fOG5 . lsr]gaf6 lg:sgf;fy
;6nsf] ;'ljwf 5 .
PlDklyP6/
tyf ljzfnfIfL M oL ;+/rgfx¿ g} oxfFsf NofG8dfs{ x'g\ . oxfF cfpg] ;a} ofq'
lelh6/ sDtLdf klg ljzfnfÔL d08k / PlDklyP6/df k'U5g\ .
ætkfO{F
cf>ddf cfpg'x'Fbf hLjgsf ;d:t lrGtf, b'Mv, si6 / tgfjx¿ lnP/ cfpg
;Sg'x'g]5,k/Gt' oxfFaf6 kms© hfg'x'Fbf tL ;a ot} 5f8]/ hfg'x'g]5, ;fy}df lnP/
hfg kfpg'x'g]5}g .Æ >L>L /ljzÍ/ u'?b]j eGg'x'G5 . d/f7Ldf Pp6f egfO 5–
æxfyL sfd, d'vL /fd, ÅboL gfdÆ cyf{t\ xftdf sfd, d'vdf /fd / Åbodf eujfg\sf]
gfd 5 eg] s;}n] klg b'MvL x'g'kb{}g .
Sofkm]
ljzfnf M oxfF cf>dsf ljBfy© / kfl6{l;k]G6n] agfPsf vfBkl/sf/ kfOG5g\ . o;
Sofk]msf] kl5 afnaflnsfsf nflu v]Ng] 7fpF 5 . ;fF´df ljzfnfÔL / u'?kfb'sfnflu
lah'nLn] hudu kfl/G5 . of] b[Zo cToGt dgf]x/ x'G5 . ;fF´ ;f9] ;ft ah]l/t oxfF
ljzfnfÔLdf ;T;Ë x'G5 . u'?kfb'sfdf Do'lhsn kmfpG6]g ;f] x'G5 .
uf}zfnf
M >L>L
uf}zfnfdf cg]s ultljlw x'G5g\ . uf}zfnf k|j]z ugf{;fy Ps ;'Gb/ dw'jg b]Vg
kfOg]5 . oxfF cg]s k|hfltsf k'tnL / r/fx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ kfOG5 . cf>d a;
6'/df of] uf}zfnf klg b]vfOG5 . uf}zfnf ljzfn 5 . oxfFsf ufO{sf nflu ud©,
cfFwLt'kmfg cflbsf nflu slt ;'/Ôf lbOPsf] 5 x]g{ ;lsG5 . ufO{ / af5fx¿nfO{
cnu–cnu /flvG5 . o; uf}zfnfdf nueu !#)) hftsf ufO{uf]? /flvPsf 5g\ . uL/ ufO{,
uL/ uf]? cflb u'h/ftL x'g\, logsf l;ª nfdf x'G5g\ . 7"nf df]6f l;ª ePsf
sfFs/]h ufO{ klg u'h/ftL x'g\ . tLvf df6f l;ª x'g]x¿ klg u'h/ftL hfts} x'g\ .
nfdf / 7f8f l;ª x'g] xlnsn / lvnf/L hftsf ufO{ klg kfOG5g\ . lvnf/Lx¿sf cgf}7f
nfU5g\ . cfGw|k|b]zsf ;fgf ufO{, yf/sf kfs{/ lun hftsf ;fF9] klg 5g\ .
s;/L
hfg] < slxn] hfg] <
cf6{
ckm lnleª OG6/g];gn ;]G6/ k'Ug a}ª\Unf]/af6 hfg'k5{ . of] :yfg sgsk'/f /f]8df
kb{5 . oxfF hfg a}ª\nf]/af6 d]6«f] kqm]/ An' nfOg eP/ cfpg] clg l;Ns
OlG:6Ro'6df pqg] . oxfFaf6 nf]sn 6«fG;kf]6{ pknAw 5g\ . oxfFsf] kfls{ª :k];
Psbd 7"nf] / ;'/lÔt klg 5 . cf>dsf] af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/L :jfutsÔdf k|fKt
x'g]5 . oxfF zlgjf/ of cfOtjf/ laxfg ;f9] b; ah]lt/ hfg 7Ls x'G5 . oxfF k:g u]6
gDa/ % af6 hfg'k5{ .
!#= d};'?
cfq]ouf]qL ;Gtltsf k'vf{ ;f]dgfy cfq]o ;+jt\ %@) df o;} ;x/df hGd]sf
lyP . d};'/ b/af/df pgL x's{], a9] . kl5 pgL o;} b/af/df /fhu'?sf] kbjL / ;Ddfg
kfP/ a;] . ;f]dgfy cToGt wgL a|fXd0f lyP . pgsf s'g} ;Gtfg gePkl5 ToxLFsf s'g}
lzi6 a|fx\d0fk'qnfO{ wd{k'qsf] ¿kdf ckgfP . o;/L xfdL cfq]ouf]qLx¿ blÔ0f ef/tLo
/ut kfP/ o; ;+;f/df ljr/0f ul//x]sf 5f}F . pQ/ ef/tLo / g]kfnL /ut;Fu blÔ0fL
ef/tsf] /ut ldl;P/ alu/x]sf] 5 dleq . To;} /utsf] ;fOgf]n] dnfO{ d};'/ hfg
k6sk6s pTk|]l/t u5{ .
p;a]nf a|fXd0f cGt/f{li6«o hflt lyof], / hxfF klg p;sf] ;xif{, ;–;Ddfg
:jfut ul/GYof] . a|fXd0fx¿ k|sfz, r]tgf, ;Eotf, ;+:sf/, cWofTd, kl/>d,
zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf;, lgdf{0f / ;kgfsf kof{o lyP . ;a}eGbf pRr / ;Ddflgt hflt
lyP . ltg} uf}/jdo klxrfg af]s]/ d afFr]sf] 5' .
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;el/ xfdL ;De|fGt, s'nLg, lzlÔt, ;Eo / ;r]t ;jf{]Rr
hfltsf] ¿kdf k"lht lyof}F, Tof] uj{ / lhDd]bf/L cfh klg xfd|f] 5ftL /
sfFwdf 5 . To;sf] k'gaf{]w ug{ d d};'/ hfg rfxG5' . d]/f k"j{hn] k'h]sf] /
6]s]sf] w/tL 5fDg / r'Dg rfxG5' . d hGd]sf] Kof/f] e"ld g]kfn g} d]/f nflu
:ju{ xf], t/ hLjgdf PskN6 dfq eP klg d]/f k'vf{sf kbrfk ;'Gg' / kblrGx
klxNofOx]g'{ d]/f] OR5f / lhDd]bf/L xf] . d};'/ b/af/sf] ljzfn k|fË0fdf
rl//x]sf k/]jfnfO{ d bRsfpg rfxG5', ltgnfO{ p8fpg rfxG5' / Ps l5gsf nflu eP klg
ltgsf] zflGt layf]Ng rfxG5' / eGg rfxG5'M æd]/f k"j{hn] ltdLx¿sf
k"j{hnfO{ oxfF rf/f] 5/]sf lyP . cfh d 6f9f 5', d pt}sf k/]jfnfO{ rf/f]
v'jfO/x]sf] 5', u'gf;f] gu/] .Æ
ltgsf k"j{hx¿ To;} u/L o'uf}Fo'u rf/fsf] ck]Ôfdf lyP, To;} u/L
cfsfz / w/tLdf km}lnP . k/]jfkG5L a:tf w/tL 9fs"g\ / p8\bf uug 9fSg] u/L
p8"g\ eg]/ xfd|f k"j{hx¿n] ltxf/df b]p;L v]Nbf lbg] cfl;s log}
k/]jfsf] xGh p8\bf b]v]sf] ofb cfP/ To:t} u/L k/]jf kfNg ;s"g\ eGg] cy{df
xf]nf .
;++:s[lt, w/f]x/, dlGb/, b/af/ / vfg]s'/f, log} s'/f t 5g\ d};'/df .
log}n] t xf] d};'/nfO{ ef/tsf cGo ;x/eGbf leGg b]vfpF5g\ . o;}sf/0f ;+;f/el/sf
dflg; d};'/ cfpF5g\ . tkfO{F s0ff{6ssf] P]ltxfl;s o'udf e|d0f ug{ rfxg'x'G5
< blÔ0f ef/tsf] :j0f{o'u b]Vg rfxg'x'G5, h;df eJotf, ;'Gb/tf, uf}/j, zflGt,
;Eotf, ;'zLntf, ;+:sf/, dfgjLotf 5tf5'Nn b]Vg kfOG5 < d};'?nfO{ ef/tsf
;a}eGbf ;kmf ;x/x¿dWo] Ps elgG5 . d};'/ ;x/sf] af/]df slxNo} g;'Gg] t sf] xf]nf
/, t/ klg tkfO{Fsf cfFvfn] d};'/nfO{ ulx/f] u/L x]g{ afFsL x'g;S5 .
5'Fbf klg lau|G5 ls eg]´}F ;'Gb/ l;Ns sk8f, PskN6 rfv]kl5 hLjge/
lha|fdf ´'lG8Oxg] :jflbi6 kl/sf/, ljzfn / :ju{sf] b/af/´}F nfUg] b/af/, eJo
b;}F dxf]T;j M logn] s;nfO{ dGqd'Uw gkfnf{ / < oltn] klg tkfO{Fsf] Åbo
´ª\s[t ePg eg] tkfO{F /sL’h Sof;n k'Ug'xf]nf . s]hLPkm d'eLdf b]lvg] of] ljZjsf
;'Gb/tddWo] Ps lsNnf /sL’h Sof;n k'u]kl5 eg] tkfO{Fsf] Åbosf] s'g} s'gf klg
ablng / kUng afFsL /xg]5}g .
d};'? ;x/ s0ff{6s /fHosf] ;d:t Oltxf;el/ hlxNo} s]Gb|Lo e"ldsfdf 5
. jf:tjdf !)%) ;Dd s0ff{6s /fHo d};'/ clw/fHo lyof] . jf]b]of/ j+zsf /fhfx¿n]
!#(( df cfˆgf] zf;g ;Qf xftdf lnPsf lyP .
d};'/n] cfkm"nfO{ Oltxf;;Fu} cfhsf] rNtLsf Jojxf/, k|ljlw / ef}lts
;+/rgfdf hf]8]sf] 5 . Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, w/f]x/;Fu} d};'/n] cfw'lgstf,
ljsf; / ef}ltstfdf klg plQs} ;kmntfk"j{s kl/ro / klxrfg lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .
d};"/ ;x/nfO{ s0ff{6ssf] ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgLdfq xf]Og of]usf] ljZjs]Gb| klg
xf] .
d};'/ ;x/df k'Ug}kg{] :yfgx¿ M
!= cDaf ljnf; b/af/ M d};'/ ;x/ b/af/x¿sf]
;x/ xf] . d};'/df ;ft ljZjk|l;4 b/af/ 5g\ . cDafljnf; Kofn];nfO{ d};'/ b/af/
eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] ;a}eGbf d'Vo / rlr{t b/af/ xf] . d'Vo cfsif{0f oxL xf] . of]
b/af/ ef/tel/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b/af/ klg xf] . of] lxGb', O:nfd, uf]lys /
/fh:yfgL ejg lgdf{0f k/Dk/fsf] ld>0f xf] . oxfF hfg k|j]z z'Ns ?= !)).– nfU5
/ e|d0fsf nflu Psb]lv b'O{ 306fsf] ;do cfjZos k5{ . b/af/sf kvf{n, 9f]sf /
l;lnªsf k|To]s OGr ljlzi6 hl6n snfTds cleJolQmn] el/Psf 5g\ . leqsf ;a} 7fpF
3'd]/ x]bf{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu ag]sf] xn xfd|f nflu ;jf{]Qd nfUg]5 . lrQfsif{s
aofnL; l;d]l6«sn :tDex¿ 5g\ . dxf/fhfsf] lghL b/af/ xn csf{] d'Vo cfsif{0f xf]
. b/af/leqsf] j/fx dlGb/ klg ljlzi6sf] 5, o;sf] bz{g ug{ kfOg]5 . d};'/
b/af/sf] csf{] ljz]iftf eg]sf] oxfFsf] k|sfz Joj:yf xf] . b/af/df (&,@))
aQLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /ftdf o; b/af/sf] ´ls´sfp aQLsf] b[Zo x]g{] df}sf
u'dfpg'x'Fb}g .
@= rfd'08L kj{t M rfd'08L kj{t d};'/
l;6Lsf] cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ v08 xf] . o; :yfg;Fu Pp6f a8f] rfvnfUbf] syf
hf]l8Psf] 5 . dlxiff;'/ gfdsf] /fÔ; oxfF zf;g ub{Yof] . p;n] zf;g u/]sf] b]zsf]
gfd dlxif'? lyof] . b'uf{sf] j|mf]wk"0f{ ¿k rfd'08]Zj/L xf] . rfd'08]Zj/L
b]jLn] dlxiff;'/sf] jw ul/g\ . rfd'08]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ Ps 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf 5 . o;
8fF8fdf k'Ugsf nflu ;8sdfu{ 5 t/ ;8sdfu{ k|of]u ug'{eGbf l;F9L r9\g' 7Ls x'G5 .
o; dfu{df Ps xhf/ l;F9L 5g\ .
l;F9Ldfu{af6 ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg cToGt dgf]xf/L x'G5 . cln dfly k'u]kl5
d};'/ b/af/ / nlnt dxn x]g{ sf]l;; ug'{xf]nf .
dfly e|d0fsf nflu b'O{tLg 306f ;do /fVg'xf]nf . dfly 8fF8fdf k'u]kl5
;j{k|yd xfd|f cfFvfdf dlxiff;'/sf] ljzfn Zofdj0f{ ;flns b]vfkb{5 . d};'/ k'Ug]
hf]sf]xLn] klg oxfF uP/ dlxiff;'/sf] ljzfnsfo k|ltdfcufl8 kmf]6f] lvrfpg]
ub{5g\ . ;fj{hlgs labfsf] lbg / gj/fqdf oxfFsf] eL8 l5rf]lng;Sg' x'G5 . xfdL
;f]djf/ of dËnjf/ e|d0f ug{ k'Ug] ePsfn] pQm kL8faf6 aRg]5f}F . bz{gfy{ ?= #)
of ?= !)) sf] ljz]if l6s6 klg lnP x'G5 .
#= d};'/ lrl8ofvfgf M lrl8ofvfgf t hxfF uP klg p:t} g x'g\ . xfdLn] lgs}j6f lrl8ofvfgf
3'd]sf 5f}F . ctM oxfFsf] lrl8ofvfgf 3'ld/xg' cfjZos b]lvFb}g . e'jg]Zj/sf]
gGbg sfgg, sfgk'/sf] sfgk'/ lrl8ofvfgf, nvgpmsf] lrl8ofvfgf, bflh{lnªsf]
lrl8ofvfgf, sf7df8f}Fsf] ;b/ lrl8ofvfgf / snsQfsf] lrl8ofvfgf x]l/;s]sfn] /
tLafx]s klg cg]s ;fgfltgf hGt' tyf kÔL ;+/Ô0f :yndf 3'ld;s]sfn] xfdL oxfFsf]
lrl8ofvfgf ;DejtM hfFb}gf}F . lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, 7fs'/åf/f, /fli6«o lgs'~h,
z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/Ô, sf];L 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/Ôdfq xf]Og ;fgfltgf kÔL tyf
hGt' ;+/Ô0f Ô]qdf xfdL 3'd]sf 5f}F . xfn} ef/t pQ/k|b]zsf] sf;uGh lhNnfdf kg{]
z]vf kÔL ceof/0o 3'd]/ cfPsfn] d o; lrl8ofvfgfsf] e|d0fdf ?lr /flv/x]sf] 5}g .
t/ klg d};'/ lrl8ofvfgf cfkm}Fdf Ps cnu klxrfg ePsf] lrl8ofvfgf xf] .
>L rfd/fh]Gb| h'cf]nf]lhsn uf8{]g, cyf{t\ d};'/ lrl8ofvfgf d};'/sf ljz]if
cfsif{0fdWo] Ps xf] . of] ef/tsf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf lrl8ofvfgfdWo] Ps xf] . of]
lrl8ofvfgf /fhf rfd/fh]Gb| jfb]o/n] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . of] ef/tsf cg]sf}F hLjhGt', kG5L / hnk|f0fLx¿sf]
3/ xf] . oxfF clt ;fgfb]lv clt 7"nf;Dd hgfj/, r/f, df5fx¿ ;'/lÔt 5g\ .
!%& Ps8df km}lnPsf] of] lrl8ofvfgf 3'Dgsf nflu kof{Kt ;do rflxG5 .
k}bn ofqf ug{] xf] eg] tLg lsnf]ld6/ 3'Dg'kg{] x'G5 . olb lxF8\g sl7g k5{ eg]
ToxfF pknAw On]lS6«sn sf/ r9]/ hfg klg kfOG5 . sf/sf nflu cnUu} l6s6 nfU5 .
e/;s k}bn} ;a}lt/ 3'd]sf] a]; . hgfj/x¿dWo] u}F8f, Pl;ofnL xfQL, lh/fkm, h]a|f,
lrt'jf, uf]l/Nnf, af3 / l;+x oxfFsf d'Vo cfsif{0f x'g\ .
$= j[Gbfjg pBfgx¿ M j[Gbfjg uf8{]G;nfO{
s0ff{6ssf ;'Gb/td pBfgx¿dWo] Ps eg]/ ulgG5 . of] pBfg s]cf/P; afFw;Fu} 5 . pBfg
hfg] dfu{df h'g k'n 5 ToxfFaf6 afFwsf u]6x¿sf] eJo b[Zo x]g{ kfpg'x'g]5 . oxfF
cfOk'u]/ sDtLdf kfFr–b; ldg]6 /f]lsg'xf]nf . j[Gbfjg pBfg 5'§Lsf cj;/df cToGt
eL8ef8o'Qm x'G5 . t/ xfdL ;f]djf/ of dËnjf/ k'Ug] ePsfn] To:tf] x'Fb}g . of]
:yfgsf nflu sDtLdf tLgrf/ 306f ;do 5'6Øfpg'k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ pBfg 3'Dgsf nflu
clnslt cfFt klg alnof] rflxG5, lsgeg] of] lgs} km}lnPsf] / 7"nf] 5 . x/]s
s'gfsf cfˆgf–cfˆg} ljz]iftf ePsfn] s'g} klg v08 g3'dLsg lkmg'{ /fd|f] xf]Og .
oxfFsf] d'Vo cfsif{0frflxF a]n'sf ;ftb]lv cf7 ah] b]lvG5, ;fËLlts 5x/f .
cfsfztkm{ kfgL x'l/{P/ ljlrq /ª pTkGg u/fpg] of] kmfpG6]g x]g{sf nflu dflg;
6f9f6f9faf6 cfpF5g\ . o;sf] b[Zokfg hLjgsf ;'vb cg'e"ltdWo] Ps xf] .
%= j]0f'uf]kfn:jfdL dlGb/ / s]cf/P; Aofsjf6;{ M tkfO{Fn] ef/tel/ 3'd]/ b]Vg'ePsf s'g} klg dlGb/eGbf of] cnUu 5 . of] lsg xf]nf eGg] s'/f hfGg rfx]df o;sf] Oltxf; vf]tNg'k5{ . of] dlGb/ afx|f}F ztfAbLdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . ha !()( df s]cf/P; afFw aGof] of] ;d:t e"efu kfgLdf 8'Aof] . sGg8 d'eL ærGb| rsf]/LÆ sf] s's's'x"
sf]lun] uLt ;D´g'x'G5 eg] To;
uLtdf pQm 8'a]sf] dlGb/ /fd|/L b]vfOPsf] 5 . ef/tsf ljVoft JolQm >Lxl/
vf]8]n] pQm hn;dflw:y dlGb/nfO{ :yfgfGtl/t u/L;f]xL cfls{6]Sr/sf] cfwf/df
k'gMlgdf{0f u/fpg] c7f]6 u/] . d"n dlGb/sf ltg} 9'Ëf k|of]u u/L h:tfsf]
t:t} dlGb/ csf{] 7fpFdf gofF lgdf{0f ug'{ rfgr'g] sfd lyPg . >Lxl/ vf]8]n]
o; sfdsf nflu rflxg] Ps–Ps k};f cfˆg} ;|f]taf6 vr{ u/] . of] of]hgf k"0f{
ug{ nueu rf}w jif{ nfUof] . b'Mvsf] s'/f, of] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ k"0f{
x'g'eGbf Ps jif{cl3 g} vf]8]sf] b]xfGt eOxfNof] .
gjlgld{t dlGb/ klxn]sf] :yfgeGbf nueu kfFr ;o ld6/ b"/Ldf s]cf/P;
afFwg]/ 5 . o; dlGb/sf] tLglt/ hnn] 3]/]sf] 5 . kfZj{df ljzfn hn/flz eP/ klg
of] dlGb/ cToGt eJo nfUb5 . oxfF k|j]z z'Ns nfUb}g . 3'Dgsf nflu Ps–8]9 306f
nfUb5 . dlGb/leq kmf]6f] lvRg dgfxL 5 t/ dlGb/ kl/;/ / aflx/sf] b[ZofÍg g} klg
hLjgsf :jflbnf Ô0fx¿sf] /]s8{ aGb5 .
dlGb/sf] bz{gkl5 ;do k'U5 eg] s]cf/P; afFwsf] eJo ;'Gb/tfdf s]xLa]/
/dfpg kfpg'x'g]5 .
^= sf/GhL tfn M sf/GhL tfn d};'/df sd
hflgPsf] 7fpF xf] . of] d};'/ lrl8ofvfgf glhs} 5 . oxfF k|j]z–z'Ns k|ltJolQm ?=
%) kb{5 . tfnsf] jl/kl/ ;'Gb/ kfs{ 5 hxfF ljljw k|sf/sf j[Ô–jg:klt 5g\ . sf/GhL
tfn e|d0fsf b'O{ sf/0f x'G5g\ M Ps, oxfF ug{ kfOg] gf}sfljxf/ . o; tfndf
gf}sfljxf/ Ps ljlrq ;'vsf] cg'ej x'g]5 . hLjg Psbd tgfjd'Qm agfpg oxfF ug{
kfOg] gf}sfljxf/sf] af/]df ;f]Rg ;lsG5 . csf{] sf/0frflxF s] eg] oxfFaf6
ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r/f ;+/Ô0f Ô]q PleP/L b]Vg kfOg]5 . oxfF cg]s
hflt–k|hfltsf r/f 5g\ . tLdWo] do"/n] xfd|f] dgnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L nf]EofpFb5
. aL;–tL; ldg]6sf] k|tLÔf ug'{xf];\, tkfO{F efUodfgL x'g'x'G5 eg] do"/sf]
;'Gb/ g[To b]Vg kfpg'x'g]5 . of] b[Zo ctLj dgf]xf/L x'G5 . c´ Zj]tdo"/
gflrlbof] eg] t tkfO{F v';Ln] cw{kfun g} x'g'x'g]5 . o; pBfgsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f
oxL r/f ;+/Ô0f Ô]q g} xf] . kl/jf/sf ;fydf cfpFb} x'g'x'G5, afnaRrf klg ;fydf
5g\ eg] t ´g\ a];, afnaflnsf t oxfF cfPkl5 slt xf] slt /dfpg]5g\ . afnaflnsfsf
nflu v]Ng] 7fpF klg kof{Kt 5g\ .
&= ;]G6 lkmnf]d]gfsf] Sofy]8«n M ha d}n]
;]G6 lkmnf]d]gfsf] of] Sofy]8«n b]v]F, d]/f] d'vaf6 km'lTsOxfNof] M cfxf Û .
d};'/d} d o'/f]ksf] s'g} s'gfdf k'u]sf] cg'e"lt ug{ nfu]F . d unt lyOgF .
;+;f/df o; cfls{6]Sr/df ag]sf Sofy]8«n tLgj6f dfq 5g\ . ;]G6 lkmnf]d]gfsf]
Sofy]8«n tL tLgdWo] Ps xf] .
d};'/ ;x/leq cjl:yt o; rr{sf] pFrfO nueu !&% lkm6 cUnf] 5 . o;sf]
cfsfzLo b[Zon] of] xf]nL j|m;sf] cfsf/df ag]sf] k|:6 kfb{5 . lbgsf] ljleGg
;dodf lgoldt ¿kdf k|]o/ eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . oxfF cfP/ o; rr{sf] ;'Gb/tf, eJotf,
ljzfntf, zflGt, cfWoflTdstf cflb cg'ej ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . cfkm" kms{]/ hfFbf
:d/0fLo kmf]6f]x¿ klg lvr]/ nUg kfOxfNg'x'g]5 . rr{ laxfg kfFr ah]b]lv a]n'sf
cf7 ah];Dd v'nf /xg]5 .
*= and'/L / P8d'/L hnk|kftx¿ M ko{6s xf]pmg\
jf :yfgLo, oL b'O{ hf]8f hnk|kftx¿ plQs} nf]slk|o 5g\ . oL ´/gf :yfoL xf]Ogg\ .
and'/L ´/gf a9L nf]slk|o 5 . oxfF kfgLdf lxF8\g, sf]/fsn cyf{t\ rf]of cflbaf6
agfOPsf uf]nfsf/ 8'Ëfsf] ;o/ ug{ / df5feft vfg ;lsG5 . sf]/fsn ;o/ z'Ns
k|ltJolQm krf; ?lkofF nfU5 . oxfF hfg hltv]/} cg'dlt kfOG5, t/ ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg'xf]nf, klxn]klxn] w]/}k6s b'3{6gf 36]sf 5g\ . oxfF 3'Dg b'O{tLg
306frflxF 5'6Øfpg}k5{ . 6\jfOn]6, sk8f km]g{] sf]7f tyf vfglkgsf] Joj:yf /fd|f]
5 . oxfFg]/sf] u0f]z dlGb/ klg k'Ug'xf]nf, eJo 5 .
oxfFaf6 cfwf 306f sRrL af6f] lxF8\g tof/ x'g'x'G5 eg] P8d'/L ´/gfdf
k'Ug'x'g]5 . of] klg and'/L ´/gf´}F g} 5 t/ oxfF ;/;kmfO / cfwf/e"t
;'ljwfsf] cefj 5 . dflg;x¿ /S;L vfO/x]sf / kfgLdf plk|mO/x]sf b]lvg ;S5g\ .
kl/jf/sf ;fydf o:tf] 7fpFdf hfg s;}n] klg rfxFb}g, vf;u/L afnaRrf ;fydf 5g\ eg]
.
(= /ª\ugfly66' kIfL ceof/0o M ef/tsf dxfg\
r/fljb\ ;lnd cnLsf] gfd t ;'Gg'ePs} xf]nf . pgL r/fsf] af/]df olt s'zn / ljåfg\
lyP ls pgnfO{ æa8{Dofg ckm OlG8ofÆ cyf{t\ ef/tsf] r/fljb\ elgG5 . ef/tLo
r/fju{sf] Jojl:yt cWoog, ju©s/0f, ;'/Ôf / pkof]usf ;d'lrt pkfo cflbaf/] pgn]
klxnf] k6s ljzb\ cWoog u/] . ;g\ !(!^ df pgsf] gfddf Pp6f r/fsf] gfd g}
/flvof]– h'cf]y]/f] ;lndcnL .
;lnd cnLn] /Ëgfly6\6'df cg]s k/b]zL r/f b]v] . pgn] d};'?sf /fhfnfO{
/Ëgfly6\6'nfO{ r/f ;+/Ô0f Ô]qsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;xdt u/fP . tkfO{F r/fk|]dL
x'g'x'G5 eg] t ;lSsuf] lg, oxfF p8]/ cfpg'xf];\ . x]gf{];\, d z]vf kÔL ceof/0o
xfn} 3'd]sf] dflg;, km]l/ klg oxfF t k'Ug}kg{] b]V5' . oxfF hfg ;a}eGbf pko'Qm
;dorflxF k';b]lv kmfu'g xf] . k/b]zL r/f x]g{]sf nflu k';b]lv kmfu'g pQd,
:yfgLo r/fdfq x]g{ dg eP j}zfv–h]7 .
d}n] z]vf kÔL ceof/0osf] s'/f o; ofqfljj/0fsf] ;'?d} n]v]sf] 5', k'gM
x]g'{eP a]; . oxfFsf a8]a8] r/fx¿ x]/]/ bË} kl/g]jfnf 5 . cg]s dflg;n] eGg]5g\–
lsg hfg'k¥of] a]sf/df, s] 5 / /Ëgfly6\6'df < pgLx¿n] o;f] eGg'df b'O{ sf/0f
k|d'v 5g\ M of t oL ;fdfGo ko{6s x'g\ h;n] ;xL ck]Ôf u/]s} lyPgg\, of t tL unt
;dodf cfOk'u] .
oxfF gf}sfljxf/sf] ;'ljwf 5 . gf}sf r9]/ r/fsf] a9L glhs k'Ug tyf
glhsaf6 :ki6 kmf]6f] lvRg ;lsG5 . gf}sfljxf/sf] z'Ns jo:ssf nflu k|ltJolQm ?=
!)) k5{ .
!)= nlnt dxn M d};'/sf] nlnt b/af/sf]
s'/f cl3 klg cfO;s]sf] 5 . /sLh Sof;nsf] s'/f s]hLPkm d'eLdf cfO;s]sf] 5M nlnt
dxn . of] b/af/ w]/} d'eLx¿sf] ;'l6ª :k6 ag]sf] 5 . ev{/}sf] Ansa:6/ d'eL
s]hLPkm To:tf cg]s d'eLdWo] Ps xf] . of] dxn d};'/sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] dxn
xf] . o; b/af/nfO{ clxn] Ps ljnf;L xf]6nsf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . t/ oxfF
a:gsf nflu tkfO{Fn] ljnf;L vr{ ug'{kb{}g . oxfF a:g rfxg] xf] eg] ?= #)))–%)))
aLrsf] d"Nodf Ps /ft latfpg kfOg]5 . xf]6n a's ug'{ePsf] 5}g eg] klg of]
b/af/ e|d0f ug{ afwf kg{]5}g . b/af/ Ô]qsf] k|j]z z'Ns ? !)) k5{ / b/af/sf]
;d:t kl/;/, b/af/sf] e'OFtnf, l:jldª k'n Ô]qsf] e|d0f ug{ kfOG5 . tkfO{FnfO{
:jfutfy{ lgMz'Ns lrof klg v'jfOg]5 .
b/af/ leq–aflx/ ;a}lt/ cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 . tkfO{F l;h{gzLn kmf]6f]u|fkm/
x'g'x'G5 eg] cToGt nf]enfUbf b[Zox¿ s}b ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . 8LP;Pncf/ Sofd/fsf]
cg'dlt z'Ns !%) b]lv Sofd/fsf] Sjfln6Lcg';f/ a9\b} hfg]5 . sltkosf] gh/df olt
w]/} z'Ns lt/]/ kfpg] s'/f] s]xL x'Fb}g . pgLx¿ o; b/af/sf] e|d0f g} Joy{sf]
Joo eG7fG5g\ .
!!= s]/nf d;nf tyf cfo'j{]lbs pBfg M
lgMz'Ns k|j]z, ufO8;d]t pknAw 5 .
yk :yfgx¿ M d};'/ lrl8ofvfgfg]/sf] ev{/}
ag]sf] hnhGt' k|bz{gL :yn nf]s/~hg cSjf
jN8{ cG8/jf6/ h' cg]s hnhGt'sf] eJo k|bz{gL
x'G5 . k|j]z z'Ns ?= @)) lgs} dxFuf] nfU5, oxfF b]lvg] / x]g{] s'/f Tolt w]/}
s]xL 5}gg\ eGg] dx;'; x'G5 . o;afx]s >L/Ëk6gf, d};'/ /]nj] ;ª\u|xfno, hLcf/P; jf6/kfs{, :ofG8 Do'lhod, z's jg a8{
:ofª\Ro'c/L / af]G;fO{ uf8{]g / hugdf]xg b/af/ klg e|d0fof]Uo 5g\ . .
d};'/leq s;/L e|d0f ug{] <
d};'/df oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf /fd|f] 5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf nueu ;a} :yfgsf
nflu ;fj{hlgs a;sf] pknAwtf 5 . a}ª\Unf]/sf] lx;fan] x]g{] xf] eg] oxfFsf
6ØfS;L / c6f] klg w]/} ;:tf k5{g\ . d};'? 3'Dgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd tl/sfrflxF
df]6/;fOsndf x'G5 . 5'§Lsf lbgdf df]6/;fOsn kfpg rflxF sl7g 5 .
s] vfg] <
a6/ 8f];f . l:6«6 km'8 o; ;x/df w]/} nf]slk|o 5g\ . ;'sfPsf]
km"nsf]kL / cG8f lkHhf oxfF v'a vfOG5 . d};'/ kfs gaf]sL sf] 3/ hfG5 /
< olt dL7f] kfs cGoq sxLF kfOg] klg xf]Og . ;x/sf] nueu ;a} s'gfdf d};'/ kfs
kfOG5 .
s] lsGg] <
d};'/ oxfFsf] /]zdL sk8fsf nflu gfd'b 5 . oxfFsf] /]zd pBf]u ljZjdf
gfd'b 5 . /]zdL ;f8Lx¿ 5 xhf/b]lv rfnL; xhf/;Dddf lsGg ;lsG5 . d};'/ cfpg]n]
oxfF rGbg lsGb5g\ . oxfFsf] rGbg ;jf{]Ts[i6 u'0fsf] x'G5 .
!$= >L/ª\uk6gf
of] ;x/ sfj]/Lsf b'O{ eFufnfaLrsf] 6fk' ;x/ xf] . of] d};'/ ;x/af6 sl/a
!% lsnf]ld6/ pQ/–k"j{df l:yt ;fgf] wfld{s ;x/ x]f . >L/ª\uk6gf
k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnb]lvsf] cljlR5Gg ;x/ dflgG5 . ljhogu/f ;fd|fHosf] ;dodf of] Ps
tLy{e"ld dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . p;a]nf oxfF a;]/ ljhogu/f ;fd|fHosf clwsf/Lx¿n]
d};'/ / tfnsf8 If]qsf] k|zf;g x]b{y] . ha of] ;fd|fHosf] ktg eof], d};"/n]
:jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff u/\of] . d};'/sf gofF 3f]lift /fhf jf]b]o/ k|ydsf] lg;fgfdf
>L/ª\uk6gf kg{ uof] . pgn] o; ;x/df a;]/ k|zf;g rnfpg] /ª\u/fonfO{ k/flht
u/] / df/] . jf]b]o/ k|ydn] o;kl5 >L/ª\uk6gfnfO{ cfkm\gf] cwLgdf NofP .;f]xL
jif{b]lv pgn] >L/ª\uk6gfdf gj/flq pT;j dgfpg] k|rng ;'? u/] . kl5 ljhogu/n]
d};'/ clw/fHosf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ u/\of], / l:ylt ;fdfGoLs/0ftkm{ uof] . oxfF
gj/flqdf rfd'08]Zj/Lsf] eJo k"hf–cf/fwgf ul/GYof] . rfd'08]Zj/L d};'/
/fHosL clwi7fqL b]jL lyOg\ .
x}b/ cnL / l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] ;dodf of] If]q d};'/ clw/fHosf] /fhwfgL aGof] . l6k' ;'Ntfgn]
jf]b]o/ dxf/fhfnfO{ lht]/ aGbL agfP, pgn] d};'/df cfkm\gf] cflwkTo ePs]f bfaL
u/] . t/ ptf rfd/fhf jf]b]o/ gjf}F d};'/sf cflwsfl/s /fhf /lx/x]sf lyP .
ha l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] n8fOF a]nfotLx¿ clg sf]8jf / dfnfaf/ /fhfx¿;Fu Ps};fy
n8fOF ;'? eof], pgn] ;a} gfo/, sf]8jf, dª\unf]l/og Sofyf]lns ;a}nfO{ 3]/fdf
kf/] . o;kl5 pgn] ;a} aGbLnfO{ >L/ª\uk6gfdf s}b u/] .
;g\ !&(( df x}b/fafbsf lghfdn] cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ d};'/df l6k' ;'Ntfg;Fu
n8\gsf %),))) ;}lgs k7fP . cª\u|]h ;]gf
klg Tolts} ;ª\Vofdf o'4df ;xefuL eof] . ha l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] a]nfotLx¿;Fusf] o'4df
k/fho eof], tL s}bLx¿ d'St eP . l6k' ;'Ntfg >L/ª\uk6gf lsNnfleq} dfl/P .
pgsf Ps ljZjf;kfqn] ljZjf;3ft u/]sfn] pgsf] o'4z}nL / pgsf] cjl:yltsf] hfgsf/L
a]nfotLx¿;dIf k'Uof] .
l6k' ;'Ntfgn] jL/ult k|fKt u/]sf] :yfg cfh :df/ssf] ¿kdf 5 . ;+o'St
;}Go xdnf u/]/ ljho k|fKt u/] klg >L/ª\uk6gfdf pgLx¿n] n'6kf6 dRrfP .
b/af/sf] ;d:t j}ej n'6] . pgsf] b/af/sf] w]/}h;f] c+z cfh klg ;'/lIft 5 .
a]nfotLx¿n] ;'g / gubdfq xf]Og, lghL k|of]usf j:t'x¿, l6k' ;'Ntfgsf
dxFuf sk8f, h'Qf, t/af/, aGb's / tf]kx¿ ;a}yf]s kfgLhxfhåf/f a]nfot nu] . cfh
klg tL a]nfotL zfxL ;ª\u|xdf tyf leS6f]l/of tyf cNa6{ Do'lhoddf /flvPsf 5g\ .
l6k'sf] af3nfO{ la|l6; ;}lgsdfly xdnf u/fPsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] t/af/ ljho dfNof gfdsf
s0ff{6ssf /S;L Jofkf/Ln] Ps lnnfd a9fa9df vl/b u/] . a]nfotL uLtsf/ x\ofl/P6
jfOg/fO6n] pSt o'4dfly Pp6f ;fd"lxs uLt ;]l/ª\uk6d\ n]v] / ;ª\uLt e/]
.
d};'/af6 cToGt glhs eP klg of] dfG8\of lhNnfdf kb{5 . sfj]/L gbL 6fk'df
of] ;Dk"0f{ ;x/ /x]sf] 5 . a}ª\Un'?
/ d};'?af6 oxfF hfg 6«]g / a;sf]
;xh ;'ljwf 5 . oxfFsf w/f]x/x¿nfO{ Go"gtd c;/ k'Ug'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;8s tyf
/]n ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ Vofn ul/Psf] 5 .
>L/ª\uk6gfsf d'Vo bz{gLo laGb'x¿ M
!= >L/ª\ugfy:jfdL dlGb/ M s0ff{6s
/fHosf] d};"/af6 s]xL k/ dfG8\of lhNnfdf cjl:yt >L/Ëgfy:jfdL dlGb/ >L/Ëk6gf
;x/df 5 . of] :yfg sfj]/L gy{ KjfOG6 /]nj] :6];gg]/ 5 . >L/Ë >Llji0f'sf
Ps cjtf/ elgG5g\ . ef/tel/df /x]sf lji0f'sf !)* cledfgÔ]qd\ -lbJob]zd\_ dWo]
o;nfO{ Ps elgG5 . sfj]/L gbLlsgf/sf kfFr j}i0fj tLy{dWo] of] Ps xf] . ef/tLo
k'/ftŒj ljefusf cg';f/ of] dlGb/ ;g\ (*$ lt/ of] dlGb/ klZrd uËf /fhj+zsf gfoa
lt?dn}ofn] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . kl5kl5sf /fhfx¿n] o;nfO{ yk ;'Gb/ / dha't agfPsf
x'g\ . o;/L of] xf]o;nf / ljhogu/f dlGb/ jf:t'snfsf] gd'gf ag]sf] xf] . ag]sf]
xf] . sfj]/Llsgf/sf tL kfFr tLy{nfO{ blÔ0f ef/tsf k~r/ËÔ]qd\ elgG5 . of]
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t dlGb/ xf] .
syfcg';f/ uf}td Clifn] lji0f' eujfg\sf] zogd'b|fsf] bz{g kfpmF egL oxfF
s7f]/ tk:of u/] . dxflji0f'n] /Ëgfy:jfdL cjtf/ wf/0f u/L oxfF cfO{ uf}td
ClifnfO{ bz{g lbg'eof] . uf}td Clifn] eujfg\;Fu k|fy{gf u/]– æx] k/d]Zj/ Û ca
xh'/n] oxLF jf; ul/lbg'xf];\ . cfufdL o'usf dfgjn] klg xh'/sf] bz{g kfpg
;s"g\ .Æ
uf}td Clifsf] laGtL 6fg{ g;s]/ k|e'n] oxLF crn eO{ kTy/¿k wf/0f
ug'{eof] . uf}td Clifsf sf/0f slno'usf dflg;n] klg >Llji0f'sf] bz{gsf] ;f}efUo
kfPsf x'g\ . dlGb/sf] uf]k'/d\ ljzfn 5 . dlGb/jl/kl/ b'O{ juf{sf/ ljzfn k|frL/
jf k|sf/ 5g\ . ue{u[xdf k'Ugsf nflu cg]s d08k eP/ hfg'k5{ . dlGb/sf cGo
;+/rgfx¿df ;'vfg;L -;fgf] k|tLÔfno_, d08k / d'vd08k cflb 5g\ . eujfg\
>Llji0f' cflbz]ifdf cf/fdk"j{s zogd'b|fdf x'g'x'G5 . z]ifgfusf ;ft
6fpsfn] k|e'sf] ;]jf u/]sf 5g\ . >Lb]jL, e"b]jL / a|Xdf klg bfofFafofF
x'g'x'G5 .
>L/ª\ugfy:jfdLsf k|d'v kfFr dlGb/x¿ M
s= cflb/Ë M
>L/Ëk6gf, dG8\of dWo/Ë M lzjfg;/Ë, dG8\of lhNnf, s0ff{6s, cGTo/Ë M >L/Ëgfy:jfdL dlGb/, lt?lr/fkNnL
v= ;/Ëkfl0f dlGb/ M s'Dasf]0fd\ u= >L cKks'0fsd\ M lt?lr/fkNnL
3= kl/dn /Ëgfyd\ k]?dn dlGb/ M OGbn'/, dlonfbt'/} ª= /Ëgfy dlGb/ M
g]Nnf]/
>L/ª\ugfy:jfdL dlGb/ oxfFsf] vf; klxrfg xf] . >L/ª\ugfy:jfdLnfO{
k|elji0f' eg]/ lji0f';x;|gfd s[ltdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|elji0f' log}
>L/ª\ugfy:jfdL x'g\ .
@= l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] lsNnf
#= l6k' ;'Ntfgsf] ;d/ Kofn];
$= l6k' ;'Ntfg :df/s
%= sg]{n a]nLsf] e"ldut sIf tyf ;'?ª
^= >L/ª\uk6gf nfO6 PG8 ;fpG8 ;f]
&= >L lgldifDe dlGb/
*= >L sNof0fL l;l4u0f]z u'8L
(= >L c~hg]o dlGb/
!)= >Ls[i0f b]j:yfgd\
!!= >Lg[l;+x:jfdL dlGb/
!@= >L/ª\uk6gf 3f6
!%= s[i0f/fhf ;fu/
s[i0f/fhf ;fu/ afFw M
d};"/af6 pQ/sf] s[i0f/fhf;fu/ (KRS) afFw x]g{ hfg' jf~5gLo 5 . sfj]/L gbLdf afFlwPsf] of] ljzfn afFw o;sf
;xfos gbLx¿ x]dfjtL / nId0ftLy{ gbL;lxtsf] lqj]0fLdf 5 . afFw !(!! df lznfGof;
/fvL !(#! df k"/f ul/Psf] xf] . o; afFwsf] lgdf{0fdf b; xhf/ dhb'/n]
lgoldt sfd u/]sf lyP . p; ;dodf ef/tdf l;d]G6 pTkfbg gePsfn] OF6sf 6'qmf /
;'v©af6 of] afFw afFlwPsf] xf] . o; afFwsf] lgdf{0faf6 nueu !),))) dflg;
lj:yflkt eP . t/ ;/sf/n] a]n}df ltgnfO{ plrt d'cfAhf tyf pko'Ï l;l~rt e"ld
lbO{ lj:yfkgsf] kL8f sd u/]sf] lyof] elgG5 .
s[i0f/fhf;fu/ afFw p; ;dosf d};'/ /fHosf s[i0f/fhf jflbo/n] agfpg
nufPsf x'g\ . o;sf] lgdf{0fdf !)# nfv ?lkofF vr{ ePsf] lyof] . o;;Fu} Pp6f
;fgf] au}Frf klg agfOPsf] 5 M j[Gbfjg pBfg . rfnL; ld6/ cUnf], @^@) ld6/ nfdf]
/ !@( ju{ lsnf]ld6/ Ô]qkmndf hnfzo km}lnPsf] of] afFw !(#@ df pb\3f6g eof] .
k|l;4 OlGhlgo/ ;/ ljZj]Zj/of o;sf kl/sNkgfsf/ / cfls{6]S6 x'g\ . pgL p;a]nf
d};"/ l/of;tsf lrkm OlGhlgo/ lyP .
o;df $* j6f c6f]d]l6s u]6 5g\ h;sf sf/0f afFwdf kfgL el/O{ cf]e/ˆnf]
x'g kfpFb}g . o; afFwn] dfG8\of / d};"/ lhNnfdf l;FrfOsf] sfd ub{5 . ;fy}
d};"/ ;x/, dfG8\of, a}ª\Unf]/ ;x/ / j/k/sf w]/} u|fdL0f Ô]qsf] vfg]kfgLsf]
;|f]t klg oxL xf] .
of] afFw aGg'eGbf klxn] l6k' ;'Ntfgn] klg ;fgf]ltgf] afFw afFWg nufPsf
lyP elgG5, jf ltgsf] cfof]hgf k"/f geO{sg To;} t'lxPsf] xf], To;afFwsf] lznfn]vafx]s
afFw, gx/ cflb cGo k|df0f e]l6Fb}g .
d};"/sf lbjfg ldhf{ O:dfOnn] ToxfFsf] pBfg agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . o;nfO{
cfh j[Gbfjg pBfg elG5 . of] pBfg ToxfFsf] Do'lhsn kmfpG6]gsf] eJotfsf nflu
gfd'b 5 . ;fFemkv ToxfFsf lrqljlrq cfsf/sf /ª\uLg 5x/fx¿ ;ª\uLtsf] tfndf
gfr]sf] / nfvf}F ;xefuLx¿ ;f]xL tfndf s'nL{s'nL{ gfr]s]f x]g{ kfOg]5 . ;fFem
;ft ah]b]lv kGw|aL; ldg]6sf] pSt nfO6 PG8 Do'lhs b[Zo cnf}lss x'G5 .
!^= gGhgu'8'
gGhgu'8' ;x/ d};'/ ;x/af6 @# lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf sflagL -slknf_
gbLlsgf/df /x]sf] ;fgf] ;x/ xf] . sflagL gbL s]xL k"j{sf] lt?dfs'8\8n'
g/l;+xk'/fdf k'u]/ sfj]/Ldf ldl;G5 . clns pa8vfa8 hldgdf a;]sf] o; ;x/nfO{
lzjhLsf] ;x/ / blIf0fsfzL klg elgG5 . lzjk'/f0fdf o; ;x/nfO{ >L unf{k'/L
elgPsf] 5 . of] If]q gGhgu'8' s]/fsf sf/0f klg k|l;4 5 . o;f] t o; If]qdf lgs}
k/k/;Dd s]/f v]tL, pv' v]tL / wfg v]tL b]Vg kfOG5 . otf cfFk klg dhfn] kmN5g\ .
of] pj{/ If]qsf] aLrdf /x]sf] ;fgf] ;x/ oxfFsf >Ls07]Zj/ dxfb]jsf sf/0f
k|l;4 5 . oxfFsf lzjhLnfO{ gGhgu'8]Zj/ klg elgG5 . dlGb/ ljzfn, eJo / cfsif{s 5
.
gjf}F / b;f}F ztfAbLdf klZrd uª\uf /fhj+zn] oxfF lzjsf] of] ljzfn dlGb/
agfPkl5 o;sf] dxŒj a9]/ cfPsf] x]f . kl5 xf]o;nf, rf]n / ljhogu/ /fhj+zx¿n]
dlGb/df yk lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ u/] . d};'/sf jf]b]o/ /fhfx¿n] o; dlGb/sf]
hL0ff{]4f/, ljsf; / ;~rfngdf 7"nf] wg/flz nufP .
d'Vo cfsif{0fx¿ M
!= gGhgu'8]Zj/ dlGb/ M o; ;x/sf]
;a}eGbf d'Vo cfsif{0f oxL dlGb/ xf] . lzjk'/f0fdf o; e"ldsf] rrf{ cfpF5 .
lzjk'/f0fsf cg';f/ oxfF lzjhLn] s]zL gfdsf] Ps /fIf;sf] jw ug'{ePsf] lyof] . o;
dlGb/;Fu hf]l8Psf] Ps :yfgLo ls+jbGtL klg 5 . l6k' ;'Ntfg PskN6 cGwf eP5g\ .
pgsf Ps ldqn] pgnfO{ oxfF cfO{ lzjsf] cf/fwgf ug{ ;'emfP5g\ . l6k' ;'Ntfgn] of]
;Nnfx dfg]/ oxfF cfO{ a;]/ $* lbg;Dd j|t–pkf;gf u/]5g\ . o;kl5 pgsf] b[li6
kmsL{ cfP5 .
oxfF lzjhLsf] /yofqf, k/z'/fdhL / uf]kfnhLsf] klg ;Fu} /yofqf u/fpg]
rng 5 . glhs} eujfg\ lzjhLsf] Ps ljzfn d"lt{ :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . lzjhL oxfF
;d'b|dGygaf6 lg:s]sf] sfns"6 ljif lkO{ gLns07 x'g'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] ljzfn
d"lt{ gLnf] /ªdf 5 .
@= k/z'/fdIf]q M gGhgu'8'af6 glhs} sf]lknf
/ sf]l08Go gbLsf] ;ª\ud 5 . o; bf]efgsf] kljqtf 7"nf] 5 . o; If]qnfO{
k/z'/fdIf]q elgG5 . k/z'/fdn] cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ sf6]sf] kfk o;} bf]efgdf cfO{
kvfn]sf x'g\ elgG5 . ctM o; bf]efgnfO{ kfkljdf]lrgL elgG5 .
#= ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] k'n M ef/tel/df
/]nj] nfOg / ;8s b'j} ePsf k'ndWo] gGhgu'8'sf] k|j]zdf sflagL gbLdfly ag]sf]
k'nnfO{ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] xf] eg]/ ef/t ;/sf/n] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . of] k'n
!&#% df ag]sf] xf] . o;sf/0f o; k'nnfO{ ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ;j]{If0fn] ;+/lIft
:df/ssf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
$= u'? bQfq]o :jfdL dlGb/ M slknf gbLsf]
lsgf/df rfd'08]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ 5 . To; dlGb/glhs} 5 u'? bQfq]o :jfdL dlGb/ . o;
dlGb/df >L :jfdL z/e]Zj/ / >L k|Toª\lu/fb]jLsf d"lt{ klg :yflkt
ul/Psf 5g\ .
%= x]Dd/fun ;Gtfg uf]kfn:jfdL dlGb/ M o;
dlGb/ kl/;/nfO{ sf}l08Go dxlif{ If]q klg elgG5 . of] dlGb/ >Ls07]Zj/ dlGb/
gGhgu'8'af ;f9] t]x| lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5 . dlGb/df d'Vou/L lqeª\uL sf]nfn' uf]kfnsf]
d"lt{sf] k"hf x'G5 . of] nueu !*)) jif{ k'/fgf] dlGb/ xf] elgG5 .
oxfFsf uf]kfn:jfdLsf] bz{g u/L j/ dfu]df ;GtfgxLgx¿n] 5f]/f5f]/L jf gfltgfltgf
k|fKt u5{g\ elgG5 . o; dlGb/sf :tDex¿sf snfsfl/tfn] ljhogu/f jf:t'lzNk hgfpF5g\
.
^= slknf 3f6 M slknf cyjf sflagL gbLdf
oxfF 3f6 agfOPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ oxfF cfO{ :gfg ub{5g\ / kfk kvflnPsf] ljZjf;
ub{5g\ . glhs} d;fg3f6 klg 5 hxfF :yfgLox¿ lkt[zjbfx sfo{ ;DkGg ub{5g\ . oxfFsf]
3f6nfO{ blIf0fsf] dl0fsl0f{sf 3f6 elgG5 . Psk6s oxfF lzjhL;Fu e]6 ug{ kfj{tLhL
cfPsL lyOg\ . pgsf] sfgsf] dl0fs'08n oxfF :gfg ubf{ v:g uO{ x/fof] . To;}n] o;
3f6nfO{ dl0fsl0f{sf 3f6 elgPsf] xf] . ptf sfzLsf] dl0fsl0f{sf 3f6df klg
kfj{tLhLsf] Ps dl0f x/fPsf] lyof] elgPsf] 5 .
;'Svf ;dodf gbLdf kfgL sd} x'g] eP klg jiff{ofdkl5 eg] oxfF gf}sfljxf/
ug{] ul/G5 . otfsf gf}sf uf]nf] cfsf/sf 7"nf] 9fsLh:tf 5g\ . o; gbLdf
ag]sf afFw afFwL lgsflnPsf gx¿x¿af6 j/k/sf v]tdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 .
oLafx]s klg j/k/ cg]s bz{gLo e|d0fof]Uo :yfgx¿ 5g\ . h:t}– lzj;d'b|
5x/f, aGbLk'/ /fli6«o pBfg, sflagL hnfzo cflb .
oxfFsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qn] s0ff{6sdf a}ª\Un'?sf] cf}Bf]lus If]qkl5 ;a}eGbf
a9L s/ lt5{ .
!&= ;f]dgfyk'/f
kf}8]n j+zfjnLsf cg';f/ kf}8]n, kf]v/]n, cof{n, l;Ub]n, aufn] yfkf,
a8fn, b'jf8L cflb cfq]ouf]qL y/sf k"j{h ;f]dgfy cfq]o lyP . ;f]dgfy cfq]o ;+jt\ %@) df d};'/ ;x/df hGd]sf
lyP . d};'/ b/af/df pgL x's{], a9] . kl5 pgL o;} b/af/df /fhu'?sf] kbjL / ;Ddfg
kfP/ a;] . ;f]dgfy cToGt wgL a|fXd0f lyP . pgsf s'g} ;Gtfg gePkl5 ToxLFsf s'g}
lzi6 a|fx\d0fk'qnfO{ wd{k'qsf] ¿kdf ckgfP . t/ pgn] cfkm\gf] ePe/sf] ;DklQ pSt
;GtfgnfO{ glbP/ Ps ;x/ a;fpgdf vr{ u/] . pgn] a;fPsf] ;x/sf] gfd ;f]dgfyk'/f
xf] . Tof] sfj]/L gbLsf] k"jL{ t6df, d};'/af6 rfnL; lsnf]ld6/hlt
k"j{df 5 .
t/ ljlslkl8of eG5, ;f]dgfyk'/f s'g} ;f]dgfy b08gfos elgg] ;]gfkltn] of]
;x/ t]x|f}F ztfAbLdf a;fPsf x'g\ . pgn] of] ;x/ s/d'St u/L a|fx\d0fx¿nfO{ lbP,
tf ls a|fx\d0fx¿ s/d'St /xL cfjZos dlGb/ agfpg, dlGb/sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; cflb
ug{ ;Ifd /x"g\ .
pSt ;|f]tcg';f/ tL ;f]dgfy eGg] ;]gfkltn] ToxfF s]zjhLsf] dlGb/ agfpg
nufP . ;g\ !@%* lt/sf] s'/f xf] of] .
ltgn] j}i0fj ;Dk|bfosf] tLy{ xf];\ egL s]zjb]jfno agfPsf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . pgn]
a:tL a;fPsf] geP/ dlGb/ agfPsf] x'g ;S5 . tL ;f]dgfyn] tL If]qx¿df k'/xf/,
g/l;+x]Zj/, d'/xf/, nIdLg/l;+x / of]ugf/fo0f cflb cg]s dlGb/ xf]o;nf z}nLdf
agfpg nufP .
kl5 d';ndfg cfqmfGtfx¿n] ;d:t If]qdf xdnf u/L tL ;a} dlGb/ Wj:t agfOlbP
. nIdLg/l;+x dlGb/;d]t v08x/df ablnof] . dfly elgPsf dlGb/x¿dWo] cfh
of]ugf/fo0f dlGb/sf] ue{u[x, s]xL jf:t'lzNksf j:t', snfs[ltx¿ cflb kQf nfu]sf 5g\
. c¿ ;a} dlGb/ sxfF s:tf] cj:yfdf 5g\ laNs'n} yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
xf]o;nf /fHon] p;a]nf cfkm\gf] ;/xbel/df lxGb' / h}gx¿sf nueu !,%))
dlGb/ agfpg nufP . ltgLx¿dWo] a]n'/ / xn]lab'sf dlGb/ klg x'g\ .
sfj]/L gbLlsgf/sf] ;f]dgfyk'/f k|frLg ufpF xf] . oxfF v]tLkftL cToGt
/fd|f] ePsf] b]Vg kfOG5 . wfg, pv', kmnkm"n cflb kof{Kt kmN5g\ . sfj]/L
gbLdf afFw afFwL oxfF;Dd gx/ NofOPsf] 5 / o;af6 ;d:t If]q pj{/ ag]sf] 5 .
;f]dgfyk'/fsf ko{6sLo laGb'x¿
!= s]zjb]jfno M of] j}i0fj dtfjnDaLx¿sf]
cToGt eJo dlGb/ ;f]dgfyk'/f ufpFsf] aLrd} 5 . o;nfO{ l5Ggs]zj dlGb/ klg elgG5 .
o;sf] :yfkgf s'g} ;f]dgfy b08gfosn] ;g\ !@%* df :yfkgf u/fPsf lyP . of] xf]o;nf
jf:t'snfsf] pTs[i6 gd'gf xf] . oxfF dlGb/aflx/ / leq s'FlbPsf d"lt{x¿n]
xfdLnfO{ cfZro{sf] dflyNnf] txdf k'/\ofOlbG5g\ .
dlGb/sf] klZrdL cf;g s]zjsf nflu, pQ/L cf;g hgfb{gsf nflu / blIf0fL
cf;g j]0f'uf]kfnsf nflu x'g\ . t/ s]zjsf] d"lt{ ufoa 5 . ;efd08kdf w]/}
:tDex¿ 5g\ . l5Ggs]zjsf] cy{ ;'Gb/ s]zj eGg] x'G5 . dlGb/ if6\sf]0f cfsf/sf]
ue{u[xdf agfOPsf] 5 . snfsfl/tf / ljlzi6 cfWoflTds bz{g jf syf gaf]s]sf] s'g}
6'qmf] 5}g, s'g} s'gf] 5}g dlGb/el/ .
dlGb/sf leqL / aflx/L leQfdf /fdfo0f -blIf0fL v08_, dxfef/t -pQ/L v08_
/ >Ldb\dxfk'/f0fsf syfx¿ -klZrdL v08_ s'FlbPsf 5g\ . d'Vo k|j]zåf/dfly sGg8f
efiffdf lznfn]v 5 . cGj]ifs hh{ dfOs]n eG5g\ l5Ggs]zj dlGb/ xf]o;nf
jf:t'lzNksf] pTs[i6 gd'gf xf] . To; /fhj+zsf] :j0f{sfndf o;sf] lgdf{0f ePsf]
xf] . of] dlGb/ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t 5 . o;}cg';f/ o;sf] ;+/If0f
/ ;hfj6df kof{Kt Wofg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . k|j]z z'Ns cgnfOg lt/]/ dfq l6s6 kfOG5,
gub} ltg{] Joj:yf 5}g .
@= >Lk~rlnª\u]Zj/ dlGb/ M ;f]dgfy
ufpFsf] k"j{k6\l6 d'Vo ;8seGbf k"j{k6\l6 cToGt k|l;4
>Lk~rlnª\u]Zj/ dlGb/ 5 . of] dlGb/ klg ;dsfnLg xf] / lzjhLdf ;dlk{t 5 .
ljzfn wfg v]tsf] aLrdf /x]sf] of] dlGb/ l5Ggs]zjb]jfnoeGbf cem 7"nf] 5 .
7Ls o:t} dlGb/, cem 7"nf] / k|l;4, ptf uf]ljGbgxNnLdf klg 5 . clxn]rflxF
;f]dgfyk'/fl:yt >Lk~rlnª\u]Zj/s} s'/f u/f}F .
;DejtM of] dlGb/ ;f]dgfyk'/f u|fdsf] s]zjb]jfnohlQsf] rlr{t /
snfsfl/tfsf] lx;fan] pTs[i6 gnfu]/ xf]nf, ToxfF;Dd hfg] af6 kSsL 5}g, a? sRrL /
sd} dfG5] lxF8]sf] xl/of] 3fF;o'St 5 . dlGb/ ;/;kmfO gul/Psf], v08x/ cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] 5 . Pp6f uf]k'/d\ k"0f{¿kdf 9n]sf] 5 . sltko dlGb/dfly kLkn pd|]/
dlGb/nfO{ rsf{pFb} 5g\ . of] b]Vtf x[bo kmf6]/ cfpF5 .
#= sufnLk'/f n]s M of] tfn x]g{ hfFbf x[bo s'Fl8P/ cfpF5 . of] dfgj
cltqmd0fsf] rk]6fdf 5 . df6f] el/P/ tfn g} k'l/Fb} 5 . of] P]ltxfl;s kf}/fl0fs
tfnsf] ;+/If0f cTofjZos eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= >L pu|g/l;+x:jfdL dlGb/ M of] dlGb/ ;f]dgfyk'/f ufpFaf6 klZrd
sfj]/L gbLt6lt/ hfg] af6}g]/ v]tx¿sf aLrdf cnkq cj:yfdf 5 . of] k|frLg dlGb/
klg :ofxf/ kv{]/ a;]sf] 5 .
;f]dgfyk'/fdf o:tf k|frLg dlGb/ c¿ lgs}j6f 5g\ . w]/}h;f] gi6e|i6
eO;s]sf jf x'Fb} 5g\ . ltgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] d};'/ If]qsf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt,
wd{ / k/Dk/fsf] af/]df yk 1fg x'g] lyof], :yfgLox¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf j[l4 x'g]
lyof] . ko{6gsf] ljsf; eO{ ef/t / l;ª\u} lxGb' hut\sf] ljsf; x'g] lyof] .
of] ufpF ;fgf;fgf Pstn] kSsL t/ 5fgfdf vk6fn] 5fPsf 3/x¿ u'h'd'Rr k/]/
a;]sf] 5 . oxfFsf 3/x¿sf] e|d0f ug{] xf] eg] 3/jfnfx¿nfO{ o;f] ;o–krf; ?lkofF
lbg'kg{] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs rkL{, kfls{ª / lrof–gf:tf k;nsf] ;'ljwf 5 . vfgf vfg]
xf] eg] klxNo} c8{/ u/L 3'Dg lg:s]sf] a]; x'G5 .
slxn] hfg] < s;/L hfg] <
;f]dgfyk'/fsf dlGb/x¿df k"hfcfhf x'Fb}g . logLx¿ P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/,
jf:t'snfsf pRrtd gd'gfsf] ¿kdf dfq 5g\ . ctM oxfF hlxn] uP klg x'G5 .
s]zjb]jfnodf l6s6 nfU5 / of] b; ah] v'N5 . of] ko{6sLo ufpF k'Ug d};'/af6 a;
kqmL ;f]em} k"j{ aGg'/ x'Fb} lrSsdlnu] skfn';Dd hfg'k5{ clg blIf0f hfg] a;
kqmL ;f]dgfyk'/f hfg'k5{ .
!*= e]nf]/ -ljNnf]/_
ljNnf]/ 3'Dgsf nflu lxpFbsf] ;do pQd xf] . c;f]h–sflt{s jf kmfu'g r}t
klg plt v/fa ;do xf]Ogg\ . ljNnf]/ of e]nf]/ g]kfnLx¿sf nflu gofF 7fpF xf]Og .
cg]s sf/0fn] o;sf] rrf{ eO/fV5, vf;u/L oxfFsf] c:ktfnsf] s'/f a9L x'G5 .
ljNnf]/sf] ;LPd;L c:ktfnsf] d]l8sn ;]jf g]kfnLx¿n] klg kfO/x]sf 5f}F . o;sf
nflu xfdLn] To;sf lgdf{tf / ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg'k5{ .
e]nf]/df k'Ug'kg{} :ynx¿
!= >LnIdL :j0f{dlGb/ -:j0f{dlGb/
>Lk'/d\_ M of] >LdxfnIdL gf/fo0fL dlGb/ xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0fdf !%,)))
lsnf] :j0f{sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf] s'g} klg wfld{s d7, dlGb/, rr{, u'Daf
cflbdf olt w]/} ;'gsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5}g . o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f nfut tLg ;o
s/f]8eGbf a9L ef/tLo ?lkofF vr{ ePsf] 5 . oxfF cfpg] x/]s tLy{ofqL eÏhg oL
dftf/fgLsf] j}ej b]v]/ d'Uw eP/ kms{G5g\ . o; dlGb/df s'Flbg] lrqsf/L ck|ltd
cè't 5g\ . ;g\ @))& cu:tdf o; dlGb/sf] pb\3f6g ePsf] xf] . /ftdf oxfFsf]
dlGb/sf] ´ndn x]g'{ a]; 5 . oxfF jif{el/ g} >4fn'x¿sf] tfFtL nflu/x]sf] x'G5
. lbgdf Ps nfveGbf a9L >4fn' bz{gfy{ cfOk'U5g\ . !)) Ps8eGbf Hofbf Ô]qdf
km}lnPsf] o; dlGb/sf] j/k/ ;j{q xl/ofnL 5 . o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f j[Qfsf/ 5 . o;
kl/;/df lgld{t k'isl/0fLdf b]zsf ;a} k|l;4 / kljq gbLx¿sf] kfgL NofO{ vGofOPsf]
5 M
ç >LnIdLgf/fo0fL gdf]gdM . oxL xf] oxfFsf nflu d"n dGq . o;
dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ljNnf]/l:yt >Lgf/fo0fLkL7d\åf/f u/fOPsf] xf] .
;'gåf/f n]kg ul/Psf] o; dlGb/df klxn] slt tx;Dd tfFaf] 5 / To;dfly gf}
tx;Dd ;'gsf] k/t nufOPsf] 5 .
@= ljNnf]/ lsNnf M nueu $%) jif{ k'/fgf] .
7"nf7"nf kTy/n] agfPsf] . ljNnf]/ lsNnfsf] jl/kl/ jf6/df]6 w]/}
km/flsnf] / ulx/f] 5 . p; hdfgfdf o; df]6df uf]xLx¿ klg 5fl8Gy] tf ls zq' of]
df]6 kf/ u/]/ cfqmd0f ug{ ;dy{ xf];\ . of] lsNnf nueu ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf]
xf] . of] ljhogu/ /fHosf /fhfx¿n] agfPsf] lsNnf xf] . kl5 oxfF ljhfk'/sf
;'Ntfgx¿n] /fHo u/] . To;kl5 d/f7fx¿sf xftdf of] kg{ uof] . c´ kl5 sgf{l6s
gjfjsf] zf;g oxfF cfOk'Uof] . s0ff{6s gjfax¿kl5 of] :yfg la|l6;x¿sf] xftdf
k'Uof] .
ljNnf]/ kmf]6{ cg]s P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿sf] ;fÔL /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf
;'Ntfgsf] xTofkl5 p;sf kl/jf/hgnfO{ oxLF s}b ul/of] . >LnÍfsf clGtd /fhf
>Lljqmdf–/fhfl;Gxfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ klg a]nfotLx¿n] o;} lsNnfdf s}b u/] . kl5
!()^ df o;} ljNnf]/ kmf]6{leq ljNnf]/ ljb|f]x eof] . ljNnf]/ kmf]6{leq Ps dl:hb
b]lvG5 . Tof] dl:hb aGb cj:yfdf 5 . ;DejtM d'l:nd zf;sx¿n] lghL k|fy{gfejgsf]
¿kdf o;nfO{ k|of]u u/] xf]nfg\ . kTy/n] ag]sf] of] tLg ;o jif{hlt k'/fgf]
x'g'k5{ .
ef/tdf !*%& sf] klxnf] ljb|f]x oxLF ePsf] lyof] . o;} lsNnfdf .
#= hnsu08]Zj/ dlGb/ M ljnf]/
kmf]6{leqsf] hns07]Zj/ dlGb/nfO{ af]nLrfnLdf hnu08]Zj/ dlGb/ elgG5 . lzjdf
;dlk{t of] dlGb/ lsNnf´}F jl/kl/ ;'/Ôf vf8L df]6 agfOPsf] 5 . dlGb/sf] ;'/Ôf
k|aGwdf o:tf] a[xbLZj/ dlGb/ t]Ghf}/df / oxfFafx]s cGoq sxLF b]lvFFb}g .
$= lonflul/ lxn :6];g M
%= /Tglul/ d'?ug dlGb/ M rf}yf]
ztfAbLdf ag]sf] .
^= ;fOG; kfs{ M
&= cld/tL h'nf]lhsn kfs{ M of] :yfg klg
cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 .
*= ueg{d]G6 Do'lhod M of]
ax'p2]ZoLo ;ª\u|xfno lsNnfleq 5 .
(= j]0f' afk' cAhe{]6/L M gÔqlj1fgdf
ljz]if ?lr x'g]sf nflu of] j]wzfnf ljz]if cy{k"0f{ x'G5 . of] j]wzfnf nueu
!)) Ps8df km}lnPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu klg oxfF ljz]if Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
oxfF ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 6]ln:sf]k /flvPsf] 5 . of] (# OGr nfdf] 5 .
!)= /f]dg Sofyf]lns rr{ M of] :yfg ljNnf]/
6fpg /]nj] :6];gaf6 nueu # lsld k/ . cToGt cfsif{s .
!!= ;LPd;L sn]h M lqml:6og d]l8sn sn]hsf] 5f]6s/L gfd xf] e]nf]/sf] o; c:ktfnsf] gfd .
g]kfnsf ufpFufpFdf o; gfdnfO{ hfGb5g\ . of] lqml:6og cNk;ª\Vosx¿n] rnfPsf] lghL
c:ktfn xf] . o; ;+:yfn] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yob]lv lnP/ ljlzi6 lrlsT;f;]jf pknAw
u/fpF5g\ .
;g\ !()) df cd]l/s ld;g/L, 8f= O8f :s'8/n] v]fn]sL x'g\ . o;n] ef/tdf
;j{k|yd -;g\ !($^ df_ gl;{ª sn]h ;'? u/]sf] xf] . ljZjdf ;j{k|yd s'i7/f]usf]
k'glg{df0ffTdfs ;h{/L ;'? -!($*_ u/]sf] xf] . o;n] ef/tdf ;j{k|yd d[uf}nf
k|Tof/0f ;]jf yfngL -;g\ !(&!_ u/]sf] xf] . o;}u/L ef/tdf k|yd af]g Dof/f]
6«fG;KnfG6 -!(*^_ ;'? u/]sf] xf] . of]
tldngf8' 8f= PdhLcf/ d]l8sn ljZjljBfno;Fu cg'alGwt 5 .
8f= O8f :s'8/ -!*&)–!(^)_ ;LPd;L d]l8sn
sn]hsL ;+:yflksf x'g\ . pgL db|f;af6 ;f7L lsnf]ld6/hlt k/sf] /fgLk]6 gfdsf]
Pp6f ul/a ufpFdf hGd]sL lyOg\ . kl5 cWoogsf] l;lN;nfdf pgL cd]l/sf k'lug\ .
lrlsT;s afa'cfdfsL 5f]/L eP klg ;'?df d]l8sn lzIffk|lt pgsf] ?lr lyPg . t/
cd]l/sfdf ToxfFsf] :j:y kl/j]z ef]Ub} ubf{ ef/tsf] tldngf8'sf cfkm\gf ufpF3/df
ul/aL, ef]sd/L / /f]un] dflg; esfes dl///x]sf] b[Zo pgn] emNemnL ;lDemg\ .
dflg;x¿sf] b'u{ltk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ d'St ug{ pgn] /f]ux¿sf] pkrf/ af6f]
/f]lhg\ / lrlsT;flj1fgsL ljBfyL{ algg\ . pgsf dftflktf b'j} lrlsT;s lyP . pgn]
ljrf/ ul/g\– 8fS6/ aGg ;lsof] eg] dfgj sNof0fsf nflu w]/}yf]s ug{ ;lsg]5 .
kl5 logn] e]Nnf]/df cfO{ ;g\ !()) df Pp6f Ps a]8jfnf ;fgf] lSnlgs
vf]lng\ tf ls :yfgLo ul/ax¿sf] ;]jf ug{ ;lsof];\ . l56} g} pgn] dx;'; ul/g\,
olt sfdn] t ;d'b|df yf]kf] dfq x'g] /x]5 . pgn] hlt;'s} d]xgt u/] klg nfvf}F
la/fdL pkrf/ gkfO{ dl//xg] /x]5g\ . ctM pgn] ;of}F dlxnfx¿nfO{ sDkfpG8/ / gl;{ª
tflnd lbg] c7f]6 ul/g\ . cfh ;f]xL ;fgf] l8:k]G;/L a9]/ ljZjk|l;4 lrlsT;flj1fg
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg ag]sf] 5 . a;{]lg ;of}F, g;{, lrlsT;s, zNolrlsT;s / ljz]if1x¿
pTkfbg x'G5g\ . nfvf}F dflg;n] /f]uaf6 pGd'lSt kfPsf 5g\ . cfh e]nf]/af6 afx|
lsnf]ld6/hlt k/sf] ltg} 8f= O8f :s'8/sf] hGde"ld /fgLk]6df ;LPd;Lsf] gofF
eJo / ljzfn c:ktfn ag]sf] 5 . 8f= :s'8/sf] hGde"ldn] yk ;fy{stf kfPsf] 5 .
;LPd;L c:ktfndf / oxfF pgsf] hGdltly l8;]Da/ # nfO{ ;LPd;Ldf :yfkgf
lbj;sf] ¿kdf eJo sfo{qmd u/L dgfOG5 . pgsf] b]xfGt ePsf] lbg dO{ @$ x/]s jif{
:d[ltlbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfOG5 .
O8f s;/L 8fS6/ algg\ < of] syf rfvnfUbf] 5, cyjf eg"F
b'MvnfUbf] 5 .
O8f PskN6 l6lG8jgd\df ePsf] a]nf pgL;Fu d2t dfUg eg]/ tLg hgf k'?if
cfPsf lyP, Ps}rf]l6 xf]Og, cnu cnu ;dodf . pgLx¿ tLg}hgfsf kTgLx¿ lszf]/L lyP .
;'Ts]/L Joyfn] ltgsf lszf]/L kTgLx¿ 56k6fO/x]sf lyP .
ænf} g, s]xL ul/lbg'k¥of] .Æ pgLx¿n] O8fnfO{ eg]sf lyP .
O8f;Fu g s'g} cf}iflw lyof] g d]l8sn 1fg . pgL s]xL ug{ ;lStglyg\ . t/
pgn] lognfO{ d2t ug'{ cToGt cfjZos b]lvg\ . ;dod} pkrf/ gkfP tL lszf]/L dg{
;Sy] .
æd a'afnfO{ af]nfpF5' lg t . pxfF 8fS6/ x'g'x'G5 .Æ pgn] elgg\ .
tL k'?if emf]lSsP .
æs] /] < s] /] < k'?ifn] xfd|L >LdtL 5'g] < x'Fb}g . 5'g' t
k/} hfcf];\, x]g{ klg ldNb}g . a? d/] d¿g\ .Æ pgLx¿n] O8fnfO{ eg]sf lyP .
ef]lnkN6 tL tLgf]6} lszf]/L ;'Ts]/L Joyfn] d/] . ltgsf lzz' klg
afFr]gg\ . o; 36gfn] pgnfO{ g/fd|/L 3f]Rof] . oxfF dlxnf 8fS6/ 5}gg\ / k'?if
8fS6/n] dlxnfnfO{ 5'g] s'/f d[To'eGbf c;x\o x'G5 . ctM pgn] ef/tdf dl//x]sf
nfvf}F cfdfnfO{ arfpg] xf] eg] dlxnf 8fS6/ g} rflxg] b]lvg\ . pgL cd]l/sf uOg\
/ d]l8sn sf];{df egf{ eOg\ . tL; jif{sf] pd]/df pgL ;Ifd 8fS6/ ag]/ ef/t kmls{g\
clg l6lG8jgd\df Pp6f ;fgf] l8:k]G;/L vf]lng\ . sf]7fsf] Pp6f s'gfdf cf}iflwx¿,
csf{] s'gfdf la/fdL hfFRg] 7fpF / csf{] s'gfdf Pp6f la/fdL ;'Tg] a]8 . of] s'/f
;g\ !()) sf] xf] .
;'?df pgn] :yfgLo dlxnfx¿nfO{ gl;{ª tflnd ;'? u/]sL lyOg\ . Tof] a9]/
8fS6/nfO{ tflnd lbg] ;+:yf aGof] . clxn] oxfF !&% ljleGg ljifodf kLPr8L;lxt
kf]:6 u|fh'P6 sf];{ k9fO x'G5 . a;{]lg @,^)) ljBfyL{ gl;{ª, PdaLaLP; / pRr
sf];{df egf{ x'G5g\ . k|ltlbg @,))) la/fdL egf{ x'G5g\ eg] *,))) la/fdLn]
cf]kL8L ;]jf kfpF5g\ . c:ktfnsf ljleGg P3f/ :yfgdf ;]jfs]Gb| 5g\ hxfF (@ j6f
lSnlgs 5g\ .
ToxL ;fgf] l8:k]G;/L cfh cfP/ Toqf] c:ktfn aGof] . ef/tel/af6 la/fdLx¿
cf]Ol/g yfn] . kl5kl5 t o; If]qdf c¿ klg lghL d]l8sn sn]h, gl;{ª xf]d / lSnlgs
v'n] . sxfFsf] Tof] ;fgf] ufpF l6lG8jgd\, sxfFsf] cfhsf] ljzfn d]l8sn ;x/
e]Nnf]/ . e]Nnf]/ ;x/n] Jofkf/–Joj;fo, pBf]uwGbf, wfld{s k|lti7fg cflb ;a}
If]qdf km8\sf] df/]/ cl3 a9]sf] 5 .
8f= O8f P;= :s'8/sf] d[To' !(^) df e]nf]/d} eof] . pgsf] d[t b]x
ToxLFsf] lqml:6og l;d]6/Ldf ufl8of] . x/]s jif{ d] @$ df pgsf] :d[ltlbj; / l8;]Da/ # df hGdhoGtL
dgfOG5 .
!@= gf/fo0fL dlGb/ M
!(= c/sf]6
c/sf]6 cyf{t\ :yfgLo af]nLdf ‘c/sf8'’ kfnf/ gbLsf] blIf0fL lsgf/df
/x]sf] /fgLk]6 lhNnfsf] Ps P]ltxfl;s ;fgf] ;x/ xf] . oxfF nueu ;jf nfv afl;Gbf
a:5g\ . oxfF *$ k|ltzt lxGb', !% k|ltzt 5g\ . r]GgO{ / a]ª\Unf]/ jf ;]ndaLrsf]
Jofkfl/s dfu{df kgf{n] o;sf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5 . c/sf]6 oxfFsf] lbNnL u]6 / eUg
lsNnf sf sf/0f rlr{t 5 . oxfFsf dL7f dSvg k]8f Pjd\ la/ofgLsf nflu gfd'b 5 .
otfsf h'g;'s} ;x/ / ufpFdf k'Ug'xf];\, tkfO{Fn] ToxfF 8f];f / O8nL e]6\g'x'g]5
. oxfFsf] O8nL, crf/ / ;Daf/ ljlzi6 :jfbsf] 5 . k'Ug'eof] eg] ToxfFsf] O8nL
grfvL gkms{g'xf]nf .
bz{gLo :ynx¿ M
lbNnL u]6 c/sf8' M e]Nnf]/af6 sf~rLk'/d\
hfFbf af6fdf kg{] o; c/s6df xfdL oxfFsf] lbNnL u]6 x]g{'k5{ . kfFr xhf/ ;}lgsn]
/Iff u/]sf] oxfFsf] ljzfn lsNnf s;/L ;fgf] a]nfotL ;]gfn] Wj:t kf¥of] <
lbNnLsf ;'Ntfgn] s0ff{6s /fHosf nflu gjfa lgo'Qm u/]sf rGbf ;fxasf] Toqf] ljzfn
;]gf b'O{ ;jf b'O{ ;o a]nfotL ;]gfåf/f s;/L Ps} /ftdf Wj:t eof], Toqf] ljzfn
lsNnfnfO{ s;/L la|l6; O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf s]xL ;}lgsn] w"ln;ft\ kf/] .
k|m]Gr ;}lgsn] ;}Go ;xfotf lbP/ lglj{£g /x]sf] Toqf] ;]gfnfO{ cfkm"tkm{ Ps
hgf klg xtfxt x'g glbO{ s;/L tx;gx; kfl/of], syf rfvnfUbf] 5 .
lbNnL u]6 M c/s6sf] ljzfn
lsNnf Wj:t u/]kl5 ca lbNnLsf]
d'un zf;gsf] hu xNnfpg ;kmn eOof], ca lbNnL g} xfGg] xf] eGg] efj hgfpg oxfF
lbNnL u]6 agfOPsf] xf] .
a]Ënf]/ / r]GgO{sf] Jofkfl/s dfu{df kg{] c/s6 ;x/sf] ;'/Iff tyf ;}Go
dxŒjsf sf/0f oxfF k6sk6s eofgs o'4 eP . o;sf/0f oxfF ce]B lsNnf ag] . t/ k|To]s
ce]B elgPsf lsNnf klg e]bg eP, Wj:t eP . klxn] d';ndfgx¿n], clg klg a]nfotLx¿n]
tL lsNnf ;d"n gi6 u/]/ zf;g;Qf pN6fP . c/sf]6sf] ktgn] a]nfotL O:6 OlG8of
sDkgLsf] xf};nf cem a9\of] . a]nfotL / k|mfG;]nL Jofkfl/s zlQmx¿sf
cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf :jfy{ lyP . cfkm\gf :jfy{ ;fwgfsf nflu tL b'O{ zlQm :yfgLo
zf;sx¿nfO{ pkof]u uy{], le8fpFy] / qmdzM cfkm\gf] ks8 alnof] kfb{} nUy] .
;g\ !&%) lt/ a]nfotL zlQmn] kfnf/ gbLlsgf/sf] ce]B 7flgPsf] o;
ljzfn lsNnfdf /ftsf] ;do kf/]/ tf]k / aGb'sn] cfqmd0f u/] / cGwsf/df slt ;}lgs
cfqmd0f ub{} 5g\, cg'dfg ug{ g;sL lsNnfsf] /Iffy{ a;]sf gjfa rGbf ;fxasf ;}lgs
ltt/lat/ eO{ efu] . gjfa dfl/P . pgsf] :yfgdf d'xDdb cln vfg jfnfhfxnfO{ gjfa
agfOof] . gofF gjfa b]z3ftL lg:s], ltgL a]nfotLx¿sf] kIfdf uP . l56} g}
a]nfotLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ s0f{f6snfO{ cfkm\gf] k"/f lgoGq0fdf lnOxfn] .
c/s6sf] xf/n] d'un zf;gsf] hu xlNnof], o;sf] cfTdljZjf;sf] 9f8 klg efFlrof] .
blIf0fL ef/t qmdzM la|l6; O:6 OlG8of zlQmsf] cwLgdf kb{} cfof] .
t/ ;do aUof] . Tof] ;do klg laTof] . ‘slxNo} 3fd gc:tfpg] ;fd|fHo’ klg
v'lDrP/ / rfpl/P/ ;fgf] ;fOhdf cfof] . ;of}F /fHodf ljeSt ljzfn ef/te"lddf
tLg b]z a;]sf 5g\ cfh . kfls:tfg / ef/tsf] b':dgL a]sf/sf] b':dgL xf], b'O{
3dG8Lx¿sf] cgfxssf] n8fOF xf] . Tof] Ps} b]z x'g'kg{] lyof], ePg, 7Ls} klg eof]
. d';ndfgx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof cem a9L k|ltztdf ePsf] eP lxGb'hfltnfO{ cem d'l:sn kg{]
b]lvof] .
c/sf]6sf] clGtd o'4 sfo/tf, c1fg / b]z3ftsf] syf klg xf] . o;sf] Oltxf;
/fd|/L k9\g] xf] eg] yfxf x'G5 o'/f]k]nL zlSt oxfF s;/L v]Ny], v]nfpFy] eg]/ .
knf/ gbLsf] blIf0fL lsgf/df a;]sf] lbNnL u]6 cfh cnkq 5, lsNnfsf] s'/}
5f8f}F . s;}n] Wofg lbPsf], ?lr /fv]sf] b]lvPg . Tof] cnkq / cndNn k/]sf] 7fpF
ef/tLo sfo/tfsf] gd'gf ePsfn] cnkq k/]sf] xf]Og, ef/tLox¿ Oltxf; rfF8} la;{G5g\
eGg] k|df0f xf] . dnfO{ nfUof], d';ndfg zf;sx¿ a]nfotLb]lv xfbf{ zfl;t,
zf]lift, blnt lxGb'x¿n] /ldtf x]/] . s/f]8f}F lxGb'hgsf] lgM:k[xtfsf] kmfObf
a]nfotLx¿n] p7fP . d';ndfgx¿n] lxGb'x¿nfO{ ef}lts ¿kn] cfqmd0f u/], gf]S;fg
k'¥ofPsf lyP . lxGb'x¿sf dlGb/, d7 eTsfO/x]sf lyP . u'?s'n / kf7zfnfx¿df cfuf]
nufPsf lyP, k':tsfno Wj:t kf/]sf lyP . afx'gx¿sf hg} sf6]sf lyP, 6'KkL sf6]sf
lyP . hah{:tL d';ndfg agfPsf lyP . sltko lxGb'x¿ efu]/ g]kfn k;], a'4dfuL{x¿
>Lnª\sf, adf{ / ltAat k;] . d';ndfgn] lxGb'x¿sf 5f]/Lr]nLnfO{ hah{:tL nu] .
ToxL eP/ afnljjfxsf] k|rng cfof] .
clg cª\u|]h cfP . ltgn] kmsfP, nf]EofP M cfly{s k|nf]eg, gf]s/L /
Joj;fosf] k|nf]eg, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] k|nf]eg .
d';ndfgx¿n] ef/tnfO{ n'6]/ ef/td} /fv]sf lyP . a8fa8f b/af/ agfPsf lyP
. dl:hb / b/ufx agfPsf lyP . cfkm"n] df]hd:tL u/]sf lyP . hyfefjL s/
yf]k/]sf lyP . pgLx¿sf] tl/sf lx+;|s lyof] . t/ cª\u|]hn] n'6]/ a]nfot nu] .
pv' r';]/ vf]Onf kmfn]em}F ef/tnfO{ ;Stf] r';] . oxfFsf] s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ /
lzIffk|0ffnL Wj:t kf/] . dflg;nfO{ k/lge{/ agfP . clg hfFbf e|i6, vf]qmf],
l/Qf], ?vf], gfª\uf] ef/t 5f8]/ uP . d';ndfgn] h]hlt gf]S;fg u/] Tof] cfh
b]lvG5, a]nfotLx¿n] u/]sf] gf]S;fg slxNo} gfk]/ ;lsg] 5}g .
c/sf]6sf] Tof] ljzfn lsNnf Wj:t ePsf] syfn] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] eg]h:tf]
nfU5 .
@)= sf~rLk'/d\
sf~rLk'/d\ cfGw|k|b]zsf] Ps d'Vo dlGb/ xf] . sf~rLk'/d\df sfdfÔL
dftfsf] bz{gfy{ uOG5 . sf~rLk'/d\ :6];gdf 6«]gaf6 cf]n{]/ Ps lsnf]ld6/ k/ k5{ .
tldngf8'sf] e]Nnf]/af6 k"j{blÔ0f nueu ^^ lsnf]ld6/ k5{ of] tLy{:yn .
e]nf]/af6 vflvbfk]6 clg knf/ gbLlsgf/sf] af6f] gbLsf] bfofF lsgf/ eP/ uOG5 .
aLrdf j]Í6fk'/d\, lkno/fs'Kkd\, /Tglul/, /lTgofnd\, c/sf]6, jnfhfk]6, afuj]/L,
sfj]/LkSsd\, cf]r]/L, wf]DAn'/,, lsnfDaL x'Fb} sf~rLk'/d\ k'luG5 . aLrdf
c/sf]6kl5 knf/ gbL tl/G5 clg gbLsf] afofF lsgf/ eP/ uOG5 .
sf~rLk'/d\ ;x/ knf/ gbLsf] pQ/L cyf{t\ afofFk6\l6 kb{5 . oxfF gbL
k"j{ axG5 . knf/ gbL oxfFaf6 nueu rf};ÝL lsnf]ld6/ k"j{ ax]/ sbnk'/
eGg] 7fpFdf aËfnsf] vfnLdf k:b5 . sf~rLk'/d\ r]GgO{af6 ;Q/L lsnf]ld6/hlt
klZrddf kb{5 . sf~rLk'/d\af6 dxfanLk'/d\ klg nueu k}F;ÝL lsnf]ld6/ k"j{df
k5{ . sf~rLk'/d\af6 gbLsf] afofF lsgf/}lsgf/ $) lsld k"j{df
r]Ëfnk6\6" k5{ .
sf~rLk'/d\ tLg s'/fsf nflu k|l;4 5 M sfdfÔL dlGb/, sf~rLk'/d\ ;f8L /
sf]ljn O8nL . sf~rLk'/d\nfO{ blÔ0fsf] sfzL eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . o;nfO{ !)))
dlGb/sf] ;x/ klg elgG5 . oxfF glhsglhs} ljzfn Pjd\ eJo dlGb/ bz{g ug{ kfOG5 .
sf~rLk'/d\nfO{ blÔ0fsf nueu ;a} /fhj+zn] /fHo u/] . kNnj /fhfx¿, ljhogu/ /fhj+z
rf]n zf;sx¿ . o;sf/0f oxfF ;do;dodf dlGb/x¿sf] hL0ff{4f/ eO g} /x\of] . dlGb/x¿
´g\eGbf ´g\ ;'Gb/ / eJo aGb} cfP .
Ps xhf/ jif{b]lv b'O{ xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf cg]s dlGb/ 5g\, ltgLx¿ k|To]ssf]
PsPs leGgfleGg} ljz]iftf 5 . sf~rLk'/d\nfO{ ef/tsf ;Ktk'/LdWo] Ps dflgG5 M
cof]Wof, dy'/f, åf/sf, xl/åf/, sfzL, pHh}g, sf~rLk'/d\ . sf~rLk'/d\ blÔ0f
ef/tdf :yflkt Psdfq ;Ktk'/L xf] . sf~rLk'/d\df tkfO{Fn] zlÏsf], lzjsf] /
lji0f'sf] bz{g ug{ kfpg'x'g]5 . x'g t sf~rLk'/d\df Ps xhf/ dlGb/ 5g\ elgG5, tL
;a 3'Dg], bz{g ug{] s'/f ;xh 5}g . ctM xfdLn] 5gf]6 gu/L pkfo 5}g . ;a}eGbf
7"nf], ;a}eGbf k'/fgf], ;a}eGbf a9L eÏhg k'Ug], ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/, ;a}eGbf
/x:odo M o:t}o:t} cfwf/df xfdLn] s]xL dlGb/ 5fGg'k/]sf] 5 oxfF .
sf~rLk'/d\df bz{g ul/g] d'Vo
:ynx¿
!= PsDa/]Zj/ M ;j{k|yd ef/tsf rf}w
Hof]ltln{ËdWo]sf] Ps, k~rdxfe"tdWo] Ps k[YjLlnËd\sf] bz{g u/f}F . o;nfO{
PsDa/]Zj/ cyf{t\ PsDa/gfy dlGb/ elgG5 . oxfF /x]sf] lzjlnË afn'jfsf] ag]sf]
xf], ctM o;nfO{ k[YjLlnË elgPsf] xf] . blÔ0f ef/tdf lzjhLnfO{ k~rdxfe"tsf
clwkltsf] ¿kdf k"hf ul/G5 . k[YjL, hn, clUg, jfo', cfsfz M log} kfFr
tŒjaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] eGg] dfGotf 5 . lrbDa/d\df
cfsfztŒjsf], snx6L cyf{t\ >Lsfnx:tLdf jfo'tŒjsf], lt?jg]sjndf hDa's]Zj/sf]
¿kdf hntŒjsf], lt?jGgdnO{df clUgtŒjsf] k|tLs b;f{pF5g\ . o;}u/L oxfF
sf~rLk'/d\df >L PsDa/gfy/ dlGb/df :yflkt lzjlnËnfO{ k[YjLtŒjsf] k|tLssf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . oL kfFr} dlGb/ Ps} /]vfdf l:yt 5g\ . blÔ0f ef/tsf k|j]zåf/x¿
cfkm}Fdf dlGb/´}F 5g\ . eJo, ;'Gb/, 7"nf / cUnf 5g\ . lognfO{ uf]k'/d\
elgG5 . uf]k'/d\nfO{ d'Vo dlGb/nfO{ eGbf Hofbf ljzfntf b]vfOG5 . oxfFsf]
uf]k'/d\ %* ld6/ cUnf] 5 . uf]k'/d\x¿df eujfg\ lzjsf] g[To/t cj:yf g6/fh ¿k b]vfOG5
.
eujfg\ lzjsf] o; lnËnfO{ hn r9fOFb}g . rd]nLsf] ;'ulGwt t]nn] oxfFsf
lzjlnËsf] cleif]s ul/G5 . of] dlGb/ ;ftf}F ztfAbLdf kNnj /fhfx¿n] agfPsf x'g\ .
dlGb/sf] Oltxf; lzjhL / dftf kfj{tLsf ;fy hf]l8G5 . dftf kfj{tLn] lzjhLnfO{
klt¿kdf k|fKt ug{ oxfF Ps cfd|j[Ôd'lg a;]/ 3f]/ tk:of ug'{eof] . cfh klg oxfF
cfFksf] Ps j[Ô v8f 5 . pxfFn] eujfg\ lzjhLsf] k|tLs:j¿k afn'jfsf] lzjlnË
agfpg'eof] . oxfFsf] cfFksf] ¿v ;f9] tLg xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] dflgG5 . o; j[Ôsf
rf/ ljzfn zfvf 5g\ / k|To]s zfvfdf cnucnu hft / :jfbsf cfFk kmNb5g\ .
dlGb/leq k;]kl5 cfFksf h/fnfO{ sf6]/ rfFbL´}F /flvPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ o;
h/fnfO{ k"hf ub{5g\ . >LPsDa/]Zj/gfysf] csf{] klg Pp6f ljz]iftf 5 M
oxfF k|fË0fd} Ps xhf/ cf7 lzjlnËsf] bz{g ug{ ldNg]5 . ;a} lzjlnËsf] Ps} r§fgaf6
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] egL ljZjf; ul/G5 . o; dlGb/sf] ljzfntfsf] cg'dfg
nufpg'xf];\, oxfFleq kfFr uNnL 5g\ . of] dlGb/ nueu aL; Ps8df km}lnPsf] 5 .
PsDa/gfy dlGb/ sf~rLk'/d\sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dlGb/ xf] . oxfFsf] ljzfn xn Ps
xhf/ :tDex¿n] ag]sf] 5 . To;} eP/ xf] o;nfO{ Ps xhf/ :tDe dlGb/ klg elgG5 .
o; dlGb/sf] sfl/u/Lsf] s'/f, Ps} :tDedf ;of}F dlGb/ s'FlbPsf 5g\ . p;
;dodf klg dflg;n] s;/L o:tf] hl6n sfo{ u/] xf]nfg\ eGg] ;f]Rtf klg cfª l;l/Ë
x'G5 .
PsDa/]Zj/gfysf] dlGb/df rf/ lsl;dn] bz{g ug{ kfOG5 M klxnf]M
k[YjLlnËsf] bz{g, bf];|f] M k}FtL; ;o jif{ k'/fgf] cfd|j[Ôsf] bz{g, t];|f] M
oxfFsf Ps xhf/ :tDex¿ ePsf] xnsf] bz{g, rf}yf] M cG7fpGg ld6/ cUnf] uf]k'/d\ .
@= sfdsf]6L dlGb/ M ca dftf sfdfÔLb]jLsf]
bz{g ug{ hfg] a]nf eof] . of] sf~rLk'/d\sf ;Dk"0f{ dlGb/dWo] ;a}eGbf eJo /
;'Gb/ 5 . of] dlGb/ PsDa/gfy dlGb/af6 nueu #)) ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 .
sfdfÔLb]jLsf] d'Vo k|j]zåf/ k"j© åf/ xf] . oxfF eujtL kfj{tLsf] >L
lju|x 5 . lognfO{ sfdfÔLb]jL jf sfdsf]6L klg elgG5 . lqk'/f;'Gb/Lsf]
k|ltd"lt{ g} sfdfÔLb]jLsf] k|ltdf xf] . of] blÔ0fL ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo
zlÏkL7 xf] . ef/tsf åfbz b]jLlju|xdWo] of] Ps xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f
zÍ/frfo{hLåf/f u/fOPsf] xf] . sf~rL zlÏkL7 ef/tsf PsfpGg zlÏkL7dWo] Ps xf] .
b]jL zlÏsf] sÍfn ktg ePsf] 7fpF xf] of] . db'/}df dLgfÔL, sfzLdf ljzfnfÔL /
oxfF sfdfÔL b]jL 5g\ . oL tLg zlÏkL7sf] ljz]if dxŒj 5 .
oxfF k~ruËf klg 5g\ . klxn] oxfF >4fn'x¿ :gfg klg ub{y] .
o; dlGb/nfO{ k[YjLsf] s]G› dflgGYof] . b]jLn] e08f;'/ gfdsf] c;'/sf] jw
ug{sf nflu ?›:j¿kf aGg'eof] . ha e08f;'/sf] jw eof] b]jL oxfF cfO{ sGof :j¿kdf
lj/fhdfg x'g'eof] . b]jLsf] lju|xnfO{ :joDe" cy{ft\ cfkm}F pTkGg ePsf] xf]
eGg] dflgG5 . oxfF b]jLsf tLg :j¿k 5g\ elgG5 M :y"n :j¿k, ;"Id :j¿k /
z"Go :j¿k .
sfdfIfL dftfn] lzjhLsf] d[lQsf d"lt{sf] lgdf{0f ug{'eof] /
sf~rLk'/d\df :yflkt ug{'eof] . lzjhLn] dftfsf] k"hg k/LIff lng] ljrf/
ug{'eof] . pxfFn] ljzfn 5fno'Qm sDa gbLsf] ¿k wf/0f ug{'eof] . gbLn] df6fsf]
;f] d"lt{ aufpg nfUof] . t/ b]jLn] pQm d"lt{nfO{ e]naf6 arfpg'eof] .
pxfFn] b]jk|ltdfnfO{ xftn] alnof] u/L ;dfTg'eof] .
oltdfq xf]Og, cfkm\gf] tk:of l;l4sf nflu b]jLn] k~rflUg tfkL ;f+;fl/s
nf]e, df]x cflbsf] kl/Tofu ug{'eof] . b]jLsf] k"hf, cf/fwgf / Wofgaf6
k|;Gg eO{ lzjhL dLgfIfL;Fu ljjfx ug{ tof/ x'g'eof] . sf~rLk'/Ddf lzjhLsf cg]s
dlGb/ 5g\ . t/ >L sfdfIfL dftfsf] dlGb/ Psdfq 5 . of] b]jLsf] ue{u[x ePsf]
Psdfq dlGb/ xf] . dlGb/jl/kl/ b]jLsf cf7 zlQm ¿kx¿ :yflkt 5g\ .
sfdfIfL b]jLsf] ;'j0f{do d"lt{ v8f :j¿kdf 5 . b]jL v8f /x]/}
lzjhLsf] cf/fwgf ug{'x'G5 . pxfFsf] o; cfs[ltnfO{ aË? sfdfIfL elgG5 . d';ndfg
xdnfj/x¿n] dlGb/nfO{ cfqmd0f ug{] / n'6kf6 ug{] 8/ ePkl5 b]jLk|ltdfnfO{ p7fP/
t]Ghf}/ nluPsf] lyof] .
sf~rLk'/d\sf] o; Ô]qnfO{ d'xd"lt{jf;d\ klg elgG5 . o;sf] cy{ xf]
lqd"lt{jf; M oxfF lzj 5g\, lji0f' 5g\ / dftf sfdfÔL cyjf kfj{tL klg 5g\ .
dfly rlr{t b'j} dlGb/ sf~rLk'/d\ ;x/sf] dWodf l:yt 5g\ . dftf
sfdfÔLnfO{ sf~rLk'/d\sf] cfTdf klg elgG5 . of] dlGb/ ;/;kmfOsf sf/0f
sf~rLk'/d\df dfq xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ tldngf8'df rlr{t 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿ x/]s s'gfdf
x/]s lsl;dn] / x/]s avt ;/;kmfOdf Jo:t b]lvG5g\ . eÏhgn] kmf]xf]/ gul/lbg] xf]
eg] oL ;kmfO sd{rf/Ln] s]xL g s]xL /fxt kfpg] lyP xf]nf .
oxfF Ps uf}zfnf klg 5 / ufO{sf nflu 3fF;k/fnsf] klg k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 .
oxfF eÏhgsf nflu ;f9] P3f/ ah]b]lv Ps ah];Dd lgMz'Ns k|;fbsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
#= j/b/fh k]?dn dlGb/ M lzjsf~rL,
zlÏsf~rLkl5 ca lji0f'sf~rLsf] bz{g u/f}F . oxfFaf6 lji0f'sf~rL hfgsf nflu c6f]
kqmg'k5{ / k|ltJolÏ aL; ?lkofF c6f]–ef8f nfU5 . j/b/fh dlGb/ jf j/b/fh k]?dn
dlGb/ >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t 5 . o;nfO{ /x:o / ljz]iftfn] el/Psf] dlGb/ elgG5 .
oxfFsf] d"lt{ clGh/ cyf{t\ lkmu ¿vsf] sf08 sf6L s'FlbPsf] 5 . of] d"lt{
x/]s rfnL; jif{kl5 hnaf6 aflx/ lgsfn]/ bz{g ul/G5 .
dlGb/df cgGt ;f/:j/ ;/f]j/ Psbd d'Vo xf] . o; ;/f]j/df cltj/b/fh eujfg\
x/]s rfnL; jif{kl5 bz{g lbg'x'G5 . rfnL; jif{kl5 of] d"lt{ lgsfNbf g of]
;8]sf] x'G5, g un]sf] x'G5 g o;sf] /ª ablnPsf] x'G5 . # h'nfO{ @)!( df kl5Nnf]
k6s bz{g ug{ kfOPsf] lyof] eg] ca csf{] bz{g @)%( df x'g]5 . lji0f'nfO{
cltj/b/fh elgg'sf sf/0f s] xf] eg] æcltÆ sf] cy{ clGh/sf] sf7 / j/b/fhsf] cy{
x/]s lsl;dsf j/bfg lbg] eGg] x'G5 . dlGb/ kl/;/d} ljz]if k|;fb tof/ ul/G5 .
;'?df eg]sf] 5', sf~rLk'/d\ tLg s'/fn] ljZjk|l;4 5 M oxfFsf dlGb/,
sf~rLk'/d\ ;f8L / sf]ljn O8nL . of] afF;sf l;Gsfx¿df tof/ ul/G5 . of]
7"nf] x'g] ePsfn] sf6]/ lbOG5 / o;dfly vf];f{gL;lxtsf d/d;nf xflnG5 . k|lt
O6nL ? #) kb{5 .
$= s}nfzgfy dlGb/ M o;kl5 oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf
k|frLg dlGb/sf] bz{gsf nflu ptf nfuf}F . of] dlGb/ xf] s}nfzgfyf/ dlGb/ .
lzjhL, pdf–kfj{tLsf nflu ;dlk{t of] dlGb/leq k:gf;fy} xfdL rlst kg{ yflnxfN5f}F
. oxfF lzj–kfj{tLsf cG7fpGg k|ltdf 5g\ / ;a} k|ltdf of]ud'b|fdf 5g\ . k|To]s
of]ud'b|f cnu–cnu 5g\ . kNnj /fhfx¿n] :ofG8:6f]g jf u|]gfO6sf d"lt{ agfP .
oxfF pgLx¿n] kfnL efiffdf n]v]sf 5g\ .
of] dlGb/ !$)) jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . oxfFsf]] d'Vo dlGb/df /fhfx¿
k"hf ub{y] eg] cGo dlGb/x¿df ;fw' / of]uLhg Wofg ub{y] . p;a]nf bxL /
;AhLx¿af6 /ª agfO{ d"lt{x¿ /FufOGYof] . k|fs[lts /ª ePsfn] rf}w ;o jif{kl5
klg lgs} d"lt{df /FufOPsf] /ª c´} afFsL 5 . cfhsf] ;dodf oltsf w]/} dlGb/
/ d"lt{df s'Fb]/ olt ;'Gb/ agfpg] sfd ;f]Rg klg ;lsFb}g . laxfg ( ah]dfq
of] dlGb/ v'Ng] ePsfn] To;eGbf rfF8f] hfg' a]7Ls x'G5 . oxfFsf] lzjlnË
;f]x|d'vL 5 . ;a} d'vx¿sf d'b|f / efj cnu–cnu 5g\ .
%= lrqu'Kt dlGb/ M
^= sR5j]Zj/ dlGb/ M of] s5'jf cyf{t\ sR5k
dlGb/ >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t / eJo 5 .
oLafx]s sf~rLk'/d\ / j/k/ >Lj}s'07 k]?dn dlGb/, sfzL ljZjgfy dlGb/,
d'6' df/L cDdfg sf]ljn, dl0fd08kd\, sf6' d'gLZj/d\ dlGb/ kfbkd\, PNnfO{cDdfg
dlGb/ cflb cg]s tLy{:yn 5g\ .
sxfF a:g] <
oxfF 8an cSo'k]G;L sf]7f ? b'O{ ;odf klg kfOG5 . sfdfÔL dlGb/af6 oL
xf]6n Psbd glhs 5g\ . ;:tf, ;'/lÔt / cf/fdbfoL . oLafx]s sf~rL sfdsf]6L
6«:6åf/f agfOPsf ofqLlgjf;df klg sf]7fx¿ ;xh} k|fKt x'G5 . oL sf]7fx¿ cgnfOg
a'lsª gx'g] ePsfn] oxLF cfP/ a'lsª ug'{kg{] x'G5 .
@!= r]ª\ufnk6\6'
r]ª\ufnk6\6' ;x/ rf}af6fdf kg{] ePsfn] htf hfg]–cfpg] ofq' klg oxfF
/f]lsg ;S5 . ptf dxfanLk'/d\ hfg], sf~rLk'/d\ hfg], r]GgO{ jf a}ª\Un'? hfg]x¿n]
oxL af6f] eP/ hfg'k5{ . of] d]l8sn sn]hx¿
/ cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fg ePsf] 7fpF xf] . oxfFs]f hghLjgdf db|f;L z}nL b]Vg
kfOG5 .
sf]7fsf] aGbf]a:t ePkl5 xfdL glhs}sf] sf]nfjfO{ tfn x]g{ uof}F .
sf]nfafO{ tfnsf] blIf0fL lsgf/sf] kmf]xf]/ ufpFdf Pp6f ;–;fgf] dlGb/ lyof] .
;f] :yfgLo dlGb/ klg x]¥of}F . otfsf dlGb/x¿ cToGt s8f /ªn] /FufOPsf x'G5g\ .
;x/sf] s]xL efu k}bn g} lxF8]/ x]¥of}F . /dfOnf] s'/f, otfsf dflg; lxGbL
ga'em\g] . cª\u|]hL klg ghfGg] . efiffsf] ;d:ofn] a]nfa]nf lgs} hl6ntf
NofpFYof] .
r]ª\ufnk6\6'sf] Oltxf;rflxF nfd} 5 . of] bf];|f] O;fk"j{df rf]n
/fhj+zs] Oltxf;;Fu hf]l8G5 . of]
ljhogu/f ;fd|fHosf] /fhwfgL lyof] . ha tflnsf]6f o'4df 8]Ssgsf ;'Ntfgx¿af6 !%^%
df k/flht eof], o;sf] ktg ;'? eof] . ljhogu/f /fhfx¿n] agfPsf] oxfFsf] ljzfn
lsNnfsf] /0fgLlts dxŒj 7"nf] 5, lsgeg] jl/kl/sf] bnbn / l;d;f/ If]q /
b'j}lt/ tfn 5g\ . o; lx;fan] oxfF cfqmd0f ug'{df c;'ljwf 5 .
;g\ !^#( df gfos /fhfx¿sf] Ps k|zf;sn] clnslt t6Lo e"ld la|l6; O:6
OlG8of sDkgLnfO{ k|of]u ug{ lbof] . ToxfF clxn] ;]G6 hh{ lsNnf 5 . ToxL :yfg
kl5 db|f; ;x/df ljsl;t eof] . clg r]ª\ufnk6\6' !&%! df k|m]Ghx¿sf] sAhfdf
kg{ uof] . csf{] jif{ a]nfotL ;]gfgfos /a6{ SnfOen] sAhf u/] . db|f;tkm{sf]
;}Go s'rsf] qmddf n]nL gfdsf ;]gfgfosn] of] lsNnf sAhf ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ t/ ha
of] /a6{ SnfOen] lht], o;sf] /0fgLlts dxŒj cem a9\b} uof] . of] ;x/ d};'/sf
x}b/ cnL;Fu a]nfotLx¿sf] o'4 x'Fbf o; ;x/sf] lsNnf 7"n]f ;'/Iff sjr
eOlbof] . ;/ x]S6/ d'g/f]sf] ;]gfn] oxLF z/0f lnof] .
;g\ !()) b]lv cfP/ o;sf] dxŒj df6fsf efF8fs'F8fn] a9fof] . of]
7"nf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| klg eof] . jl/kl/sf ufpFx¿ ;'tL sk8f / /]zdL sk8f
pTkfbgsf nflu gfd'b eP . o;}u/L gL/ /Fuf, 5fnf pBf]u / l;uf/ pBf]u klg oxfF
k"0f{ Ifdtfsf ;fy sfd ug{ yfn] . o;}u/L oxLFsf] ;d'b|lsgf/df g'g pTkfbg
Jofks dfqdf x'g yfNof] . r]ª\ufnk6\6'
wfg / sfh' v]tLsf nflu klg gfd'b 5 .
r]ª\ufnk6\6'sf k|d'v bz{gLo :ynx¿ M
!= sf]nfjfO{ tfn M kfgLsf] ;Vt xfxfsf/ ePsf] ;dodf r]GgO{ dxfgu/sf nflu of] kfgLsf] ;|f]t
xf] . oxfF :yfgLo / k/b]zL r/fx¿ cfO/xg] ePsfn] r/fk|]dLn] cjnf]sgsf nflu
o;nfO{ 5fGg' plrt 5 . o;f] t r]ª\ufnk6\6'b]lv j/k/sf e"efudf ;of}F
;fgf–7"nf hnfzo 5g\ . tL k|To]ssf] cfkm\g}–cfkm\g} klxrfg / syf 5, t/ klg
sf]nfjfO{ tfn ljzfntf, ;x/af6sf] ;fdLKo cflb sf/0fn] o;sf] cnUu klxrfg 5 .
@= jNnd\ u'kmfx¿ M r]Ëfnk6\6'af6 # lsld klZrdsf]
kxf8df jNnd\ u'kmfx¿ 5g\ . ;fFemdf Totfsf] lemlnldnL ;x/af6} b]Vg ;lsG5 .
#= r]ª\ufnk6\6' lsNnf M ljhogu/f
;fd|fHosf] /fhwfgL ;x/ xf] r]ª\ufnk6\6' . oxfFsf] ljzfn lsNnf x]g{ nfos 5 .
$= c?lNdu' >L PNnf/ cDdfg dlGb/ M
;x/leqsf] of] dlGb/ plt eJo geP klg r]ª\ufnk6\6'sf wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts
ultljlwsf] of] Ps k|d'v s]Gb| xf] .
%= c?lNdu' >L ;]DdnfO{ d'?ug dlGb/ M of] kxf8df l:yt dlGb/ bz{gLo 5 . o;}u/L oxfFaf6 ;x/ tyf tfnsf]
b[Zofjnf]sg ug'{ pQd 5 . o;sf nflu oxfF ck/fx\glt/ hfg'k5{ .
^= lt?jbLz"nd\ !)* lbJob]zd\ k]?dn dlGb/ M j}i0fj ;Dk|bfosf nflu of] eJo dlGb/ yk cfsif{0f x'G5 . >Llji0f'df
;dlk{t of] dlGb/ r]ª\ufnk6\6' ;x/af6 * lsld k"j{ Prs/g} ufpFdf k5{ .
glhs}sf] ufpF lt?sr'/df ToxfFsf k|l;4 s5j]Zj// dlGb/ tyf lzj dlGb/ klg eJo /
bz{gLo 5g\ . o; If]qdf o:tf ljz]if dxŒjsf k|frLg dlGb/x¿ cfZro{ nfUg] u/L
htftt} 5g\, ;of}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf 5g\ . glhs} dxfanLk'/d\ e|d0f / g'gvfgLsf] e|d0f
klg ug{ of] 7fpF 5fGg ;lsG5 . t/ oxfF xf]6n kof{Kt 5}gg\ . ePsf klg clns dxFuf
nfU5g\ . oxfF a:g'eGbf a? r]GgO{ uP/ a:g' of sf~rLk'/d\d} a:g' ;xL x''G5 .
@@= dxfanLk'/d\
dxfanLk'/d\ Ps 6fk'df cjl:yt 5 . b u|]6 ;N6 n]s gfdsf] Aofsjf6/n]
o;nfO{ d'Vo e"ld;Fu cnu u/]sf] 5 . sf~rLk'/d\af6 dxfanLk'/d\ a;df hfg'k5{
. nueu ^% lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . olb nf]sn 6«]gsf] 6fOd ldNof] eg] sf~rLk'/d\af6
r]Ëfnk6\6';Dd nf]sn 6«]gdf cfpg] . olt eP klg a;sf] ´d]nfaf6 d'lÏ ldN5 . afFsL
ofqf t a;d} ug'{kl/xfNof] .
dxfanLk'/d\nfO{ :yfgLo af]nLdf dfdNnk'/d\ elgG5 . oxfF o'g]:sf]
ljZjw/f]x/ Ô]q 5 h;df ;ftf}F jf cf7f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf cg]s lxGb' w/f]x/x¿ 5g\ .
kNnj ;fd|fHosf] ;dodf of] Ps aGb/ufx ;x/ lyof] . dxfanLk'/d\ r]Ënk6\6'af6 @(
lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . r]GgO{sf] lt?jlGdo'/ a; 6ld{g;af6 ;f]´}
dxfanLk'/d\sf nflu a; 5g\ / a; ef8f ;f7L ;Q/L ?lkofF knf{ . r]Ënk6\6' cfP/ hfg'
3'dfp/f] / vlr{nf] g} kg{] x'G5 .
dxfanLk'/d\ ko{6s :yn laxfg 5 ah]b]lv a]n'sf 5 ah];Dd v'nf /xg]5 .
!= zf]/ dlGb/ M b|lj8 jf:t'snfsf] pQd
gd'gf . lzjhLsf] dlGb/ . ;d'b|lsgf/df 5 . ;d'b|L :gfg, b[Zofjnf]sg .
@= k~r/y M kfFr kf08j;Fu ;DalGwt . kfFr
kf08j / b|f}kbL . Ps} kTy/df dxfef/tsyf lrlqt . snfTds z}nLsf sf/0f gfd'b .
#= ch'{g tk:of:yn M ljzfn lznfv08df eujfg\ /
hgfj/x¿sf] snfTds sf}zn lrq, s'FbfO .
$= s[i0fd08kd\ M kTy/df s[i0fsyf
k"0f{¿kn] lrlqt .
%= j/fx u'kmf dlGb/ M cv08 /s–s6 dlGb/ .
^= u0f]z /y dlGb/ M Ps r§fgdf s'Fb]/ agfOPsf]
&= s[i0f a6/ an M kxf8df Ps
r§fg M ´l/xfNnf eg]h:tf] .
*= lqd"lt{ u'kmf dlGb/ M cUnf] r§fg .
k|frLg /s–s6 dlGb/
(= dlxiff;'/dlb{gL dlGb/
!)= nfO6 xfp; 6fj/ .
!!= du/dR5 a}Í . %))) eGbf Hofbf du/dR5
uf]xL ;+/lÔt 5g\ .
!@= zª\v ;ª\u|x .
@#= r]GgO{
ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHosf] /fhwfgL ;x/ r]GgO{ Ps ;'Gb/ ;x/dWo] Ps xf] .
of] aËfnsf] vf8Ldf sf]/f]df08n lsgf/fdf kb{5 . tldngf8'sf cg]s ;x/dWo] of]
k'/fgf] ;x/sf] cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s, ;fdl/s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts cflb cg]s lx;fan]
7"nf] dxŒj 5 . o; ;x/nfO{ klxn] db|f; elgGYof] . o;nfO{ c6f]df]afOnsf]
;x/, c:ktfnx¿sf] ;x/ / ef/tsf] ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgL cflb elgG5 . oxfFsf] cfafbL Ps
s/f]8 aL; nfveGbf a9L 5 . of] ;x/ $@^ ju{ lsnf]ld6/df km}lnPsf] 5 .
r]GgO{ ;x/ hg;ª\Vof tyf Ô]qkmn b'j} lx;fan] tldngf8'sf] d'Vo ;x/ xf] .
hg;ª\Vofsf lx;fan] r]GgO{ ef/tsf] 5}6f}F 7"nf] ;x/ xf] . / dxfgu/ lgudsf
lx;fan] ef/tsf] rf}yf] 7"nf] gu/ lgud xf] .
ljZjdf nG8gkl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] dxfgu/ 3f]lift ePsf] ;x/ klg oxL xf] .
r]GgO{nfO{ !*^^ df dxfgu/ 3f]lift ul/Psf] lyof] .
cg]sf}F ztfAbL;Dd r]GgO{ rf]n, kf08\o, kNnj, ljhogu/ cflb /fhj+zåf/f
zfl;t /x\of] . ;d'b|lsgf/sf] d5'jf/] a:g] ;fgf] ufpF lyof] M db|f;k6\l6gd\ .
a]nfotLx¿n] of] ufpF bdnf{ rGgk gfos gfdsf zf;saf6 vl/b u/] . la|l6;x¿n] o;nfO{
aGb/ufxsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/] . a]nfotLx¿n] cfˆgf] klxnf] lsNnf ;]G6 hf]h{ kmf]6{
oxLF lgdf{0f u/] . !&$^ df 5f]6f] ;dofjlwsf nflu k|m]Grx¿n] sAhfdf lnPsf
lyP . t'?Gt} g} ;f] :yfg k'gM O:6 OlG8of sDkgLn] lht]/ lnof] . !((^ df o;sf]
gfd db|f;af6 abn]/ r]GgO{ /flvof] . ;g\ @)!( df ljZjsf ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6s cfpg]
;x/dWo] r]GgO{ #^cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] lyof] .
g];gn Hof]u|flkmssf] cWoogn] ljZjsf b; vfB ;x/dWo] Psdfq Pl;ofnL ;x/
5fg]sf] lyof] . nf]gnL Knfg]6n] ljZjsf ;jf{]Qd ( ;x/dWo] Ps 5fg]sf] lyof] .
ef/tsf ;jf/L ;fwg pBf]udWo] Ps ltxfO{ pTkfbg o;} ;x/df x'G5 . o;}u/L
;ËLt–snf;flxTosf] lx;fan] of] ;x/ ef/tsf] ;jf{Ts[i6 ;x/ dflgG5 .
!= dl/gf lar M of] r]GgO{sf] ;a}eGbf
;'Gb/ :yfg xf] . of] lar ;]G6 hh{ lsNnfsf glhs} 5 . o;sf] nDafO !# lsnf]ld6/ 5
. ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / nfdf] ;fy} / ljZjsf] bf];|f] nfdf] lar klg xf]
of] . oxfF cfpg] ko{6s o; lardf ;fF´sf] ;do cf/fd;Fu latfpg dg k/fpF5g\ . oxfF
/dfOnf] ug{], vfg]lkg]sf cg]s yf]s pknAw 5g\ .
@= r]GgO{sf wfld{s If]qx¿ M r]GgO{df
ljZjsf ;a} k|d'v wd{sf kljq tyf k/dk"Ho :ynx¿ 5g\ hxfF k|ltlbg xhf/f}F
>4fn' eÏhgx¿ cfO{ ehgsLt{g, k"hfcf/fwgf, k|fy{gf cflb u5{g\ . d'Vo
wfld{s k|lti7fgx¿ M
s= skfn]Zj/ dlGb/, of] dfOnfk'/df 5 . v= ci6nIdL dlGb/ u= O:sf]g
dlGb/
3= yfph]G8 nfO6 dl:hb ª= ;]G6 yf]d; afl;lnsf .
#= blIf0ff lrq M of] r]GgO{sf] Ps cè't
:yfg xf] . of] cf]kg Po/ PG8 l/on 6fOd Do'lhod xf] . Do'lhodsf ;fy;fy} of] Ps
;f+:s[lts s]Gb| klg xf] . oxfF blÔ0f ef/tLo ;dfhsf] snf, hLjgz}nL / k/Dk/fx¿
hLjGt ¿kdf b]vfOG5 . oxfF k|bz{gL, ufO8]8 6'/, js{ ;k cflbå/f ko{6ssf] hfgsf/L
a9fOG5 .
$= cl/Ug/ cGgf h'cf]nf]lhsn kfs{ M r]GgO{
;x/af6 nueu #@ lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] of] kfs{ Psbd nf]slk|o 5 . !@^) Ps8df km}lnPsf]
of] lrl8ofvfgf cfˆg} lsl;dsf] blÔ0fk"j{ Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
lrl8ofvfgf xf] .
%= /ª\ugfyg\ l:6«6 M of] uNnL
r]GgO{sf] lsnd]nsf] d'Vo s]Gb| dflgG5 . o; uNnLnfO{ ljZjs} Ps Jo:t ;8sdWo] Ps
dflgG5 . oxfF x/]s lbg xhf/f}F ko{6s cfpF5g\ / sk8f, u/uxgf / vfglkgsf ;fdfg
lsG5g\ .
^= ;/sf/L ;ª\u|xfno M nueu !&
Ps8df km}lnPsf] of] ljzfn Do'lhod ko{6sx¿sf aLr Ps nf]slk|o :yfg xf] . of]
ef/tsf] bf];|f] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] Do'lhod xf] . o;nfO{ db|f; Do'lhod of ;]G6«n
Do'lhod eg]/ klg hflgG5 . oxfF t]Ghf}/ k]lG6ª Uofn/L, 8]sf]/]l6e cf6{ Uofn/L,
ef/tLo k/Dk/fut snf sÔ / /lj jdf{ k]lG6ª Uofn/L klg b]Vg kfOG5 . afnaflnsfsf
nflu u'l8of Uofn/L, ;fOG; Uofn/L / 6]Sgf]nhL Uofn/L klg 5g\ .
o; Do'lhodleq kmf]6f] lvRg kfOG5, lgif]w 5}g . of] ;ª\u|xfno z'qmjf/
tyf ;/sf/L labfsf lbgdf aGb /xG5 . xfdL cfOtjf/ a]n'sf r]GgO{ k'Ug] eP klg
;f]djf/ / dËnjf/ oxfF 3'Dg]5f}F . xfdL k'u]sf] lbg aGb gxf]nf .
&= db|f; qmf]sf]8fOn a}ª\s M r]GgO{sf] of]
qmf]sf]8fOn a}Í hLjhGt' tyf k|s[ltk|]dLx¿sf nflu Ps ljlzi6 :yfg xf] . oxfF ;q
k|hfltsf uf]xLx¿ b]Vg kfOG5 . ;fy} oxfF Eofu'tf, ;k{, leQL, 5]kf/f cflbsf cg]s
k|hfltsf] klg cjnf]sg ug{ kfOG5 . oxfF ufO8sf] klg ;'ljwf 5 . laxfg gf} ah]b]lv
of] :yfg a]n'sf ;f9] kfFr ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 . of] :yfg x/]s ;f]daf/ aGb x'G5 .
*= r]GgO{ /]n Do'lhod M ;g\ @))@ df
:yflkt of] /]n Do'lhod /]nj] k|]dLsf nflu Ps vf; 7fpF xf] . of] :yfg r]GgO{sf]
Ps cfsif{0f klg xf] of] Do'lhod . oxfF l:6d OlGhg, l8h]n OlGhg / la|l6; sfnsf]
b'O{tn] sf]r klg b]Vg kfOg]5 . dxfTdf ufGwL r9]sf] 6«]g klg oxfF b]vfOG5 . of]
Do'lhod !) ah]b]lv ^ ah];Dd v'nf /xg]5 . x/]s ;f]djf/ of] aGb x'g] x'gfn]
dËnjf/ x]g'{ h?/L 5 xfd|f nflu .
(= luG8L g];gn kfs{ M ;g\ !(&)
df :yflkt of] ;'Gb/ /fli6«o pBfg r]GgO{ /fhejgsf] glhs} 5 . of] nueu @&)
Ps8 hldgdf km}lnPsf] 5 . of] kfs{ ko{6ssf nflu laxfg ( ah]b]lv ;fF´ % ah];Dd
v'nf /xG5 . x/]s dËnjf/ of] aGb /xG5 . xfdL cfOtjf/ r]GgO{ k'u] klg ;f]djf/ /
dËnjf/ dfq 3'Dg]5f}F . ctM oxfF xfdL ;f]djf/ k'Ug' 7Ls x'g]5 .
!)= jn'jf/ sf]§d M /y´}F b]lvg] Ps P]ltxfl;s
:df/s xf] . k|Voft slj Pjd\ ;Gt lt?jNn'j/df ;dlk{t .
of] :df/s nueu !)) lkm6 cUnf] 5 . o;sf] e'OFtnfdf k|Voft u|Gy lt?s'?/sf
!## RofK6/ b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fy;fy} lt?jNn'j/sf] k|ltdf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . ko{6sn]
oxfFsf leQfx¿df kf}/fl0fs syf tyf j[Qlrq b]Vg ;Ï5g\ .
!!= ;]G6 hh{ lsNnf M
!@= k'hn tfn M /]8lxn a; :6]G8g]/ 5
Eo" KjfOG6 .
!#= sf]jnd\ larM of] :yfg qmf]dk]6af6 #@
lsld / dxfanLk'/d\af6 @) lsld k5{ . xfdL ToxfF k'Ug] ;Defjgf sd 5 .
!$= g];gn l/kf]lh6/L nfOa|]/L M cToGt
7"nf] / dxŒjsf] . o;sf gofF v08 / k'/fgf] v08 u/L b'O{ efu 5g\ . k'/fgf]
v08sf] dd{tsfo{ k"/f eO{ xfdL uPsf] a]nf k'gM rfn' xf]nf .
!%= AIADMK M ko{6ssf nflu :yfgLo /fhgLlt;Fu s] lng'lbg'
x'G5 / < t/ klg PcfO{P8LPds] kf6©sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no x]g{ nfos 5 . blÔ0f
ef/t cfh h] 5 o;sf nflu o; kf6©sf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf 5 . o;}u/L oxfFsf
PdhLcf/ / honlntf :d[lt ejg hfg}k5{ . of] :yfg dl/gf larg]/ 5 .
!^= ljj]sfgGb ejg M ha :jfdL ljj]sfgGb ljZj
wd{ ;+;b\af6 kms{g'eof], o; :yfgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg'eof] . o;}sf/0f o; ejgsf]
gfd ljj]sfgGb xfp; /xguPs]f xf] . oxfFsf lrqsf/L cToGt nf]enfUbf 5g\ .
@$= lt?klt afnfhL
lt?klt cfGw|k|b]zsf] Ps wfld{s ;x/ xf] . of] lt?dfnf kj{tLo wfld{s
;x/sf] km]bdf cjl:yt 5 . lt?kltnfO{ :jod\–JoQm If]q elgG5 . lji0f'sf k|d'v
tLy{dWo] of] Ps xf] . oxfF k'Ug r]GgO{af6 8]9 ;o lsnf]ld6/ pQ/ kb{5 .
cfGw|k|b]zsf] of] gjf}F 7"nf] ;x/ xf] . oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof nueu # nfv 5 .
of] ef/tLo ;/sf/åf/f ;a}eGbf pQd w/f]x/ gu/Ls]f ¿kdf 3f]lift ePsf] 5 .
j/fxk'/f0fsf cg';f/ q]tf o'udf >L/fd nª\sfk'/L ljho u/L nId0f /
;Ltfsf ;fydf oxfF cfO{ a:g'ePsf] lyof] .
k'/f0fsf cg';f/ afnfhLn] s'j]/af6 kb\dfjtL;Fu ljjfx ug{sf nflu C0f:j¿k !
s/f]8 !$ nfv :j0f{d'b|f lng'ePsf] lyof] . Tof] C0f ltg{sf nflu ef/tel/sf
eSthgn] oxfF cfO{ k};f r9fpF5g\, s]z;d]t r9fpF5g\ .
kNnj /fhfx¿n] 5}6f}F ztfAbLdf o; ;x/sf] ljsf; u/] . /fdfg'hfrfo{sf] ;do
P3f/f}F ztfAbLb]lv of] :yfg j}i0fjx¿sf] Ps k|d'v s]Gb| /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !#)) b]lv g} d'unsfndf d';ndfg zf;sx¿nfO{
hlhof ltg{] ;t{ u/]/ of] dlGb/ hf]ufOof] .
;g\ !%)) cl3;Dd tnx6Ldf a;f]jf; lyPg . lt?dfnf ;x/s]f dxŒj a9\b} uPkl5
dflg; tNnf] lt?kltdf klg a:g yfn]sf x'g\ . cfh hxfF uf]ljGb/fhf:jfdL dlGb/ 5,
kl5 dfq otf a:tL a9]sf] xf] .
lt?kltdf bz{gLo :ynx¿ M
!= lt?dfnf lt?klt afnfhL M lt?dfnf
lt?klt afnfhL eujfg\ >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t k|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . lt?klt ;x/ j}Í6]Zj/
:jfdL cyf{t\ lt?klt afnfhLsf gfdn] k|l;4 5 . lt?dfnfdf l:yt a}Í6]Zj/ :jfdLsf]
dlGb/ g} lt?klt afnfhL xf] . o; e"efusf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo dlGb/ klg oxL xf] .
of] dlGb/ lt?klt /]nj] :6];gaf6 nueu kRrL; lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 .
ljZjsf ;a}eGbf wgL dlGb/dWo] of] Ps xf] . k}bn hfg] ofq'x¿nfO{ lbJobz{g l6s6
lgMz'Ns k|fKt x'G5 . of] l6s6 cgnfOg tLg ;o ?lkofFsf] l6s6a/fa/ x'G5 .
>L a}Í6]Zj/sf] cyf{t\ lt?dfnf lt?klt afnfhL k|lt306f nueu rf/ xhf/
eQmn] bz{g kfpFb5g\ . Tolt nfdf] nfOg nfu]/ 306f}F kl5 aNn Psfw ;]s]G8sf nflu
dfq bz{g ug{ kfP klg dflg;n] c;Ld ;'v / zflGtsf] cg'e"lt ub{5g\ oxfF .
7Ls;Fu bz{g ug{ gkfOg] ePsfn] csf]{ b'?:t p:t} dlGb/ klg agfOPsf] 5 M gd'gf
cfnod\ . ¿k, cfsf/ / ultljlwdf b'?:t p:t} 5 of] klg dlGb/ . d"n dlGb/df
ultljlw 7Ls;Fu x]g{ gkfpg] / g;Sg]sf nflu dlGb/ ;ldltåf/f o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
xf] .
>La}Í6]Zj/sf] d"n dlGb/df leq sfnf] kTy/sf] cf7 lkm6 cUnf]
d"lt{ 5 . o; dlGb/nfO{ eQmx¿ >La}Í6]Zj/:jfdL, lt?dfnf afnfhL, uf]ljGb,
>Llgjf;, :joDe"gfy cflb cg]s gfdn] lrGb5g\ . of] lji0f'k|ltdf s;n]
agfof], slxn] agfof] jf s;n] :yfkgf u¥of] eGg] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L s;}l;t 5}g .
t/ w]/}sf] s] ljZjf; 5 eg] of] o; ¿kdf :jod\ k|s6 ePsf] xf] . o;}sf/0f o;nfO{
:joDe" klg elgPsf] . >La}Í6]Zj/gfy:jfdLsf lrqx¿df Hofbft/ d"n
dlGb/s} k|ltdfnfO{ lrlqt ul/G5 . t/ oxfF oxL dfq :j¿k xf]Og . d'Vo k|ltdfsf
5]p5fpdf s}of}F k|ltdf 5g\ / x/]s k|ltdfsf cnu klxrfg, cnu cy{ / p2]Zo 5g\ .
pu|>Llgjf;n] eujfg\sf] j|m'4 :j¿knfO{ b;f{pFb5 . >LdnofKkf:jfdL :j¿ksf
b'j}tkm{ b]jLx¿ 5g\ M e"b]jL / >Lb]jL . k|ltlbg ul/g] k"hfsf nflu
ue{u[xaf6 aflx/ hfg] d"lt{ oxL xf] . jflif{s dxfa|Xdf]T;jd\sf cj;/df
zfgbf/ zf]efoft|fdf ;jf/L lgsflnG5 . k|ltdf ue{u[xsf xf]pmg\ ls aflx/sf, ltgdf
ax'd"No uxgfx¿ klx/fOG5 . zfgbf/ k/Dk/fut kf];fs klg nufOlbOG5 .
oxfF b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L k'hf/L /xG5g\ / ltgsf Ps d'Vo k'hf/L x'G5g\ .
k|To]s k'hf/Ln] k|frLg lxGb" zf:qx¿sf] ulx/f] cWoog ug'{kb{5 . o; cWoogdf
JolQmsf] jiff}{Fsf] tk:of vr{ x'G5 . a}Í6]Zj/ j]blj1fgkL7d\ klg plt 6f9f 5}g .
oxfFsf] kl/j]zn] j}lbs sfnsf] ;D´gf u/fpFb5 . of] ljBfkL7 rfnL; jif{hlt cl3
:yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . oxfF of] j]bljBf>d :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo dlGb/sf nflu pRr
Ôdtfsf ljåfg\ u'? kl08t k'hf/L pTkfbg ug'{ xf] . o;afx]s oxfF j}lbs k/Dk/f /
pRr u'?k'/f]lxtx¿sf] pTkfbgsf nflu u'0ffTds lzÔf lbOG5 . oxfFaf6 pTkflbt s}of}F
ljBfy©n] >Lj}Í6]Zj/gfysf k'hf/L / dxfk'hf/Lsf] ¿kdf ;]jf u/]sf 5g\ .
j]blj1fgkL7d\n] eljiodf klg cg]s kl08t, k'hf/L / u'?k'/f]lxtx¿sf] pTkfbg ug{]5
.
oxfF k9fpg] tl/sf Psbd k|frLg k/Dk/fut 5 . ljBfy©x¿ xhf/f}F jif{ k'/fgf
;"q–dGqx¿ k9\b5g\ . b; jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g} j6'sx¿ ;d:t aflx/L b'lgofF
5f8]/ cWofTdbz{g, j]bj]bfGt, :d[lt / k'/f0fx¿ k9\g cfpFb5g\ . lt?dfnfdf lt?klt
afnfhLafx]s cGo y'k|} bz{gLo dlGb/ 5g\ . lt?kltsf] bz{gkl5 Ps} lbgdf tkfO{Fn]
oL ;a} dlGb/ 3'Dg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
@= lqjf/L kfbfn' M lt?klt afnfhL dlGb/af6 nueu
kfFr lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 lqjf/L kfbfn' . ha a}Í6]Zj/ :jfdL klxnf]k6s
cfg'ePsf] lyof], pxfFsf r/0f klxnf] k6s k/]sf] 7fpFdf r/0fsf lgzfg 5g\ . oL
r/0fsf] bz{gfy{ xhf/f}F JolQm k|ltlbg k'Ub5g\ . o; :yfgsf] jl/kl/ 3gf hËn 5 /
o; hËndf rGbgj[Ô kfOG5 . :jfdLsf r/0f :yfg;Dd k'Ug oxfFn] kxf8L l;F9L eP/
hfg'kg{] x'G5 . ha kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf r9]/ k'Ug'x'G5 tkfO{Fn] a}Í6]Zj/ :jfdLsf
r/0flrâsf] bz{g ug{ kfpg'x'g]5 . of] tLy{:yn laxfg % ah]b]lv ;fF´ ( ah];Dd v'nf
/xG5 .
#= cfsfzuª\uf M lt?dfnf lt?klt afnfhL
dlGb/af6 nueu % lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf csf{] :yfg 5M cfsfzuª\uf . cfsfzuËfdf Ps
´/gf 5, hxfF ;w}F lgd{n hn k|jflxt eO/xG5 . cfsfzuËfdf axg] kfgL g} lt?dfnfsf
dlGb/x¿df k|of]u ul/G5 . of] klg k|d'v tLy{:yn ePsfn] k|ltlbg xhf/f}F tLy{ofqLx¿
k'Ub5g\ .
$= kfkljgfzgd\ M h'g tLy{ofqL tLyf{6g u/]/ sfofsNksf] cg'ej ug{
rfxG5g\ tL oxfF cjZo cfpmg\ . s] ljZjf; ul/G5 eg] oxfF cfP/ :gfg ug{] xf] eg]
z/L/nfO{ dfq kljqtf k|fKt x'g] xf]Og, ;d:t kfkx¿ klg kvflnP/ hfG5g\ . of] :yn
k|fs[lts ef}uf]lns lx;fan] klg cToGt dgf]/d :ynsf] ¿kdf ulgG5 .
%= lznftf]/0fd\ M of] csf{] hfg}kg{] 7fpF
xf] . afnfhL dlGb/af6 nueu b'O{ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf l:yt of] tLy{:yfg
cgf}7f] / /x:odoL cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf tLg ljlrq r§fgL
åf/dWo] Ps xf] of] . oL r§fgx¿ k|f]–SoflDa|og o'usf x'g\ . o;sf] dtna oL 9'Ëf
!=% ca{ jif{ k'/fgf x'g\ . oxfF cfpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ;do ;"of{]bo /
;"of{:tsf] ;do xf] . o; ;dodf of] tf]/0f ;a}eGbf /x:odo nfUb5 .
^= 6L6L b]j:yfgd\ M lznftf]/0fd\g]/ Pp6f
cToGt ;'Gb/ kfs{ agfOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lt?dfnf lt?klt b]j:yfgD; >Llgjf; /s
uf8{]G; elgG5 . To;f] t lt?dfnfdf cg]sf}F jfuau}Frf 5g\ t/ 6L6L b]j:yfgd\ pBfg
;a}eGbf cfsif{s 5 . /ªla/ªsf ;of}F lsl;dsf km"nj[Ôx¿sf] ;'Gb/tfsf] g]qkfg
ug{ oxfF k|ltlbg xhf/f}F dflg; cfpF5g\ .
&= >L kßfjtL cDdfjf/L dlGb/ M lt?kltl:yt >L kßfjtL
cDdfjf/L dlGb/ klg bz{gLo 5 . >L kßfjtL cDdfjf/LnfO{ >L j}Í6]Zj/ lt?klt
afnfhLsL kTgLsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . xfdLn] lt?klt hfFbf klxn] log} kßfjtL
cDdfjf/Lsf] bz{g ug'{k5{ clg dfq afnfhL bz{g ug'{k5{ . kßfjtL dftfsf] dlGb/ k|fË0fdf
cToGt ;'Gb/ tnfp 5 . of] :yfg lt?klt /]nj] :6];gaf6 sl/a ;f9] tLg lsnf]ld6/
b"/Ldf 5 . dftf kßfjtLsf] bz{gsf nflu laxfg % ah]b]lv a]n'sf gf} ah];Dd
s'g} klg ;dodf hfg ;lsG5 .
*= >Luf]ljGbf/fhf:jfdL M of] csf{]
k|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . >Luf]ljGb/fhf:jfdLnfO{
j}Í6]Zj/:jfdLsf bfh' eg]/ lrlgG5 . of] dlGb/ afnfhL dlGb/h:t} 5 . of] dlGb/
!!#) df ;Gt /fdfg'hfrfo{n] agfPsf x'g\ .
(= slkntLy{d\ M o:t} u/L slkntLy{d\ klg oxfF
k'u]sf] a]nf bz{g ug{}kg{] dlGb/ xf] . of] lt?kltsf] Psdfq lzjdlGb/ xf] . of]
dlGb/ lt?klt /]nj] :6];gaf6 ;f9] tLg lsnf]ld6/dfq 5 . o; tLy{df Ps ´/gf v:t5,
h;n] tLy{sf] ;'Gb/tf yk]sf] 5 . of] cToGt k'/fgf] lzj dlGb/ xf] . oxfFsf]
lzjlnËnfO{ :joDe" dflgG5 . oxfFsf] ´/gfaf6 v;]sf] kfgLdf leHgfn] ;d:t
kfkx¿ gfz eP/ hfg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . eQmhgx¿ oxfFsf] ´/gfdf yflkO/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5
.
!)= tfnfsf]gf ´/gf M of] :yfg
lt?kltaf6 nueu krf; lsnf]ld6/ k/ 5 . a;df hfg ;lsG5 . of] ´/gf cfGw|k|b]zsf]
;a}eGbf cUnf] ´/gf klg xf] . oxfFsf] kfgLdf cf}ifwLo u'0f x'G5 elgG5 . of]
cfGw|k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f ;+/lÔt jGohGt' cf/Ôsf] aLrdf 5 . oxfF k'Ug sDtLdf b'O{
lsnf]ld6/ k}bn ofqf ug'{kg{] x'G5 . k|ltlbg xhf/f}F ko{6s oxfF k'Ub5g\ .
s;/L hfg] <
s;}n] /]lgu'G6f;Ddsf] 6«]g r9]sf x'G5g\ . lt?klt;Dd hfg] 6«]g kqmg' pQd
x'G5 . ToxfFaf6 a; kj|mL lt?dfnf hfg'k5{ . oxfF hfg lt?kltaf6 x/]s b; ldg]6df
a; rNb5g\ . a; ef8f krxQ/ ?lkofFhlt nfU5 .
lt?kltaf6 b'O{ lsnf]ld6/hlt cufl8 k'u]kl5 ;a} ofq'sf] z/L/ / ;fdfgsf]
:Soflgª ul/G5 . uf8L k"/f vfnL u/]/ lg/LÔ0f ul/G5 . otf cfpFbf ;s];Dd sd
;fdfg lnP/ hfg' a]; . ;s];Dd ;fdfg pt} /]lgu'G6f of lt?kltd} xf]6n aGbf]a:t u/L
/fVg' plrt 5 .
lt?kltb]lv lt?dfnf;Ddsf] efu kxf8L 5 . jg}jgsf] aLr eP/ ;8s hfG5 .
lt?klt of lt?dfnfsf nflu cgnfOg xf]6]n a'lsª ug{ ;lsG5, t/ o;sf nflu b'O{
dlxgfhlt cufj} a'lsª ug'{k5{ . d t c´
eG5', lt?dfnfdf ofqL;bgdf uP/ a:g' a]; . ofqL;bgdf cfˆgf ;fdfg /fVg ns/ ;'ljwf
5 . jf; lgMz'Ns 5 . a'lsªsf] ;dodf kl/rokq b]vfpg'kg{] x'G5 . of] /]nj]
l/he{];g ;]G6/g]/ 5 . oxfF n'uf w'g / ;'sfpgsf nflu c;'ljwf xf]nf ls, gq oxL
ljsNk 7Ls 5 . of] ;'ljwf kfpg g;s]df lt?klt ;x/df a:g'eGbf ;lhnf] / ;:tf]rflxF
/]lgu'G6fdf a:g' ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 . ptf >Lsfnx:tL;d]t hfgsf nflu /]lgu'G6fsf]
a;fO ;lhnf] x'g ;S5 . t/ /]lgu'G6fdf jf;
a:g] k|aGw u/]df oxfFsf] 3'dfOdf s]xL c;'ljwf klg x'g ;S5, lsgls oxfF cfpg
hfgd} Psf]xf]/f] b'O{ c9fO{ 306f t vr{ eOxfN5 . dlGb/sf] b'O{–tLg ;o ld6/
b"/Lsf u]:6 xfp; klg xfd|f] ah]6n] wfGg ;lsg] vfns} x'G5g\ .
oxfF lgMz'Ns k|fKt x'g] cGg k|;fbd\ lbgdf nueu ;Q/L xhf/b]lv c;L xhf/
tLy{ofq'n] u|x0f ub{5g\ . oltsf dflg;sf nflu s]/fsf] kftdf vfgf k:sg] k|aGw
ug'{ klg rfgr'g] xf]Og . ;g\ @)@@ df # s/f]8 eÏhg tLy{ofq'n] o; cGgk|;fbd\df
ef]hg u/] . of] ;ª\Vof eg]sf] b}lgs nueu *@ xhf/ kg{ cfpF5 . 6«:6sf ef]nl6o/
dlxnfsf] a6flnog g} b]Vg kfOG5 . logLx¿nfO{ lt?dfnfsf] ljifodf h'g;'s} hfgsf/L
dfUg ;lhnf] k5{ .
oxfF cfpFbf cf]l/lhgn kl/ro kq cfwf/ sf8{, gful/stf cflb b]vfpg'k5{ gq
k|j]z kfOFb}g . oxfF cfP/ l6s6 lnPkl5 k|tLÔfsf] 38L ;'? x'G5, d]/f] ljrf/df
nfOg nflu/xg'kb{}g .
oxfF l6s6 lnP/ ;do kfPkl5 otfptf e|d0f ug{ ldNg] /x]5 . aflx/ lg:s]/ b;
?lkofF lt/L lt?klt afnfhLsf] 6Lsf nufpFbf gjLg cg'e"lt x'g]5 . oxfF
lt?kltsf aÍ6]Zj/sf] bz{g ug'{cl3 j/fx eujfg\sf] bz{g ug'{kb{5 . o; :yfgnfO{
cflbj/fxÔ]q klg elgG5 .
@%= >Lsfnx:tL
u|x0fdf klg aGb gul/g] Psdfq dlGb/ oxL xf] . oxfFsf] lzjlnËnfO{
k'hf/Lx¿n] klg 5'g'x'Fb}g . dfs'/f], xfQL / ;k{sf] elQmaf6 v';L eP/ lzjhLn]
oxfF cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt ug'{ePsf] xf] . lt?klt afnfhLaf6 rfnL; lsnf]ld6/
k"j{lt/ /x]sf] o; dlGb/;Dd hfgsf nflu x/]s kfFr b; ldg]6df a; rN5g\ .
blÔ0f ef/tdf lzjlnËsf k~rtŒj lnËx¿ 5g\ . ltgdWo] >Lsfnx:tLdf jfo'tŒj
lnË 5g\ .
!= sf~rLk'/d\df
k[YjLtŒj lzjlnË . PsDa/]Zj/ .
@= hDa's]Zj/ M
hntŒj lzjlnË .
#= >Lsfnx:tL M
jfo'tŒj lzjlnË .
$= lrbDa/d\ M
cfsfztŒj lzjlnË .
%= lt?jGgdnO{ M
clUgtŒj lzjlnË .
>Lsfnx:tL lzjlnË;Fu} :j0f{k§L 5 . dfnf, km"n cflb h]hlt
r9fpg'kg{] xf] To;}df r9fOG5 . oxfFsf lzjlnËsf] bz{g Ps bLkssf] k|sfzdf ul/G5 .
o;nfO{ lsg >Lsfnx:tL elgPsf] xf] <
>Lsf] cy{ dfs'/f], sfnsf] cy{ ;k{ / x:tLsf] cy{ xfQL xf] . o;
lzjlnËdf dfs'/f], xfQLbGt / ;k{lrGx :ki6 b]lvG5 . oxfF ;k{, dfs'/f] / xfQLn] g}
eujfg\ zÍ/sf] cf/fwgf u/]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . lzjhLn] k|;Gg eP/ oL tLg hLjnfO{
bz{g lbg'eof] / cfkm"nfO{ o; :yfgdf :yflkt ug'{eof] .
vf;u/L dflg;x¿ /fx' / s]t'sf] k"hf u/fpgsf nflu oxfF cfpF5g\ . o;}
eP/ xf] o;nfO{ /fx' dlGb/sf] gfdaf6 klg lrlgg] u/]sf] . /fx' / s]t'n] 8:g]
ePsf] x'Fbf ;"o{ / rGb|dfdf u|x0f nfUb5 elgG5 . o;}sf/0f u|x0fsf] ;dodf
klg o; dlGb/nfO{ aGb gul/g] ePsf] .
oxfF ul/g] /fx' / s]t'sf] k"hfljwfg cnu–cnu 5 . k"hf z'Ns @%)
?lkofFb]lv ;'? x'G5 / tLg–rf/ xhf/;Dd k'U5 . cnucnu d08kdf cnu–cnu z'Ns nfUg]
ePsf] xf] . h'g sGofsf] ljjfxdf afwf cfO/xG5g\, ltgsf] u|xbf]if lgjf/0fsf nflu
‘;k{bf]if lgjf/0f’ k"hf ul/G5 . o; k"hfsf nflu nueu Ps 306f ;do nfU5
.
sfnx:tLZj/ dlGb/sf] clUgsf]0fdf r§fg sf6Lsf6Lsg agfOPsf] Ps d08k 5,
To;nfO{ dl0fu0fLo u§d\ elgG5 . dl0fu0fLo u§d\ gfdsL Ps elQmgL lyOg\, pgnfO{
d[To'sf] ;dodf zÍ/ eujfg\n] bflxg] sfgdf tf/s dGq ;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof], h;/L
sfzLsf ljZjgfy eujfg\n] sfzLdf dg{ kfpg]sf nflu tf/s dGq lbg'x'G5 . ltg}
elQmgLsf] gfddf cfh Ps d08k ag]sf] 5 .
cfh eQmhgx¿ e"lddf 3f]K6f] k/]/ d/0f cf;g agfpFb5g\ / cfˆgf]
bflxg] sfg e"lddf c8\ofpF5g\, tf ls cfˆgf] bflxg] sfgsf] l5b|af6 cfˆgf]
k|f0fkv]? p8]/ hfcf];\ . sfzLdf klg oxL ljwfg 5 . o;}sf/0f >Lsfnx:tLnfO{
blÔ0fsf] sfzL elgg] u/]sf] xf] .
of] dlGb/ :j0f{d'vL gbLsf] t6df 5 . jfo'b]jn] :j0f{d'vL gbLsf] t6df
a;]/ tk:of u/]sf lyP . oxfF pgn] lzjhLsf] sk"{/ lnËsf] cf/fwgf u/] .
eujfg\n] jfo'b]jtfnfO{ tLg j/bfg lbg'eof] M
!= ;Dk"0f{
;[li6el/ x/]s hLjleq ltdL jfo'¿kdf ljBdfg /xg]5f} .
@= ltdLa]u/ s'g}
klg hLj hLljt /xg ;Sg]5}gg\ .
#= cfOGbf
sk"{/lnËd\nfO{ jfo'lnËd\sf] ¿kdf k'lhg]5 .
eujfg\ lzjsf] of] tLy{:yn w]/} zlQmzfnL 5 . w]/} k|l;4 eQmx¿n] oxfF
cfP/ tk:of u/] . of] dlGb/ s}nf;lul/ gfdsf] kxf8sf] km]bdf 5 . gGbLZj/ eujfg\n]
k[YjLdf tLg lzv/sf] :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . tL tLgdWo] of] Ps xf] . ‘sNof0ftLy{d\’sf
cg';f/ wg'wf{/L ch'{gn] o;} :yfgdf cfP/ tk:of u/]sf lyP . pgn] lzjaf6 oxLF
kfz'ktf:q k|fKt u/]sf lyP . 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf ch'{gåf/f :yflkt lzjlnË 5 .
k~rdxfe"tdWo] jfo'dxfe"t o; lzjlnËsf] Oltxf; eQm s00fksf
;fydf klg hf]l8G5 . eQm s00fknfO{ blÔ0f ef/tdf wg'wf{/L ch'{gsf cjtf/ x'g\ eg]/
dflgG5 . 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf eQm s00fksf d"lt{ :yflkt 5g\ . logL dxfb]jsf
7"nf eQm lyP . pgn] o; lzjlnËsf] /Ôfsf nflu cfˆgf b'j} cfFvf bfg lbPsf lyP
.
eQm s00fk Ps leNn hfltsf dflg; lyP . pgsf] vf; gfd gLn lyof] .
PskN6 dxfb]jn] eQm s00fksf] cfkm"k|ltsf] elQmsf] k/LÔf lng
rfxg'eof] . w/tLdf xnrn ;'? eof] . pgL jgaf6 3/ kms{]/ cfO/x]sf lyP, pgn]
oxfFsf] lzjlnËsf Ps cfFvfaf6 /Qmwf/f alx/x]sf] b]v] .
pgnfO{ ;D´gf eof], dg'iosf] 3fpdf dg'iosf] tfhf 5fnfsf] k|of]u u/]df
3fp l56f] lgsf] x'G5 . pgn] slQ klg glxlRsrfO{sg cfˆgf] 7f]j|mfaf6 Pp6f af0f
lgsfn], / cfˆgf] Ps cfFvf] l´s]/ pQm d"lt{sf] g]qdf nufP .
d"lt{sf] g]qaf6 /Qmwf/f k"0f{¿kdf aGb eof] . t/ gLnn]
b]lvxfn], d"lt{sf] Pp6f cfFvf] t 7Ls eof] t/ ca csf{] cfFvfaf6 klg /Qmwf/f
axg nfu]sf] 5 . gLnn] d"lt{sf] pQm g]qdf cfˆgf] kfpsf] a"9Lcf}Fnf]
/fv], tf ls cfkm" k"/f cGwf] ePkl5 klg ;f] 7fpF klxNofpg ;lhnf] xf];\
. pgn] af0fsf] wfl/nf] wft'n] ha cfˆgf] bf];|f] cfFvf] klg l´s], pgnfO{ lzjhLn]
cfP/ bz{g lbg'eof] . pgnfO{ lzjhLn] cfˆgf ;fydf lzjnf]s n}hfg'eof] . o;kl5 tL
gLnsf] gfd s00fk /xg uof] . tldn efiffdf s00fksf] cy{ æg]qÆ x'G5 .
o;afx]s o; dlGb/sf] kl/;/df kftfn u0f]zhL / kfj{tLsf klg dlGb/ 5g\ .
klxn] u0f]zhLsf] bz{g u/]kl5 dfq d'Vo >Lsfnx:tL dlGb/sf] bz{g ul/G5 .
Psk6sdf kfFr JolQmnfO{ dfq tn cG8/u|fpG8df cjl:yt kftfnu0f]zhLsf] bz{gsf nflu
k7fOG5 .
dftf kfj{tLnfO{ oxfF 1fgk|;" elgG5 . >Lsfnx:tL jfo'lnË]Zj/sf]
bz{gkl5 1fgk|;" gfdsL clDasf dfFsf] bz{g ul/G5 . bz{gsf] j|md ;a} tLy{df
Ps} x'Fbf] /x]g5 .
dlGb/ kl/;/df k|;fbL klg pknAw x'G5 . kGw| ?lkofFdf b];L 3Lsf]
n8\8" kfOG5 . k'lnxf]/f gfdsf] ltqL ldl;Psf] rfdnsf] eft kfOG5 . kGw|
?lkofFdf @)) u|fd k'lnxf]/f rfdn k|;fbsf] ¿kdf kfOG5 . k|;fb sfpG6/g]/ !!
ah]b]lv b'O{ ah];Dd lgMz'Ns cGg k|;fb kfOG5 . >Lsfnx:tL ;fgf] a:tL xf] t/
oxfF vfg / a:gsf nflu k|z:t k|aGw 5 . /ft latfpgsf nflu 5 ;ob]lv Ps xhf/
?lkofFdf sf]7f kfOG5 .
>Lsfnx:tLsf] cfh h'g lgdf{0fsnf b]lvG5 Tof] s[i0fb]j /foåf/f
;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf agfpg nufPsf] xf] . oxfF pgn] Ps xhf/ d08kd\sf] lgdf{0f
u/fPsf x'g\ .
@^= k'§ktL{
k'§kt©nfO{ k|zflGt lgnod\ elgG5 . of] eujfg\ >L ;To;fO{+afafsf] :yfg
xf] . of] cfGWf|k|b]zsf] cgGtk'/ lhNnfdf kb{5 . oxfFsf] /]nj] :6];g ef/tsf ;a}
d'Vo ;x/;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . klxn] o; 7fpFnfO{ uf]NnkNnL elgGYof] . of] :yfg
lrqfjtL gbLsf] t6df 5 . lrqfjtL gbL k]Ggf gbLsf] ;xfos gbL xf] . o; gbLdf
afFlwPsf] afFwn] ljzfn tfn ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] gfd a'Ssktg xf] . of] kfFr
lsnf]ld6/hlt nfdf] / 8]9 lsnf]ld6/hlt rf}8f 5 .
k'§kt© zAbsf] cy{ wld/fsf l9:sfsf] ufpF eGg] x'G5 . s'g} uf]7fnfn] Pp6f
uf]dg ;k{nfO{ lxsf{P5, l/;n] To; ;k{n] dflg;nfO{ ;/fk]5 . ;/fksf sf/0f ufpFel/
wld/f km}lnP5g\, ufpF g} wld/fsf u'F8n] el/P5 .
oxfFsf] d'Vo efiff t]n'u' xf] . oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof nueu ;f7L xhf/ 5 . of]
:yfg jif{}el/ ud© / ;'Svf /xG5 . oxfF hfg'cl3 ;To ;fO{+sf] hLjgL, ;fO{+
k|lti7fgx¿ s] ub{} 5g\, g]kfndf ;fO{+eÏ / ;fO{+ k|lti7fg sxfFsxfF 5g\ cflb
hfg]/ hfg ;lsof] eg] yk pknlAw x'g] 7fG5' d . O6x/Lsf] ;fO{+ dlGb/ uO{
;"rgf lng' klg a]; xf]nf .
k'§kt© cfOk'u]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] tkfO{Fsf cfFvf oxfFsf] ;'k/ :k]l;ofln6L
c:ktfndf kg{]5g\ . of] !((! df ag]sf] xf] . oxfF hl6n k|sf/sf sfl8{ofs, cyf{],
cˆyflNds, o'/f]nhL / Knfl:6s ;h{/L k"0f{ lgMz'Ns ¿kdf ul/G5 . oxfFsf]
/]nj] :6];g aGg'eGbf rf/ jif{klxNo} cyf{t\ !((! d} oxfF xjfOd}bfg klg ag]sf] 5
. o]g'dNnfkNnL rf}af6f] s6\tf ha u0f]zsf] ljzfn d"lt{ b]Vg'x'G5, ljBflu/L
/f]8 ;'? x'G5 . o; ;8ssf] b'j}tkm{ cg]s z}lÔs k|lti7fg 5g\ . clg !(&% df
eujfg\ ;To;fO{+n] ;'? ug'{ePsf] uf]s'nd\ 5 . oxfF ;of}F b"w lbO/x]sf / c´
a9L yf/f ufO{a:t' 5g\ . tkfO{Fn] rfxg'ePdf ToxfF uP/ uf};]jf ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
clg c´ cl3 a9]kl5 tkfO{Fn] ;ËLt dxfljBfno b]Vg'x'g]5 . of] dxfljBfno tLyf{6gdf
cfpg] jf ko{6ssf nflu xf]Og, t}klg oxfFsf] ;fËLlts jftfj/0f dgdf]xs x'g] g} 5
tkfO{Fsf nflu klg .
k'§ktL{df x]g'{kg{] :yfgx¿ M
!= r}tGoHof]lt Do'lhod M ;To;fO{+ afafsf] cfsif{s hLjgnfO{ glhsaf6 a'em\g / cg'e"t ug{
oxfF k'Ug}k5{ . Do'lhoddf lrqx¿ 5g\, d"lt{x¿ 5g\, kf];fs, ;fdu|Lx¿ ;a}yf]s
5g\ . oxfF dlN6ldl8of k|:t'lt lbO{ ;fO{+afafsf] af/]df w]/} yf]s atfOG5,
b]vfOG5 . eSt–cfuGt'snfO{ oxfF ;fO{+afafsf] hLjgL ,pxfFsf sfo{x¿ / rdTsf/x¿sf]
af/]df yk uDeL/ af]wsf nflu of] :yfg cToGt dxŒjsf] 5 . of] ;ª\u|xfno gf;fsf
j}1flgs cf6f]ª hd ;fO{åf/f l8hfOg ul/Psfn] o;sf] jf:t'lzNk cg'kd 5 . lrlgofF,
d"/, uf]lys, hfkfgL / yfO{ z}nL ld;fO{ o;sf] ;+/rgf agfOPsf] xf] . ;fO{+afafsf]
k/Dk/fsf af/] hfGg rfxg]sf nflu of] :yfg k'Ug}kg{} 7fpF xf] .
@= j6j[Ô M of] k'6\6ktL{sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{
Wofgs]Gb| xf] . k|zflGt lgnodsf] cf>dglhs}sf] of] j6j[If ;fO{+afaf :jod\n]
/f]Kg'ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ zflGt / cfWoflTds pmhf{sf] ;|f]t dflgG5 . oxfF ;fo{afaf :jod\af6 j6j[Ifd'lg ;g\ !(%)
df Ps oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
#= ;To ;fO{+ :k]; lyP6/ M ;g\ !(*% df
;To;fO{+ afafåf/f pb\3fl6t >L ;To ;fO{+ :k]; lyP6/ k|zflGt lgnod\sf\
ljBflul/ z}lIfs k|lti7fg kl/;/df 5 . ef/tsf] o; v08df of] Psdfq Knfg]6f]l/od
xf] . oxfF s'g} k|j]z z'Ns 5}g . w]/}h;f] k|bz{gL :yfgLo t]n'u' efiffdf x'G5g\
. of] wfld{s s]Gb| ePsfn] ef/tel/af6 dfq xf]Og ljb]zaf6 klg cfuGt's x'g] ePsfn]
lxGbL tyf cª\u|]hLdf klg k|bz{g u/fOG5 .
cfuGt'sx¿sf nflu k|ltlbg k|bz{gL u/fOG5 . z}lIfs k|lti7fg / 7"nf ;d"xn]
k"j{cg'dlt lnP/ ljz]if ;do k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . hgj/L !!, clk|n @$ /
gf]e]Da/ @# df s'g} k|bz{gL sfo{qmd /flvFb}g . cfuGt's !@) hgf ePkl5 sfo{qmd
laxfg ;f9] gf} / kf}g] b; ah] b]vfOG5 . ;f9] b;eGbf kl5 k|bz{gLdf ;xeflutfsf]
Joj:yf 5}g .
$= ;fO{+
s'njGt xn M k|zflGt lgnodsf afl;GbfnfO{
;g\ !(^# hgj/L @% df k|zflGt lgnod\sf] a;fO s;/L pQd agfpg] eGg] ljifodf k|jrg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . cfh klg ToxfF k|ltlbg
cg]s sfo{qmd eO/x]sf x'G5g\ .
%= Do'lhs sn]h M >L ;To ;fO{+ ld/k'/L
Do'lhs sn]h k'6\6ktL{df @))! df :yflkt k|l;4 ;ª\uLt k|lti7fg xf] . eujfg\
>L;To;fO{+ afafn] :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] o; sn]hdf ef/tLo / s0ff{6s ;ª\uLt / ufog
k9fOG5 . ljBfyL{ / k"j{ljBfyL{x¿n] ;fFemdf ;fª\uLlts sfo{qmd klg ub{5g\ .
s0ff{6s tyf pQ/ ef/tLo ;ª\uLt, ufog / jL0ff, d[bª\ud\, l;tf/ / tanfnufotsf
jfBoGqx¿sf] tflnd–k|lzIf0f lbOG5 .
^= ;To;fO{+ afaf dxf;dflw M
;To;fO{+afafsf] ;dflw:yn s'njGt xndf 5 . o;} xndf eujfg\ ;fO{+afafn] eSthgnfO{
bz{g lbg'x'GYof] . of] ;dflw ;]tf] dfa{ndf ag]sf] ;fgf] ejg xf] . cfh klg eSthg
oxfF k'u]/ eujfg\sf] lbJobz{g ug{] ub{5g\ .
&= u0f]z dlGb/ M of] dlGb/ d'Vo
cf>daflx/ 5 .
*= ;To;fO{+ o'lgel;{6L M >L ;To;fO{+
OlG:6Ro'6 ckm xfo/ nlg{ª g} ljZjljBfno xf] . o;nfO{ cfw'lgs u'?s'n xf] eg]/
bfaL ul/G5 .
(= sNkj[Ô M k'6\6ktL{l:yt sNkj[If
;To;fO{+afafsf eStx¿n] >4f ul/PcfPsf] Ps ltqLsf] af]6 xf] . of] lrqfjtL
gbLglhs}sf] Ps 8fF8fdf 5 . o; j[If;Fu ;fO{+afaf;Fu hf]l8Psf cg]s /x:o, rdTsf/,
;'dw'/ sxfgLx¿ 5g\ . o; j[Ifd'lg a;]/ ;fO{+afaf
Wofg ;dflw lng'x'GYof] .
ha ;d'b|dGyg eof], To;a]nf sNkj[If pTkGg ePsf] xf] . ;fO{+afafn] o; ¿vsf kftx¿af6 ld7fO{, dfnf /
cGo j:t'x¿ pTkGg ug'{x'GYof] elgG5 . jf:t'zf:qsf cg';f/ sNkj[Ifn] dfgjdgdf
;sf/fTds pmhf{, e|ft[Tjefj / O{Zj/k|]d pTkGg ub{5 .
!)= lxn Eo" :6]l8od M of] :6]l8od
r}tGoHof]lt Do'lhodcufl8 5 . oxfFaf6 Do'lhodtkm{ x]bf{ ;fd'Gg] Do'lhod /
8fF8f]dfq x}g ^% lkm6 cUnf] xg'dfgsf] ljzfn d"lt{ 8fF8faf6 :6]l8odtkm{
kms{]sf] b]lvG5 . :6]l8od cTofw'lgs / ;'ljwf;DkGg 5 . of] :6]l8od !((& df
agfOPsf] xf] / ljz]if u/L lqms]6 v]ndf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] bz{s Ifdtf
@%,))) 5 .
!!= ;fO{+afaf hGd:ynL M gf]e]Da/ @#,
@)@^ df k'6\6ktL{df ;fO{+afafsf] hGd ePs]f lyof] . of] :yn pxfFsf] hGd / lzIffx¿sf]
s]Gb| ePsfn] eStx¿sf nflu Ps tLy{sf] ¿kdf 5 . oxfF Ps ;'Gb/ dlGb/ agfOPsf] 5 .
!@= xg'dfgsf] d"lt{ M lxn Eo'
:6]l8odaf6 klZrdk6\l6sf] ;'Gb/ 8fF8fdf :6]l8odk6\l6sf] kfvfdf of] ljzfn
d"lt{ v8f 5 . /ª\uzfnftkm{ kms{]sf xg'dfgsf] afofF xftdf prflnPsf]
ljGWofrn kj{t 5 / bfofF xftn] cfkm\gf] xltof/ ubf sfFwdf /flvPsf] 5 .
!#= sf]tr]?j' hnfzo M o;}u/L
oxfFsf] ljzfn sf]br]?j' tfn klg ;'Gb/ / x]g{ nfos 5 . of] lrq/]vf gbLdf
afFlwPsf] afFwsf sf/0f ag]sf] xf] . o; hnfzosf] kfgLn] k'6\6ktL{ ;x/df vfg]kfgL
pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o;} u/L o; hnfzoaf6 7"nf] If]qkmndf l;FrfO k'u]s]f 5 .
o;sf] lgdf{0fdf ;fO{afafsf] 7"nf] xft /x]sf] lyof] .
oxfFsf sfnf kxf8x¿ ljiffn' ;k{x¿sf lgjf; dflgG5g\ . ctM ltgdf r9\g'
cToGt c;'/lIft dflgG5 . :yfgLox¿ oxfF sf7bfp/f / 3fF; vf]Hg hfFb}gg\, kz'x¿
r/fpg hfFb}gg\ . ljiffn' uf]dg cflb ;k{x¿ ;nn aU5g\ elgG5 . ;fFemkv sf]br]?j'
tfndf kfgL vfg hfg] df5fsf] x"nsf sf/0f kxf8sf] km]b / tfnsf] aLr eP/ hfg]
af6fdf cj/f]w k'U5 elgG5 .
!$= blÔ0fd"lt{ M of] lzjsf]
of] d"lt{ blIf0f kms{]sf] x'gfn] blIf0fd"lt{ elgPsf] xf] .
!%= ;To;fO{+ xf]:6]n km/ AjfOh
!^= >LdtL O{Zj/fDdf xfo/ ;]s]G8/L :s'n
!&= lzjbz{g cf6{ Uofn/L M
@&= n]kfIfL
/fdfo0fsyfdf
h6fo'sf] k|;ª\u cfpF5 . /fj0fn] ;LtfnfO{ x/0f u/L nu]sf] s'/f h6fo'n] b]Vof] .
h6fo'n] /fj0fnfO{ cj/f]w u¥of] . p;n] /fj0fl;t o'4 u¥of] . h6fo' cToGt eofgs
of]4f lyof] . p;n] /fj0fsf] /y Wj:t kfl/lbof] . /fj0fnfO{ xf/faf/f v]nfof] .
olt ug{ ;s] klg Tof] /fj0fh:tf] dxfjL/sf cufl8 l6Sg ;s]g . /fj0fn] h6fo'sf b'j} kv]6f sfl6lbof] .
h6fo' /utkR5] eP/ e'OFdf 9Nof] . /fj0fn] t'?Gt} /ysf] dd{t u/]/ cfsfz dfu{ u/L
;LtfnfO{ lnP/ uof] .
ha /fd / nId0f
s'6Ldf kms{] ;LtfnfO{ b]v]gg\ . /fd–nId0fsf] ;ftf] uof] . pgLx¿ ;LtfnfO{ x/0f
u/]/ nUg]sf] vf]hLdf jgjg ef}Ftfl/Fb} lxF8] . ha pgLx¿n] e'OFdf kN6]sf]
h6fo'nfO{ b]v], j/k/ /ut}/ut klg b]v], pgLx¿nfO{ nfUof], kSs} o;} /fIf;sf]
abdf;L x'g'k5{ . jl/kl/ /ut 5, o;}n] ;LtfhLnfO{ vfP5 . ;LtfhLnfO{ vfP/ o;sf]
e'F8L olt 7"nf] ePsf] /x]5 . To;} eP/ of] p7\g klg g;Sg] eP/ 9Ns]sf] xf] .
ca o;nfO{ df/f}F .
of] ;'g]/ j[4 lu4
h6fo' 8/fof] . pm s/fof]– ædnfO{ gdfg'{xf];\ . d}n] ;LtfhLnfO{ vfPsf] x}g .
/fj0fn] pxfFnfO{ x/0f u/]/ blIf0f lbzfdf p8fPsf] 5 . d t ltd|f lktfhLsf] ldq
x'F . ltd|f] bz{g kfPF . d efUodfgL /x]5', d}n] cfkm"n] lbg'kg{] hfgsf/L
lbg kfPF . ca eg] dnfO{ dg{ kfP k'Uof] .Æ
olt eGgf;fy h6fo' dl/xfNof] . ;Ltfsf] va/ lbPsf] u'g ;Dem]/ /fdn] nId0fnfO{
To;sf] ljlwk"j{s bfx;+:sf/ / sfhlsl/of ug{ eg] .
h6fo'sf] bfh'
;DkftL lyof] . ha xg'dfgx¿sf] 6f]nL ;Ltfsf] vf]hLdf blIf0ftkm{ uof], ;DkftL
eP7fpF k'Uof] . xg'dfgx¿n] ;DkftLnfO{ h6fo'sf] d[To' / d'lStsf] 36gf ;'gfP .
;DkftLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ltf sxfF, s:tf] cj:yfdf l5g\ :ki6 atfof] .
/fdfo0fsyfsf] oxL
k|;ª\u 36]sf] 7fpF xf] n]kfIfL . tldn efiffdf ‘n]kfIfL’ sf] cy{ ’x] kIfL Û p7\
Û’ eGg] x'G5 . h6fo'nfO{ /fdn] b]v]/ p7\g eg]sf] zAb g} o; :yfgsf] gfd xf] .
/fdfo0fsyfsf] of] k|;ª\u;Fu ;DalGwt :yndf k'Ug kfpg' cToGt ;'vb cg'e"lt
x'G5 . To;dfly oxfFsf] h6fo' d"lt{, ljzfn gGbL / jL/eb| dlGb/sf sf/0f of]
:yn ljz]if 5 . t/ o;sf] dxŒj oxfFsf] sf7kmf]?jf -j'8–:6s{_ r/fsf] ;+/If0f If]q
x'gfn] klg 7"nf] 5 . r/fk|]dLx¿, k|s[ltk|]dLx¿, jftfj/0fljb\ /
jftfj/0fjfbLx¿sf nflu o; :ynsf] dxŒj cfkm\g} lx;fan] 7"nf] 5 .
n]kfIfL
;fgf]ltgf] a:tL xf] . lah'nL clkm;, k|x/L yfgf / ;;fgf] ahf/, olQ xf] o;sf]
kl/ro, olb dfly pNn]lvt :ynx¿ gx'g] xf] eg] .
n]kfIfLsf d'Vo
bz{gLo :ynx¿ M
!= jL/eb| dlGb/ M eujfg\ lzjsf]
?b| cyf{t\ l/;fxf ¿k xf] jL/eb| . of] dlGb/ dxfb]jdf ;dlk{t 5 . n]kfIfL ahf/sf] blIf0fL v08sf] Ps ljzfn /
cUnf] u|]gfO6 kTy/dfly 5 of] dlGb/ . o; l9:sfnfO{ s"d{z}n eGb5g\, s5'jfsf]
cfsf/sf] kxf8 ePsfn] s"d{z}n elgPsf] xf] . dflyaf6 j/k/sf] ;'Gb/ b[Zo x]g{
klg kfOG5 . of] dlGb/ ljhogu/ ;fd|fHosf a]nfdf lj?kGg gfosfn] ;g\ !%#) df
agfPsf x'g\ elgG5 . lj?kGg gfos k]g'sf]08f clw/fHosf /fhf cRo't/fosf ;]gfklt
lyP . pgLkl5 pg}sf efO jL/Ggn] afFsL sfd u/]/ dlGb/nfO{ k"0f{tf lbPsf x'g\
.
oxfFsf] kxf8
cgf}7f] 5 . dlGb/ lgs} 7"nf] If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] eP klg of] Pp6} 9'ª\ufdf
a;]sf] 5 . dfly st}st} df6f] ePsfn] ¿vla?jf / rp/df 3fF; 5g\ . jL/eb| dlGb/
;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf Ps} u|]gfO6 9'ª\ufdf a;]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] dlGb/ cGoq
b]Vg kfOFb}g . o;df cg]sf}F :tDe 5g\ / ;a}df g[To/t cK;/fx¿ a8f] snfTds tl/sfn]
s'FlbPsf 5g\ .
ljzfn u|]gfO6
kTy/df >Lu0f]zsf] d"lt{ s'FlbPsf] 5 . csf{] 7fpFdf gfuåf/f /lIft
lnª\u]Zj/ ‘gfulnª\u]Zj/’ 5 . of] ef/tel/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gfulnª\u xf]
. o:t} oxfF Ps 7fpFdf kTy/df dfgj kfOnf]
s'FlbPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ o;nfO{ ‘b'uf{ kfbd\’ eGb5g\ . s;}n] ;LtfkfOnf klg eGb5g\
. t/ of] kfOnf] w]/} 7"nf] 5, kfFr–;ft hgfsf uf]8f c6fpnfg\ .
jL/eb|sf]
d"lt{df dfgjvKk/x¿sf] dfnf b]vfOPsf] 5 . ljzfn kj{t s'Fb]/ u'kmf agfOPsf]
5, d'Vo dlGb/ oxL xf] . aflx/ emndNn 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf klg leq cGwsf/ 5 .
bLk–k|sfzdf jL/eb|sf] bz{g ul/G5, lah'nLaQL afn]/ bz{g ug{ ldNb}g . csf]{ v08df
ljzfn kTy/df lzj / kfj{tL s'FlbPsf 5g\ . csf{] 7fpFdf rflxF >Llji0f'sf]
d"lt{ 5 . of] ;a x]bf{ ljleGg
sfnv08df ljleGg dxf/fhf, /fhf / ;]gfkltn] yk sfd u/]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
sltko sfd cw'/} kf] x'g\ ls, o:t} g} agfpg] of]hgf kf] lyof] ls, :ki6 x'Fb}g .
Ps v08df ;of}F :tDe agfOPsf 5g\ . t/ ltgn] s'g} 5fgf] af]s]sf 5}gg\ . o;af6
oxfF sfd ubf{ub{} vr{sf] cefj jf k|fyldstf ablnP/ cnkq 5fl8Psf] kf] xf] ls, jf
;doqmddf dflyNnf] efu eTs]sf] jf x6fOPsf] xf], :ki6 x'Fb}g .
:sGbk'/f0fsf
cg';f/ of] :yfg lbJoIf]q xf] .
o; dlGb/sf] Pp6f
ljz]iftf s] eg] oxfF d'Vo d08kdf Pp6f lkNn/ t'Gb|'ª\u em'lG8Psf] 5 . o;nfO{
‘cfls{6]Sr/ dfe{]n’ elgG5– ejglgdf{0f lzNksf] cfZro{ . s'g} l;d]G6, P8x]l;e /
of]hs k|of]u gu/L s;/L Tof] :tDe e'OFdf g5f]Osg cl8Psf] 5, /x:o v'Nb}g . dflg;x¿ ‘u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] lgodnfO{ r'gf}tL
xf] of]’ eG5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/df To; lkNn/nfO{ of t s'g} wft'n] pg]sf] 5 of t
OG6/nlsª k|lqmofåf/f c8\ofO/x]sf] 5 . o;eGbf a9L s] /x:o x'G5 / <
Ps hgf la|l6;
OlGhlgo/n] of] lkNn/ ;fg{ vf]h]sf lyP . t/ o;sf] km]b km':sfpg ;s] klg dflyNnf]
v08 km':sfpg ldn]g . o;sf/0f of] To; ;dob]lv x\ofª\luª lkn/sf] gfdn] rlr{t
5 .
oxfFsf ;Q/L
:tDedf h'g snfsfl/tf s'FlbPsf 5g\ ltgsf] gSsn u/]/ ;f/Lx¿df l8hfOg agfpg] rng 5
. o;y{ oL snfsfl/tfnfO{ ;f8L–a'6\6f klg elgG5 .
@= n]kfIfL gGbL M oxfFsf] gGbL
ljzfn 5 . of] gGbL dlGb/sf] 7Ls cufl8 geP/ l9:sfsf] km]bdf ;8skfl/k6\l6 5 .
oxfF Pp6f ;'Gb/ kfs{ / ;fgf]ltgf] tnfp klg 5g\ . Pp6} u|]gfO6 kTy/ sf6L
agfOPsf] of] gGbL ‘ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gGbL‘ elgG5 oxfF . of] ;f9] rf/
ld6/ cUnf] / ;jf cf7 ld6/ nfdf] 5 .
OG6/g]6df vf]Hbf
ef/tsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf gGbLx¿ qmdzM o;k|sf/ b]lvG5g\ M
!= dxfgGbLZj/
dlGb/ -cfGw|k|b]zsf] s'/g'n, !% lkm6
cUnf], @& lkm6 nfdf]_
@= n]kfIfL gGbL
-cfGw|k|b]zsf] n]kfIfL, !$=% lkm6 cUnf], @&=% lkm6 nfdf]_
#= rfd'08L gGbL
-s0ff{6ssf] d};'/, !^ lkm6 cUnf], @% lkm6 nfdf]_
$= a[xbLZj/ gGbL
-tldngf8'sf] t]Ghf}/, !# lkm6 cUnf], !^ lkm6 nfdf]_
o:tf ;"rL
ljleGg 5g\ . ;a}eGbf cflwsfl/s s'g xf] kQf nufpg ;lhnf] 5}g . pl8;fsf]
eGhgu/df, tldngf8'sf] uª\ufO{sf]08f rf]nfk'/d\df c¿ 7"nf gGbLx¿ 5g\ .
xfDkLsf] lj¿kfIf gGbL, a}ª\unf]/sf] lau a'n, ohGtL -s'/g'n_, Wofglnª\u
-sf]oDa6'/_, gGbL dlGb/ -vh'/fxf]_, /fd]Zj/ gGbL -/fd]Zj/_ cflb klg 7"nf,
w]/} k"hgLo / rlr{t 5g\ . g]kfnsf] kz'kltgfycufl8sf] gGbL klg lgs}
7"nf] nfU5 .
#= n]kfIfL
-h6fo'_ M ptf klt{/ ljzfn l9:sf] 5 . To; cUnf] l9:sfsf] 7"nf] 9'ª\ufsf]
6'Kkfdf Pp6f ljzfn r/f] p8\g nfu]h:tf] k|ltdf agfOPsf] 5 . Tof] r/f] /fdfo0fjl0f{th6fo'sf]
d"lt{ xf] . tnaf6 x]bf{ dfly
9'ª\ufdf dflg;x¿ ;NanfO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . km]bg]/af6 x]bf{ dfG5]x¿ sldnfhqf
b]lvG5g\ .
l9:sfdf a8]a8]
u|]gfO6 9'ª\uf 5g\ / ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 9'ª\ufdf x]dfgsf] h6fo' p8\g nfu]sf] 5
. k|j]z z'Ns lt/]/ hfg'k5{ . leq ;'Gb/ t/ ;fgf] pBfg 5 . dfly r9\gsf nflu
kmnfd] l;F9L 5 . dflyaf6 n]kfIfL ahf/,
k/k/sf ljzfn 6\ofª\s gfdsf hnfzox¿, jg b]lvG5g\ . klZrddf jL/eb|sf] dlGb/
b]lvG5 . k/k/sf kxf8, d}bfg / ufpFx¿ klg b]lvG5g\ . df};d Psbd ;kmf ePsf]
a]nfdf oxfFaf6 ;a}lt/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg yk pknlAw x'g]5 .
dxfanLk'/d\df
s[i0fsf] gf}gLsf] 8Nnf] gfdn] lrlgg] 9'ª\uf]h:tf 9'ª\uf t oxfF cfwf bh{geGbf
a9L 5g\ . s'g} lgs} 7"nf t s'g} ;fgf . s'g}s'g} t tLgrf/ hgfn] kN6fpg ;d]t
;Sg] ;fgf . ;a}lt/ 3'dL3'dL x]g{ kfOG5 .
cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 kl/j]z . ;a}lt/sf] kmf]6f] glvrL, lel8of] glnO{ yfDg ;lsFb}g
cfkm"nfO{ .
$= j'8 :6f]s{ r/f
cf/If M n]kfIfLglhs} sf7kmf]?jf r/f–cf/If 5 . ljzfn km}nfj6df of] jg 5 .
lgs}j6f ‘6\ofª\s’ 5g\ h;df hd]sf] kfgLn] r/fsf nflu df5f k|fKt x'G5 . 6\ofª\s
eg]sf] Psflt/ cf]/fnf] k/]sf] hldg ePsf] 7fpFdf avf{ofdsf] kfgL ;ª\sng u/L
nfdf] ;do;Dd pkof]u ug{sf nflu y'g]/ agfPsf] Psvfn] tnfp xf] . o:tf] tnfp sltko
7fpFdf ;fgfltgf vf]N;f y'g]/ klg agfPsf] x'G5 . nfdf] v8]/L k/]df logLx¿ ;'Sg
klg ;S5g\ .
@*= xf];'/
xf];'/ ef/t tldngf8'sf] a}ª\n'? ;x/af6 sl/a $)
lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf cjl:yt Ps cf}Bf]lus ;x/ xf] . of] ;x/ kf]Gg}o/ gbLsf]
lsgf/df 5 . oxfF czf]s n]NofG8 uf8L,
6fO6g 38L, 6LeLP; df]6;{ cflb pTkfbg ul/G5g\ .
klxn] cyf{t\ rf]n ;fd|fHosf] ;do !#cf}F ztfAbL;Dd xf];'/nfO{
d'/f;' gf8' elgGYof] . ;f]x|f}F
ztfAbLb]lv o;n] jt{dfg gfd kfPsf] x]f . P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf /flvPsf] lznfn]vn]
xf]o;nf /fhfx¿sf] oxfFsf] rGb|r"8]Zj/ dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fdf k'/\ofPsf]
of]ubfg eGb5 .
xf]o;nfx¿n] t]x|f}F ztfAbLel/ oxfF zf;g u/], / dlGb/sf]
lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg u/] . To;kl5 of] ljhogu/f ;fd|fHosf] lx:;f aGg k'Uof] .
ljhogu/f ;fd|fHosf] /fhwfgL cfhsf] r]ª\ufnk6\6'df lyof] . of] :yfg oxfFaf6
k"j{ r]GgO{glhs k5{ . clg kl5 of] d};'/ ;fd|fHodf ufleof] . ;g\ !&()
b]lv !&(@ ;Dd l6k' ;'Ntfgn] Pª\Unf]–d};'/ o'4df Tof] v08 u'dfP . cª\u|]hx¿n]
of] efu xTofPkl5 ;]nd lhNnfsf] k|zf;lgs d'Vofno xf];'/nfO{ agfP . !(*) b]lv
o;sf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f Jofks ¿kdf eof] .
xf];'/sf d'Vo cfsif{s :ynx¿
!= >L rGb|r"8]Zj/ dlGb/ M xf];'/ ;x/sf] Ps kTyl/nf] l9:sfdf ag]sf] of] k|frLg dlGb/ ljzfn 5 .
bz{g ug{ ;xh 5 . ;'Gb/ / Jojl:yt klg . kl08tx¿n] xf];'/sf] rGb|r"8]Zj/sf]
af/]df atfpF5g\ .
t/ o; dlGb/sf] k|:6 Oltxf; 5}g . a|x\df08k'/f0fsf] eb|lul/ dfxfTDod\df o;
:yfgsf] k|;ª\u cfpF5 . o;af6 a'lemG5, o; :yfgdf k'/f0fsfnb]lv g} lzjhLsf] s'g}
:j¿ksf] dlGb/ lyof] . rf]n ;fd|fHo, xf]o;nf ;fd|fHo / ljhogu/ ;fd|fHosf] ;dodf
o; dlGb/sf] yk pGglt eof], k|rf/k|;f/ eof] . ;DejtM O{= !@^) lt/ xf]o;nf /fhf
lt?k'jgdNn kj{t/fh clGtofHj/n] agfPsf x'g\ . t]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] Ps lznfn]vdf s'g
/fhfn] slt bfg u/] eGg] s'FlbPsf] 5 . t]Ghf}/sf /fhf /fh]Gb| rf]nn] klg o;sf] lgdf{0fdf yk of]ubfg u/]
eg]/ a}ª\Unf]/sf] lzj dlGb/sf] Ps lznfn]vdf pNn]v 5 . /fhf chfsLo k]?dn cfltd"nd\n]
o;sf] k'glg{df{0f u/fP eg]/ Oltxf;df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o; dlGb/sf] af/]df s]xL
ljZjk|l;4 8s'd]G6/L ag]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL zf]wsfo{ klg ePsf 5g\ .
æs[i0flul/ lhNnfsf s]xL lzj dlGb/x¿Æ eGg] zf]wu|Gydf o;
dlGb/sf] af/]df yk ;"rgf kfOG5 .
o; If]qdf tldn, sGg8f / t]n'u' efiff af]lnG5 . oL tLg
efiffsf] ;ª\udynf] xf] xf];'/ . rGb|r"8]Zj/ lzjhLsf] dlGb/ xf] . oxfF
lzjkTgL kfj{tLnfO{ df/utDan elgG5 . df/utd\sf] cy{ xl/of] / cDansf] cy{ dftf
x'G5 . rGb|r"8]Zj/sf] cy{ xf]
rGb|dfnfO{ lz/df uxgfsf] ¿kdf nufpg'x'g] O{Zj/ .
@= /fhfhL d]df]l/on M /fhfhL hGd]sf] :yn tf]/fkNnLdf of] :df/s /x]sf] 5 .
#= Osf]nf]lhsn kfs{ / jfs;{ n]g M of] gfOs]g n]ssf] jl/kl/ 5 .
$= s]nj/kNnL hnfoz of]hgf M xf];'/af6 !) lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] of] :yn oxfFsf] Ps k|d'v cfsif{0f xf] .
%= blIf0f lt?klt dlGb/ M ;fgfdfj' jgsf] k|j]zåf/df a}ª\Un'? /fhdfu{;Fu} 5 .
^= >L kfZj{ ;'zLnwfd Zj]tfDa/ h}g dlGb/ M of] o; If]qsf] k|l;4 h}g dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ xf];'/
;x/af6 nueu !( lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 .
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