भारतका पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू १

 

भारतका पर्यटकीय सहर र तीर्थस्थलहरू १

;ª\sng tyf n]vg

lbg]z kf}8]n

O6x/L

 

:yfg–;"rL–१

!= b/eª\uf

@= dw'jgL

#= /fhgu/ / hogu/

$= d'DaO{

%= gflzs

^= ef]kfn

&= /fo;]g

*= ;fFrL

(= ljlbzf

!)= ;fu/

!!= nlntk'/

!@= l6sdu9

!#= cf]/5f

!$= emfF;L

!%= cf;fd

!^= ltg;'lsof

!&= lba'|u9

!*= zf]l0ftk'/

!(= w]dfhL

@)= gufpF

 

!= b/eª\uf

 

s= kl/roM

b/eª\uf ;x/ jfUdtL gbLlsgf/df a;sf] ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHosf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgL xf] . 5}6f}F 7"nf] ;x/ . laxf/sf] pQ/L v08df /x]sf] b/eª\uf w]/} lx;fan] dxŒjk"0f{ ;x/ xf] . klxn] o;nfO{ lt/x't eg]/ hflgGYof] . d}lynL efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] Ps /fhwfgL eP klg ko{6sx¿sf] gh/df of] ;x/sf] d'Vo cfsif{0f g]kfn ;Ldfsf] cToGt glhs x'g' xf] . g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldfaf6 of] ;x/ %) lsnf]ld6/dfq 5 . of] ;x/ cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof g]kfn e|d0fsf] nIo lnP/ cfOk'u]sf] x'G5 . la|l6; zf;gsfndf b/eª\uf ef/tsf 7"nf7"nf hldGbf/x¿sf] jf;:yfg lyof] . Tof] zfg / tL 3/fgfx¿ cfh klg ToxLF 5g\ . p;a]nf b/eª\uf /fhkl/jf/ / ;fdGtx¿ cToGt gfd'b lyP .

cfh b/eª\uf wgL 5}g t/ /fhgLltdf o;sf] ;lqmotf 7"nf] 5 . b/eª\ufn] laxf/sf] ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fª\uLlts /fhwfgLs]f ¿kdf kl/ro kfPsf] 5 . P][ltxfl;s nf]ssnf / nf]sufogsf nflu of] ;x/ gfd'b 5 .

pQ/sf] lxdfnL b[Zo, kxf8L xl/ofnLsf sf/0f  klg b/eª\ufnfO{ ;'Gb/ ;x/ elgG5 .

k|l;4 d}lynL slj ljBfklt o;} ;x/sf dflg; lyP .

/]nofqfdf hfg] xf] eg] b/eª\uf k'Ug ;lhnf] 5 . oxfFsf] /]nj] :6];g ef/tsf ;a} k|d'v ;x/;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . xjfOofqf ug{]x¿sf nflu glhssf] ljdfg:yn k6gf xf] . sf/af6 k6gf k'Ug tLg 306fhlt nfU5 .

b/eª\ufsf] /]nj] :6];gsf leQfdf ldlynf lrqx¿ sf]l/Psf 5g\ . 

b/eª\uf k'Ug'eof] eg] vfln ko{6sLo dxŒjsf 7fpFdffq gx]g'{xf]nf . of] ;x/ lsgd]nsf nflu klg pQd 5 . d}lynL lrqsnf lsGg'xf]nf . ToxfF w]/} k;n 5g\ hxfF d}lynL snfs[ltx¿ ;:t} d"Nodf kfOG5g\ .

jf;sf nflu klg oxfF /fd|f xf]6nx¿ 5g\ . ;:tf] jf; vf]Hg]sf nflu klg b/eª\uf c;lhnf] 5}g . 

tkfO{F ef/tsf h'g;'s} ko{6sLo :yndf k'Ug'xf];\ ko{6ssf] eL8 / ko{6snfO{ nf]Eofpg]sf] eL8n] x}/fg kf5{ . t/ tkfO{F oxfF cfpg'xf];\ To:tf] eP t dl/hfpmF, xf] eGof .

b/eª\uf hª\S;g x/xL tnfpsf] k"j{k6\l6 5 . lsgf/}df . rGb|wf/L ;ª\u|xfno o;} tnfpsf] blIf0fL l8ndf 5 . x/xL tnfpaf6 klZrdsf] nfnafu v08 ;x/sf] s]Gb| xf] . oxfFaf6 8]9 lsld hlt pQ/df cfgGbjfu af]6flgsn uf8{]g 5 . nfnafuaf6 nlntgf/fo0f ldlynf ljZjljBfnorflxF emGg} Ps lsnf] ld6/ pQ/df 5 .

b/eª\uf ;x/df tLg d'Vo tnfp 5g\ M  x/xL tnfp, lbU3L tnfp, uª\uf;fu/ tnfp . tLgj6} tnfp nueu tLg ;o ld6/ rf}8f 5g\ . x/xL tnfp %)) ld6/ nfdf], lbU3L tnfp *)) ld6/ nfdf] / uª\uf;fu/ tnfp &)) ld6/ nfdf] 5 .

 

v= ZofdfsfnL dlGb/

tkfO{F cToGt kljq, ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s tLy{e"ldsf] vf]hLdf x'g'x'G5 eg] Zofdf sfnL dlGb/ k'Ug'xf];\ . b/eª\uf ;x/sf] dWoefudf cjl:yt nlntgf/fo0f ldlynf ljZjljBfnosf] kl/;/df cjl:yt Zofdf sfnL dlGb/sf] bz{g ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . oxfF k'; dlxgfdf cg]s pT;j / kj{ x'G5g\ . ;KtgbLsf] hn ld;fO{ agfOPsf] kf]v/Lsf] aLrdf !(## df agfOPsf] xf] of] dlGb/ . /]nj] :6];gaf6 Psbd} glhs} 5 of] :yfg .

dxf/fh /fd]Zj/ l;+xsf] lrtfdfly of] dlGb/ agfOPsf] xf] . lrtfdfly w]/} sd dlGb/ agfOG5g\ . ;DejtM sfnLsf] dlGb/ cGoq sxLF klg lrtfdfly ag]sf] 5}g . ef/tel/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sfnLsf] d"lt{ klg oxL xf] . oL sfnL lzjhLsf] 5ftL 6]s]/ plePsL 5g\ .

 

u= clxNof c:yfg

b/eª\ufaf6 @^ lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] clxof u|fddf cjl:yt clxNof c:yfg ;fgf] eP klg /fdfo0fsyfdf rlr{t x'gfn] o;sf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5  . k'/f0fx¿sf cg';f/ uf}td Clifn] kTgL cxNofnfO{ k/k'?ifsf] ;]jf u/]sf] eg]/ ;/fk lbO{ kTy/ agfOlbP . kl5 >L/fdsf] kfb:kz{ kfO{ pgL lapFltg\ . b/eª\ufaf6 @) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/klZrdsf] sdtf}n :6];gaf6 tLg lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] clxof/L ufpFdf l:yt of] :yfg k'Ug c6f] lng'kg{] x'G5 . rf}x6fsf] ufpF eP/ hfFbf 5f]6f] k5{ . e/j/f hfg] af6f] eP/ hfFbf tLg lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . oxfFaf6 uf}td Clif s'08 glhs} x'gfn] ToxfF klg hfg'k5{ . uf}td Clif s'08 gbLsf] 7Ls kfl/k6\l6 a|x\dk'/ ufpFdf 5  .  /fdgjdLsf] cj;/df oxfF cToGt 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5 . Tof] :yfg k'Ug tLg lsnf]ld6/ k5{ cxNof c:yfgaf6 . uf}tds'08 3'd]/ blIf0fsf] ;f]l7of rf]sdf a; r9]/ e/j/f x'Fb} b/eª\uf kms{g klg ;lsG5 . e/j/faf6 la7f}nL hfg] ;f]em}  blIf0f, clg ToxfFaf6 k"j{ hfg] b/eª\uf .

 

3= rGb|wf/L Do'lhod M

Oltxf;df tkfO{Fsf] ?lr 5 < !(%& df ag]sf] rGb|wf/L Do'lhod tkfO{Fsf] ?lrsf] 7fpF x'g ;S5 . o; If]qsf] k|frLg Oltxf; af]s]sf] 5 o; ;ª\u|xfnon] . oxfFsf P3f/ Uofn/Ln] tkfO{FnfO{ n6\7} kfg]{5g\ . l;;f, wft', sf7, x:tLxf8, df6f] / kTy/af6 ag]sf snfs[ltn] tkfO{Fsf] dg nf]Eofpg]5g\  .

of] ;ª\u|xfno dfg;/f]j/ tfnsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf 5 . ax'd"No kTyx¿ ;f]s];df ;hfP/ /flvPsf 5g\ . g]kfn / ltAataf6 NofOPsf a'4d"lt{x¿, b]jLb]jtfsf tfdfsf d"lt{x¿,  b'n{e lrqsf/Ln] tkfO{FnfO{ w]/}a]/ /f]Sg]5g\ . /fdfo0f, hob]jsf] uLtuf]ljGbd\sf cg]s k|;ª\ux¿nfO{ oxfF a8f] snfTds tl/sfn] ;hfOPsf] 5 . oxfF k|j]z z'Ns nfUb}g t/ ;f]djf/ of] ;ª\u|xfno aGb /xG5 . ;f]djf/rflxF em'lSsP/ klg gk'Ug'xf]nf lg .

 

ª= dxf/fhflw/fh nIdLZj/l;+x Do'lhod

.dxf/fhf nIdLZj/l;+xsf] kl/ro / rl/q, pgsf] bfgjL/tfsf] af/]df clns kl5 n]v]sf] 5' .  oxfFrflxF Do'lhods} af/]df ;Lldt eO{ n]Vg tof/ k/]sf] 5' d . /]nj] :6];gg]/ 5 !(&& df ag]sf] xf] of] Do'lhod .

 

r= s'z]Zj/ c:yfg tyf r/f cf/If0f If]q

afaf s'z]Zj/ c:yfg eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t k|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . ;g\ !#$* df of] dlGb/ eofgs e"sDksf sf/0f Wj:t eof] / kl5 k'gM o;sf] k'glg{df0f ul/of] . o;nfO{ ‘laxf/ sf b]j3/’ jf ‘ldlynf sf afafwfd’ klg elgG5 . oxfF /fdk'q s'zn] lzjsf] k"hf u/]sf lyP elgG5 .

;Too'udf s'z gfdsf] of] /fIf; lzjsf] 7"nf] eSt lyof] . eujfg\ lji0f'n] ;f] /fIf;nfO{ :ju{af6 ws]n]/ oxfF v;flnlbP . lji0f'n] pSt /fIf;sf] 5ftLdf lzjlnª\usf] :yfkgf ul/lbP . 

s'z]Zj/:yfgsf] af/]df elgg] t];|f] ls+jbGtLrflxF s] 5 eg] s'z gfdsf Ps Clif lyP . pg}n] o; lzjfnosf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . o;}u/L rf}yf] sygcg';f/ o; efudf s'zsf] emf8L ePsfn] s'z]Zj/:yfg gfd /xg uPsf] xf]] .

of] :yfg b/eª\uf ;x/af6 k"j{blIf0f nueu ^) lsnf]ld6/ k/ kb{5 . oxfF sf];Lk"j{sf] dlxifL cfPsf] a]nfdf klg hfg ;lsG5 . sf];L gbL / sdnf–anfg gbLsf] ;ª\ud:yndf of] kljq :yn kb{5 .

s'z]Zj/ c:yfg r/f cf/If0f If]q k|s[ltk|]dL, r/fk|]dL / hLjhGt'sf k|]dLx¿ hfg}kg{] 7fpF xf] . anfg, sdnf / sf];L gbLsf cg]s eFufnf / 3f]8fsf] 6fk cfsf/sf tnfpsf sf/0f o; If]qdf hnfzox¿ htftt} 5g\ . b/eª\uf lhNnfdf kg{] rf}w ufpF avf{df;df dfq xf]Og jif{el/ g} hndUg /xG5g\ . oL hndUg :yfgx¿df dª\uf]lnof / ;fOa]l/ofb]lv r/fx¿ cfpF5g\ . s'gs'g r/f oxfF b]Vg kfOPnf < 8fNd];g k]lnsg, OlG8og 8f6{/, af/x]8]8 u';, ;fOa]l/og qm]g dfq xf]Og c¿ cg]s hftsf r/f oxfFsf] Gofgf] 3fd tfKg Tolt af6f] kf/ u/]/ cfpF5g\ oxfF .

 

5= b/eª\uf lsNnf M

cfFksf] ;'Gb/ au}Frfn] 3]l/Ps]f b/eª\uf lsNnf oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo cfsif{0f xf] . b/eª\ufsf] zfxL kl/jf/sf] cfjf;sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] ljzfn kl/;/ rlr{t w/f]x/ xf] . /fhkl/jf/sf ;Gtltx¿ cfh klg ;f] lsNnfdf lgjf; ub{5g\ . /fh lsNnf gfdn] k|l;4 of] lsNnfdf /fdjfu b/af/, g/uf]gf b/af/ cflb cg]s b/af/ 5g . kmt]xk'/ l;s/Lsf] b/af/sf] ;+/rgfcg';f/ o;nfO{ !(#$–$& df agfOPsf] xf] . lsNnfleq k|l;4 sª\sfnL dfO{sf] dlGb/ klg 5 .

P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿, eJo b/af/ / lsNnfx¿, lrQfsif{s jGohGt'x¿ / ljlzi6 ;+:s[ltsf sf/0f pQ/L laxf/sf] ;a}eGbf cfsif{s :yfg xf] b/eª\uf .

 

h= g/uf}gf Kofn]; M

of] ef/tsf] klxnf] e"sDk/f]wL b/af/ xf] .  o; b/af/n] nG8gsf] alsª\3d Kofn];sf] ;Demgf lbnfpF5 . alsª\3d Kofn];s} gd'gfcg';f/ o; b/af/sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;df s'g} OF6 k|of]u ul/Psf] 5}g . ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf l;d]G6sf] k|of]u ePsf]  5 . o; ejgn] b; /]S6/ :s]n;Ddsf] e"sDk wfGg ;S5 elgG5 . b/af/sf] k5fl8 h'g tnfp 5 To;jl/kl/ cfFk, gLd, j/ cflb j[If nufOPsf] 5 . kof{j/0fsf lx;fan] of] ;jf{]Qd k|aGw xf] .

ha /fhf sfd]Zj/l;+x lgM;Gtfg d/] . pgsf] ;DklQ cnkq x'g yfNof] . sd{rf/Lx¿n] tna kfpg 5f8] . b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9L sd{rf/L t b/af/ / lsNnfdf x'Gy] . ;d:t l/of;tdf c;L xhf/ sd{rf/L lyP . Psflt/ /fhfn] ;s];Dd a9L ;DklQ bfg ub{} uP csf{lt/ pgL c;dod} d/] . /fhf sfd]Zj/l;+xn] xhf/f}F lsnf]u|fd ;'g hjfx/nfn g]x¿nfO{ lbP, ;/sf/sf] ;DklQdf uof] Tof] ;a .

sfd]Zj/l;+x sfnL dlGb/ ePsf] :yfgdf hGd]sf x'g\ . d}lynLdf uf]:jfpgL 3/ elgG5 hGd3/nfO{ . ;f]xL uf]:jfpgL :yfgdf dlGb/ agfP . ToxfF /fhw/f]x/sf] clkm; 5 . nlntgf/fo0f ljZjljBfnosf] Ps v08df klg /fhvfgbfgsf] Ps clkm; 5 . ltgdf k'/fgf sfuhkqx¿ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g\ . t/ of] ;a c:tJo:t 5 . x]/rfx ug{] sf]xL 5}g . xsjfnfx¿ ;a} ;s];Dd a]rlavgdf nfu] . ;a} hUufhldg / b/af/x¿ a]r] / vfP .

/fhfsf] ;DklQsf] xsjfnf gx'gfn] of] ;a eof] . k6gfsf] Toqf] b/af/ uof] . s;}n] arfpg ;s]g . Tof] ;a hyfefjL a]r]/ sd{rf/LnfO{ tna lbOof] . c¿ gft]bf/ x'F eGg]n] gfz u/] . ptf /fFrLdf Toqf] hldg, au}Frf / b/af/ lyP, Tof] klg a]rL vfP . snsQfsf] klg ar]v'r]sf] ;a} a]r], agf/;sf] a]r] . b/eª\ufsf] t s]xL klg afFsL /x]g . ca clncln ar]sf] eg]s]f log} dlGb/x¿n] rr{]sf] kl/;/ / hUuf xf], clncln ?lkofF k};f / u/uxgf klg ar]sf x'g ;S5g\, s;n] lx;fa /fv]sf] 5  / < /fh3/fgfn] agfPsf u'7Lx¿sf b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L dlGb/ 5g\ . logsf u'l7of/ dxf/fgLn]  x]/ljrf/ ub{} l5g\ . ca t dxf/fgL klg w]/} a"9L eO;lsg\, s;n] x]nf{ / < cem klg dlGb/x¿;Fu w]/} 7"nf] ;DklQ 5 . vaf{}F ?lkofF d"No kg{] au}Frf, v]t, sDkfpG8 / ejgx¿ cem klg 5g\ . Tolt g} klg ;DxfnLg;Sg' w]/} 5 .

Zofdf sfnL dlGb/s} s'/f u/f}F g, Tof] klg 7"nf] u'7L xf] . ha dlGb/n] w]/} 7"nf] cfDbfgL ug{ yfNof] ;/sf/n] dlGb/nfO{ clwu|x0f u¥of] . t/ dlGb/sf nflu ;/sf/ s]xL gofF k|aGw u/]g, ub{}g . dxf/fhfn] b]znfO{ lbPsf] olt w]/} ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff, pkof]u / dd{t;Def/ k6Ss} eO/x]sf] 5}g . logsf] Oltxf; / dxf/fhfsf] of]ubfgsf] n]vf]6 klg d]l6Fb} 5 . ca t k|df0f dfl;Fb} uP, ls+jbGtLsf] e/df Oltxf; n]Vg'kg{] eO;Sof] .

pgsf elthfx¿ 5g\ . s]xL cd]l/sfdf 5g\ / s]xL lbNnLdf 5g\ . lghL ;DklQ / lghL u'7Lsf] ;DklQ wdfwd a]r]/ vfFb} 5g\, ltgLx¿n] c¿yf]s s]xL ub{}gg\ . ;fj{hlgs u'7Lsf] rflxF ltgsf] klg s]xL hf]/ rn]sf] 5}g, a]r]/ vfg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . x]gf{];\, a]nf b/af/ lghL u'7L g} lyof], wGg To;nfO{ kf]:6 tflnd s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf rnfOPsf] x'gfn] Tof] a]rL vfPsf 5}gg\ . ToxL klg ca la:tf/} la:tf/} a]r]/ vfg]5g\, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ dtna g} 5}g . /fdjfu b/af/sf] leqL hldg ;d]t ;a} lals;Sof], c¿ s] s'/f eGg] / <

sfd]Zj/l;+xsf tLg kTgL lyP . sfG5L kTgL clxn] PsfgAa] jif{sL eOg\ / pgL sNof0fL cf>d rnfpFl5g\ . pgL xfn lbNnLdf al:5g\ . tLg kTgLaf6 ;Gtfg gePsfn] pgsf] z]ifkl5 elthfx¿n] cfFvf nufP . snsQfsf] b/af/ / hUuf, lbNnLsf] b/af/ / hUuf, k6gfsf] b/af/ / hUUff cflb a]r]/ s'6's'6' vfO{ P]of;L hLjg afFr]sf 5g\ ltgLx¿ .

gf/fo0fL kmfpG8];gsf] 7Ls cufl8 5 a]nf b/af/ . ToxfF cfh 8fs ljefusf] tflnd s]Gb| 5 . æ8fs k|lzIf0f s]Gb| b/eª\ufÆ gfdn] of] k|l;4 5 . oxfFsf] /ª\u dxn x]g{ nfos 5 . ljZje/sf cg]s lsl;dsf dfa{nx¿sf] oxfF k|of]u ePsf] 5 .

 

em= dfvfg M ldlynf~rnsf] af/]df n]Vtfv]l/ vfg]s'/fsf] rrf{ ul/Pg eg] Tof] ldlynf~rnsf] rrf{ g} xf]Og . oxfFsf] dfvfg ljZjel/df rlr{t  5 . dfvfg Psvfn] hnla?jf xf] . of] kfgLdf sdnsf em}F pd|G5 . o;sf sfF8fbf/ kftx¿ 7"nf] gfª\nf]hqf / To:t} cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . o;sf] km]bdf 7"nf] ufgf] nfU5, t?nsf em}F . dfvfgsf] ToxL ufgf] vfOG5 . o; la?jfsf] ufgfnfO{ 6'qmf6'qmf kf/]/ ;'sfO{ ds} e'6]em}F e'l6G5 / Tof] ds}sf] km"nem}F km'Nb5 . vfgdf dhfsf] 5 of] kl/sf/ .

 

`= sfd]Zj/l;+x ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno

nlntgf/fo0f ldlynf ljZjljBfnoaf6 of] ljZjljBfno Psbd} glhs} pQ/k6\l6 nfdf] tnfpsf] k"j{k6\l6 k5{ . To;cufl8 Pp6f csf{] tnfp 5 .  To; tnfpsf] blIf0fk6\l6 dgf]sfdgf dlGb/ / ljZjljBfno kfs{ klg 5 . oxfFaf6 gf/uf]gf b/af/ k"j{k6\l6af6 pQ/ lxF8\g'k5{ .  glhs}  5  . gf/uf]gf b/af/k5fl8 ljzfn bx 5, cfgGbjfu kf]G8, o;sf] pQ/k6\l6 cfgGbjfu af]6flgsn uf8{]g 5 . sfd]Zj/ l;+x ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] pQ/k6\l6af6 clnslt klZrd hfFbf laxf/ ;/sf/ a; c8\8f 5 .

oL ;a} :yfg k}bn b"/Ld} 5g\ . lxF8]/} 3'Dg'k5{ . ;do lgs} nfUg] x'gfn] ;jf/L ;fwg ef8fdf lnO/xg'kb{}g .

 

6= nlntgf/fo0f ldlynf ljZjljBfno M

;g\ !(&@ df :yflkt of] ljZjljBfno laxf/sf] b/eª\uf /fHosf] zfg xf] . aofnL; cfª\lus tyf ;QfO; cg'alGwt sn]hx¿ ePsf] of] ljZjljBfno laxf/sf Ps rlr{t, nf]slk|o tyf ;Ddflgt ljZjljBfno xf] . o;df dfgljsL, ;dfhzf:q, hLjg lj1fg, lrlsT;fnufotsf  kRrL; ljefu 5g\ . xfn ljZjljBfnodf :gfts tyf :gftsf]Q/ txsf cg]s ljifodf k9fO x'G5 . oxfF $)) eGbf a9L k|fWofksx¿ k|fWofkg tyf cg';Gwfg/t 5g\ .

of] ljZjljBfnodf cfjf;Lo If]qdfq} sl/a @#) Ps8df km}lnPsf] 5 . b/eª\ufsf] /fhdxnd} o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no a;]sf] 5 . oxfFsf k':tsfno, v]nd}bfg, kf]v/L / z}lIfs–k|zf;lgs ejg laxf/s} gd'gf ag]/ v8f 5g\ .

dxf/fhf sfd]Zj/l;+x, dxf/fhf nIdLZj/l;+xnufot b/eª\uf l/of;tsf] o; ljZjljBfnosf] lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 . o;sf] gfd ;'?df ldlynf ljZjljBfno lyof] t/ ef/t ;/sf/sf /]ndGqL nlntgf/fo0f ld>f Ps adsf08df dfl/Pkl5 pgsf] ;Ddfgdf o; ljZjljBfnosf] gfddf pgsf] gfd ylkPsf] xf] .

 

7= sfd]Zj/ l;+x b/eª\uf ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno

sfd]Zj/ l;+x b/eª\uf ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno b/eª\ufsf] :yfkgf b/eª\uf ;x/df !(^! df ul/Psf] xf] . b/eª\ufsf dxf/fhf sfd]Zj/ l;+xsf] clj:d/0fLo bfgzLntfsf sf/0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ctM o; ljZjljBfnosf ;fy pgsf] gfd hf]l8g k'u]sf] xf] . of] ljZjljBfno ef/tLo ljZjljBfno ;ª\3sf] Ps ;b:o / ljZjljBfno cg'bfgsf nflu klg dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfno xf] . of] laxf/ /fHosf] k|yd / ef/tsf] bf];|f] ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno xf] .

o; ljZjljBfnosf] d'Vofnodf :gftsf]Q/ cfrfo{sf] cWofkgsf ;fy;fy} ;+:s[tsf Jofs/0f cflb zf:qx¿dfly zf]wsfo{ klg ul/G5 . o;cltl/St ljZjljBfno d'Vofnodf lzIffzf:qL aLP8sf] cWofkgsf] klg Joj:yf 5 . o; ljZjljBfnosf] cwLgdf /fHosf ljleGg efudf #!  cª\uLe"t dxfljBfno, @% ljQ;lxt zf:qL:t/Lo ;Da4 dxfljBfno tyf !% ljQ;lxt pkzf:qL:t/Lo ;Da4 dxfljBfno ;+:s[tsf] cWofkgx]t' sfo{/t 5g . o;cltl/St s}of}F ljQ/lxt dxfljBfno klg dfGotfk|fKt 5g\ .

 

8= b/eª\uf Knfg]6]l/od÷tf/fd08n

b/eª\ufsf] sflb/fafbdf l:yt of] tf/fd08n tyf ;fOG; Do'lhod gofF xf] . of] laxf/sf Knfg]6]l/oddWo] bf];|f] xf] . tLg Ps8 hldgdf !^$ s/f]8 ef/tLo ?lkofFsf] k|f/lDes nufgLdf of] ag]sf] xf] . ;g\ @)!% df lgdf{0f sfo{qmdn] cf}krfl/stf kfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf klxnf] r/0fs]f sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .

o;sf] l8hfOg o'; cfls{6]Sr/n kmd{ r]N;L j]:6 cfls{6]S6;n] u/]sf] xf] . o; Knfg]6]l/oddf bz{ssf nflu !%) l;6 5g\ . cl86f]l/oddf #)) l;6 5g\ eg] cf]l/PG6];g xndf %) l;6 5g\ . o; Knfg]6]l/odsf tLg cfsf/ 5g\ M bL3{j[Qfsf/, j[Qfsf/ / u'Dahfsf/ . u'Dah !$ ld6/ cUnf] 5 . o;df k|blz{t ;fdu|L lqcfoflds x'g] Joj:yf 5 . oxfF ;f]nf/ kfls{ª dfu{, Sofkm\6]l/of, naL, ;fOG; Uofn/L, ;le{; ejg / sdnkf]v/L klg 5g\ .

 

9= u|fdL0f ko{6gM

tkfO{FnfO{ ufpFx¿sf] e|d0f ug{ dg k5{ eg] of]eGbf csf{] pko'St ;x/ s'g xf]nf / < cwjf/f gbLlsgf/sf km'naf/L, slb/fafbh:tf ufpFx¿ 3'Dg'xf];\ / ef/tLo cfTdf;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ug'{xf];\ . rtl/of cyf{t\ k'?iff]Qdk'/ 3'd]/ cfpg'xf];\ . 5f]6L jfUdtL gbLn] o; ufpFnfO{ 3]/]sf] 5 . j/k/sf] b[Zon] tkfO{Fsf] x[bo xg{]5 .

tkfO{Fn] k|l;4 d}lynL emf a|fx\d0fsf] syf ;'Gg'ePsf] 5 < tL kfq x'g\ uf]g' emf . uf]g' emfsf] ufpF xf] efk'/f . tL uf]g' emf vf;df /fhf lzj l;+xsf /fhslj lyP . logL /fhb/af/df sljsf] ;Ddfg kfO{ a:y] . t/ pgsf] rt'¥ofOFsf syfn] ef/t 9fs]sf] 5 .

 

0f= dxf/fhf /fd]Zj/ l;+x / sfd]Zj/ l;+xM

oxfFsf /fhf–dxf/fhfx¿sf sf/0f b/eª\ufsf] gfd ef/tLo Oltxf;df ;uj{ lnOG5 . haha ef/tsf a8]–a8] bfgjL/x¿sf] rrf{ x'G5, b/eª\uf /fhb/af/sf d'lvofx¿s]f gfd cfpF5 . b/eª\uf /fhb/af/n] lzIff, ;ª\uLt snf–;ª\uLt cflb If]qdf cyfx ;DklQ vGofof] .

of] /fh3/fgf pbf/tf / cg'kd bfgzLntfsf nflu ljZjljVoft 5 . !(&$ df dxf/fh nIdLZj/ l;+xn] wg bfg u/]/ lt/x't /]n;]jf ;'?cft u/]sf x'g\ . b/eª\uf dxf/fhsf] ;fydf b'O6f 7"nf7"nf hxfh lyP . pgn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4df a]nfotL ;]gfnfO{ tLgj6f kmfO6/ hxfh pknAw u/fPsf lyP . dxf/fhf /fd]Zj/l;+x axfb'/ lzIffsf cToGt 7"nf k|]dL Pjd\ snfsf ljlzi6 cg'/fuL lyP .

pgn] agf/; lxGb" ljZjljBfnosf] lgdf{0fsf nflu %) nfv ?lkofF bfg lbPsf lyP . cfheGbf ;jf ;o jif{cl3sf] krf; nfv eg]sf] slt xf]nf, sNkgf ug'{xf];\ .  slj dbgdf]xg dfnjLosf oL cgGo ;dy{s lyP . dxf/fh /fd]Zj/l;+xn] cfkm\gf] k6gfl:yt b/eª\uf dxn k6gf ljZjljBfnonfO{ bfg lbP . snsQf ljZjljBfno, k|ofu ljZjljBfno, k6gf ljZjljBfno, clnu9 d'l:nd ljZjljBfno cflb ;a} ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf / lgdf{0fdf d'Vo cfly{s of]ubfg /x\of] .

oltdfq xf]Og, dxf/fh sfd]Zj/ l;+xn] cfkm\gf] b/af/ cfgGbjfu dxn / k':tsfno klg ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnonfO{ bfg lbP . cfhsf] nlntgf/fo0f ljZjljBfno b/eª\uf /fhejgd} :yflkt 5 . elgG5, s'Gbgnfn ;xun dxf/fh ljZj]Zj/ l;+xsf ulx/f ldq lyP . nIdLZj/l;+xsf efO /fd]Zj/l;+xn] snsQf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfdf ljz]if of]ubfg u/] . ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] cgfy cf>d b/eª\ufdf 5 .  nIdLZj/n] $)) eGbf a9L hfltsf cfFk nufPsf lyP . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] xjfO{ kmf]6f] ;'6 b/eª\uf b/af/sf] lnOPsf] lyof] / of] dxf/fhsf] lghL xjfOhxfhaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] . nIdLZj/sf h]7f 5f]/f hLj]Zj/l;xsf] j|taGw sfo{qmd !($! df a]nfotnufot cg]s b]zsf /fhfx¿ cfPsf lyP . pgLx¿ cfpFbf b/eª\uf P/kf]6{b]lv b/af/;Ddsf] lel8of] lvlrPsf] lyof] hf] cfh klg 5 . b/eª\ufdf !(@& b]lv !(^@ ;Dd oxfFsf] xjfOd}bfgdf xjfOhxfh p8\Yof] .

ef/tdf oxL dfq Ps /fhb/af/ xf] h;leq /]n k'UYof] .

b/eª\ufsf k|l;4 Oltxf;sf/ 8f= cjgLGb| emfsf cg';f/ b/eª\uf /fHo cfhsf] laxf/sf] emGg} Ps ltxfO e"efusf] zf;s lyof] . uª\ufb]lv pQ/, u08sLb]lv k"j{, sf];Lb]lv klZrdsf] e"efu nueu ;a} clg s]xL d'ª\u]/, efunk'/ cflb uª\ufkfl/sf s]xL e"efu / k"l0f{ofF, c/l/of;Ddsf sf];Lk"j{sf e"efudf o; l/of;tsf] zf;g lyof] .

/fhfx¿ tGqljBfsf] cEof; uy{] . pgLx¿ z}j, zfSt cflb lyP . /fh3/fgfsf] Oltxf; snf, ;+:s[lt / lzIff;Fu ;bf hf]l8of] . pgLx¿ snfsfl/tf, lzIff / wd{bz{gsf 7"nf] kf/vL lyP . nIdLZj/l;+x a]nfotdf k9]/ cfPsf lyP t/ pgL rfnL; jif{s} pd]/df lat] . pgn] lbPsf k':tsx¿n] oxfFsf] ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno / nlntgf/fo0f ljZjljBfnosf k':tsfno el/Psf 5g\ . logn] nueu rfnL; xhf/ k':ts bfg lbPsf lyP .

b/eª\ufsf clGtd /fhf sfd]Zj/ l;+x lyP . sfd]Zj/ l;+xsf] zfg / ;f}st ljZje/ rlr{t lyof] . logaf6 k|efljt eP/ cª\u|]hx¿n] pgnfO{ dxf/fhflw/fhsf] pkflw lbPsf lyP .  dxf/fhflw/fh sfd]Zj/ l;+x !(^@ df lat] .

 

t= sNof0fL kmfpG8];g, b/eª\uf M

b/eª\uf b/af/n] ljjfxkl5 ul/g] d'v x]g{] sd{sf] l;lN;nfdf %))) gub lbPsf] lyof] . p;a]nf % xhf/ eg]sf] w]/} 7"nf] wg lyof] . pgn] To; k};fnfO{ hldg lsGgdf vr{ ul/g\ . p;a]nf Tolt k};fn] 7"nf] hldGbf/L k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . b/af/n] To; hldgsf] cfDbfgL /fgLsf] vftfdf hDdf ub{} uof] .

b/eª\uf dxf/fhsf] zf;sLo ejg s'g} a]nf ef/tsf] csf{] nfnlsNnf elgGYof] . ToxfF clxn] nlntgf/fo0f ldlynf ljZjljBfno 5 .

b/eª\uf ;x/ laxf/sf] k6gfkl5sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d]l8sn xa xf] .

 

 

@= dw'jgL

 

dw'jgL ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHosf] ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s lx;fan] cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ e"ld xf] . of] lhNnf ldlynf If]qsf] Ps s]Gb| g} xf] eg] x'G5 . of] lhNnf dw'jgL k]lG6ªsf nflu ljZjel/ lrlgG5 . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k]lG6ª dw'jgL /]nj] :6];gdf agfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn;Fu hf]l8Psf] laxf/L lhNnf o;sf] ;d[4 ;+:s[lt, ljlzi6 snf / wfld{s :ynx¿sf nflu k|l;4 5 . d}lynL snfsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf o;n] cfkm\gf] klxrfg lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5  .

;g\ !(@@ df b/eª\uf lhNnfaf6 sf6L of] lhNnf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . xfn o;sf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a $& nfv 5 . lhNnf d"ntM s[lifk|wfg 5 / d'Votof wfg, ux'F / ds} pTkfbgsf nflu o;nfO{ ef/tel/ lrlgG5 . oxfFsf] dfvfg gfd'b 5 . o;} u/L oxfFsf ;x/sf s'6L/ pBf]udf agfOg] lkQnsf efF8f / x]G8n'daf6 ag]sf sk8f cToGt k|l;4 5g\ . oxfF d}lynL, lxGbL / pb"{ efiff a9L af]lnG5g\ . o;afx]s alHhsf, cª\lusf, auxL cflb cg]s efiff klg oxfF af]lnG5g\ .

dw'jgLsf] Oltxf; k|frLg ldlynf /fHo;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . /fhf hgssf] ;dob]lv g} of] e"efu cfk\mgf] ;f+:s[lts la/f;tsf sf/0f k|l;4 /x]sf] 5 . dw'jgL lhNnfnfO{ sflnbf;, ljBfklt / jfr:klt ;Fu hf]l8G5 .

o; lhNnfdf axg] d'Vo gbL sdnf, s/]g, anfg, e'txL anfg, u]x'cfF, ;'k]g, lqz"nf, hLj5 cflb x'g\ . l;FrfOsf] kof{Kt ;'ljwf, ;dy/ / dlnf] e"ld, k|z:t hgzlSt cflbn] o; lhNnfnfO{ s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu ljz]if agfpF5g\ .

g]kfnsf] Pgh]h]cf/ -g]kfn hgsk'/–hogu/ /]nj]_ o;} lhNnfsf] hogu/;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] /]n;]jfn] nfvf}F ef/tLo ko{6snfO{ g]kfnsf] hgsk'/;Dd k'Ug ;xh agfPsf] 5 .

dw'jgL lhNnfsf ljz]if bz{gLo :ynx¿ M  

 

!= ;f}/f7 M

dw'jgL hogu/ /f]8l:yt of] ;fgf] ufpF ;f]dgfy dxfb]jsf] dlGb/sf sf/0f k|l;4 5 .

oxfF k|ltjif{ d}lyn a|fx\d0fx¿sf] ;efsf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o;} ;efdf ljjfx to ug{] k|rng 5 . o; ufpFdf / j/k/ /xg] a|fx\d0f kl~hsf/n] o; If]qsf a|fx\d0fx¿sf] j+zfjnL n]v]/ /fv]sf x'G5g\ . ljjfx to ug{df log} kl~hsflwsf/Lx¿sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .

 

@= slkn]Zj/gfy M

dw'jgL ;x/af6 klZrd–blIf0fdf ( lsnf]ld6/ k/ klZrd–blIf0fdf cjl:yt of] k|l;4 / clt k"Ho lzjdlGb/df ef/tel/sf dfq xf]Og aª\ufn / g]kfnaf6 klg w]/} tLy{ofqL cfpg] u5{g\ . ;f]djf/ / ;fpgsf] dlxgfdf oxfF >4fn'x¿sf] 7"nf] eL8 hDdf x'G5 . oxfF dxflzj/flqsf] kfjg cj;/df eJo d]nf nfUb5 .

 

#= sf]Onv M

/fhgu/af6 glhs}sf] of] eb|sfnL eujtL dlGb/sf] dlxdf klg 7"nf] 5 . dflg;x¿ eujtLnfO{ sf]lsnfIfLsf] ¿kdf dfGb5g\ . clt k|frLg sfnb]lv oxfF sf]lsnfIfL dftfsf] k"hf eOcfPsf] 5 . sf]lsnfIfL gfdaf6 o; ufpFsf] gfd sf]Onv /x]sf] xf] . o; dlGb/nfO{ P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf /fhk"t sn5'/L ;]gfkltgfy b]j dbg kfndfly cfqmd0fsf] qmddf oxfF cfOk'u] . pgn] oxfFsf] j;'b]jk'/df 5fpgL agfP .  Pshgf k|l;4 ljåfg\ l;4gfy emfsf] pkb]z dfgL tL ;]gfkltn] o'4 lht]kl5 pg}sf] lgb{]zgcg';f/ o; dlGb/sf] k'glg{df{0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L ;]gfkltgfyn] dlGb/nfO{ k'glg{df{0f u/fO{ cem rlr{t agfP . /fhgu/af6 b; lsld blIf0f / dw'jgLaf6 k"j{ !! lsld kbf{] /x]5 .

 

$= afaf d'St]Zj/gfy M

/fhgu/af6 aL; lsnf]ld6/hlt k"j{df l:yt afaf d'St]Zj/gfy dlGb/ lzjhLsf] csf{] eJo dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ cfGw|fyf9L k|v08sf] b]jx/ ufpFdf 5 .

 

%= aln/fh u9 M

of] k|frLg eUgfjz]if lsNnf xf] . nueu #^% la3f If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] of] lsNnf dw'jgL ;x/af6 #$ lsnf]ld6/ k"j{pQ/ dw'jgL nf}sxf ;8sdf kb{5 . oxfF hfg] eP /fhgu/af6 hfg'k5{, nueu aL; lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .

 

^= eujtL:yfg M pRr}7

a]gLk6\6Ll:yt eujtL:yfg k|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . of] :yfg dw'jgLaf6 #) lsnf]ld6/hlt pQ/klZrddf k5{ . oxfFsL eujtLsf] d"lt{df sfFw;Dd dfq b]lvG5 . sfFwdflysf] efu gb]lvg] ePsfn] oxfFsL eujtLnfO{ l5Ggd:tL b]jL klg elgG5 . dlGb/;Fu} Ps ljzfn :dzfg3f6 5 . To; d;fg3f6df cfh klg w]/} tGq;fwsx¿ tGq;fwgfdf nLg /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 .

sxfgLcg';f/ eujfg\ /fd hgsk'/ hfFbfv]l/ oxfF jf; ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

 

&= sNof0f]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ M

hogu/af6 @) lsnf]ld6/ klZrddf l:yt sNof0f]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ k|frLg / rlr{t 5 . of] :yfg g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldfaf6 5–;ft lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fk"j{df k5{ . 

 

*= 8f]sx/ /fh/fh]Zj/L dlGb/

dftf /fh/fh]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ dw'jgLaf6 b; lsnf]ld6/hlt pQ/df . of] b'Mvx/ /fh/fh]Zj/L dlGb/ rGb|efuf l/e'n]6sf] lsgf/df 5 . of]  dlGb/ ;]tf] l;ª\ud/d/n] ag]sf] lgs} cUnf] 5 .

 

(= ejfgLk'/

oxfF pu|gfy dxfb]j lzj dlGb/ 5 . d}lynL efiffsf dxfg\ slj ljBfklt;Fu o; dlGb/nfO{ hf]8]/ x]l/G5 . dfGotfcg';f/ ljBfklt lzjhLsf olt cgGo eSt lyP ls lzjhL cfkm}F cfP/ pgsf] ;]jf ug{ nfu] .

lul/hf lzj dlGb/, kf/;dl0f dlGb/ cflb .

oxfFsf] ejfgLk'/ kIfL ceof/0odf cfk|jf;L tyf /}yfg] b'j} hftsf cg]s k|hfltsf r/fx¿ x]g{ kfOG5  . avf{ofddf htftt} kfgLsf hnfzo eO{ df5f cflb htftt} kfOgfn] /}yfg] hftsf r/fx¿ 5l/G5g\ eg] ;fOa]l/oftkm{af6 lr;f] ;'? ePkl5 dfq r/fx¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . ctM kIfLk|]dLx¿sf nflu of] :yn lxpFb ;dodf pQd x'G5 . oxfF x"nsf x"n r/f b]Vg kfOG5 ;'Svf ofddf .

 

 

 

 

 

#= /fhgu/ / hogu/

 

!= /fhgu/

dw'jgL ;x/af6 afx| lsnf]ld6/ k"j{–pQ/df kg{], tyf g]kfn ;Ldfsf] hogu/af6 sl/a @^ lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf kg{] /fhgu/ laxf/sf] Ps ;fgf] ufpF xf] . ToxfF !%)) Ps8df km}lnPsf] eUg gf}nvf b/af/sf nflu of] :yfg gfd'b 5 .

dxf/fhflw/fh ;/ /fd]Zj/ l;+xn] b/eª\ufaf6 cfkm\gf] /fhwfgL /fhgu/df ;fg{ rfx]sf lyP . pgn] k'/fgf kf]v/L dd{t, gofF kf]v/L pTvgg, b/af/ / dlGb/x¿sf] lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] wg/flz vr{ u/]sf lyP . b/eª\ufsf] kmf]x/, ;fFu'/f], eL8ef8o'St jftfj/0faf6 k/ v'nf, ;kmf, zfGt :yfgdf pgn] a:g rfx]sf lyP .

t/ gAa] ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] Tof] b/af/ dd{t ug{ gldNg] u/L Wj:t eof] .  dlGb/x¿ klg w]/} g/fd|/L eTs] . e"sDksf sf/0f b/af/sf] d'Vo efu b'uf{ ;efsIf / leqL dlGb/x¿nfO{ v08x/ g} agfOlbof] . b]jLb]jtfx¿sf l;ª\ud/d/sf d"lt{x¿;d]t km'6] .

blIf0f ef/tLo jf:t'snfcg';f/ agfOPsf] lzj dlGb/ klg Wj:t eof] . sfnL dlGb/, gf}nvf b/af/ kl/;/sf] b'uf{ dlGb/ oxfFsf d'Vo dlGb/ x'g\ .

oxfF hfg /fhgu/ /]nj] :6];gaf6 k'ln; :6];g hfg'k5{ . of] :yfg :6];gaf6 nueu Ps lsnf]ld6/ k"j{ k5{ . /fh SofDk; k'Ug :6];gaf6 8]9 lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . ljZj]Zj/l;+x hgtf sn]h / /fh SofDk; Pp6} kl/;/df 5g\ / gf}nvf dlGb/ @ lsnf]ld6/ k"j{df 5 . kf]v/Lsf] pQ/kl6\6sf] sfnL dlGb/em}F kf]v/Lsf] l8n}df blIf0fk6\\l6 klg csf{] sfnL dlGb/ 5 . gf}nvf dlGb/sf] klZrdk6\l6 cyf{t\ k5fl8k6\l6 /fgLdxn 5 . /fgLdxnsf] k5fl8k6\l6 ;fgf] t/ kmf]xf]/ kf]v/L klg 5 .

/]nj] :6];gaf6 ! lsnf]ld6/ klZrddf ljhos'df/ ;fx'sf] xf]d:6] klg 5  . oxfF ;g\ !(%( b]lv lah'nL an]sf] xf] . ufpFdf /]nj] :6];g klg 5 . kfgL l;+ª\u8fsf nflu of] :yfg gfd'b 5 .

/fhgu/nfO{ v08x/x¿sf] ;x/ elgG5 . of] ldlynf~rnsf] zfg klg xf] . snfs[lt / OlGhlgol/ª b'j} lx;fn] of] cAan 5 . ;g\ !*() lt/ o; ;x/sf] lgdf{0fsf] of]hgf aGof] . t/ ;g\ !(#$ df cfPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f of] Wj:t eof] . o;kl5 s;}n] o;nfO{ k'gM agfO/xg] af/]df ;f]r]g . o;/L of] ;'Gb/ gu/ Ps}rf]l6 ;'g;fg aGg k'Uof] . s'g} a]nf ;'Gb/ jfuau}Frf, kf]v/Lx¿, /fhb/af/ / dlGb/x¿sf] eJo ;x/ rd]/f, v/fof / c¿ hgfj/sf] jf;:yfg aGg k'Uof] .

o; ;x/nfO{ 6fO6lgs hxfh;Fu t'ngf ul/G5 . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf dha't ;x/ eg]/ bfaL ul/Psf] of] 7fpF lgdf{0f k"/f ePsf] 5 jif{d} v08x/df ablnof] . Tolt dha't dlGb/ / b/af/ e"sDksf] Ps} em6\sfdf Wj:t eP, h;/L 6fO6lgs hxfh slxNo} g8'Ag] gu/L agfOPsf] eg]/ bfaf ul/Psfdf klxnf] ofqfd} 8'a]sf] lyof] .

la|l6; jf:t'sf/ 8f= PdP sf]gL{n] ;DejtM Pl;ofdf ;a}eGbf klxn] /fhgu/sf] oxL b/af/ agfpgdf l;d]G6 k|of]u u/]sf lyP .

k|z:t v'nf 7fpF, ;fgfltgf emf8L cflb x'gfn] cfh of] lxpFbdf jgef]h :yn ag]sf] 5 . ;'Svf ;dodf rgf r6k6] a]Rg]x¿, v]nf}gf / ;:tf sk8f a]Rg]x¿, vfg]s'/f a]Rg]x¿ oxfF cf]Ol/G5g\ . ;'Svf ;dodf lbgx'F xhf/f}Fsf] eL8 sfod /xG5 oxfFF . slxn]sfxLF lkmNd ;'l6ª lel8of] ;'l6ªn] oxfF ljz]if /f}gs 5fpF5 . jf:t'snf / Oltxf;df ?lr /fVg]x¿ of] :yfg x]g{ 6f9f6f9faf6 cfpF5g\ t/ avf{ofddf of] :yfg e"tfxf ;x/ aGb5 .

la|l6; jf:t'sf/ sf]gL{n] b/eª\uf b/af/sf] s'g} l/g r'sfpgsf nflu cGoq sxLFst} k|of]u gePsf] j:t' k|of]u u/]/ b/af/ agfOlbg] k|lt1f u/]cg';f/ o;df klxnf] k6s l;d]G6sf] k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . pgn] bfaL u/sf lyP, pgn] agfPsf vDafx¿ ljZjsf ;a}eGbf alnof vDaf x'g\ / logdf cl8Psf] b/af/ slxNo} Wj:t x'g] 5}g .

oxfFsf uf]nf / 7"nf vDafx¿df xft jf 3f]8fn] 3'dfP/ rnfOg] lnkm\6 agfOPsf] lyof] elgG5 . t/ sltkon] o;df hf]l8Psf] 8f]/L cflb b]v]/ kmfF;L3/sf] gfd lbP . otflt/ Tolta]nfsf dflg;sf] lbdfudf lnkm\6sf] sNkgf;Dd lyPg .

b/eª\ufsf dxf/fhf dx]Zj/ l;+xsf ;fgf 5f]/f /fd]Zj/ l;+xsf nflu of] ;a agfOPsf] lyof] . lt/x't ;/sf/ dxf/fhf nIdLZj/l;+xn] cfkm\gf efO /fd]Zj/ l;+xsf nflu oxfF cg]s dxn, dlGb/, tnfp / au}Frfn] ;hfpg] lg0f{o u/] . oxfF P3f/ dlGb/ ag]sf lyP elgG5 . / oxfFsf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ p;a]nf tfhdxneGbf Hofbf eg]/ k|z+;f ul/GYof] .

p;a]nf of] ;Dk"0f{ kl/of]hgfsf nflu P3f/ nfv ?lkofF vr{ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;x/ a;fpg] sfdsf] lhDdf a]nfotL jf:t'sf/ 8f= PdP sf]gL{nfO{ lbOof] . elgG5, sf]gL{n] To; /fh3/fgfnfO{ 7"nf] /sd l/g r'Stf ug'{ lyof] / ToxL l/g ltg{sf nflu pgn] of] kl/of]hgfdf xft xfn]sf lyP . b:tfj]hx¿n] atfpF5g\ /fhgu/sf] lgdf{0f !(@^ ;Dd rfn" /x]sf] lyof] . t/ ;x/ a;fpg] sfd /fd|/L ;lsg gkfO{sg e"sDkn] tx;gx; kf/L ;Dk"0f{ kl/j]znfO{ v08x/df ablnlbof] . lj=;+= !(() ;fndf cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] s]Gb| /fhgu/ g} lyof] / To;n] g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}F nufot b]ze/ ljWj+; dRrfPsf] lyof] .

lzjsf] 5ftLaf6 pTkGg ePsL d':s'/fO/x]sL sfnLsf] d"lt{ ljZjdf cGoq sxL+ kfOFb}g . dflg;x¿ ljZjf; u5{g\ dxf/fhf /fd]Zj/ l;+x tflGqs l;4 lyP . pg}n] cfkm\gf] tGqljBf l;4 ePkl5 sfnLnfO{ oxfF :yflkt u/]sf x'g\ . dxf/fhf nIdLZj/l;+xsf] d[To'kl5 /fd]Zj/ l;+x klg b/eª\uflt/ nfu] .

/fd]Zj/l;+xsf] d[To'kl5 pgsf sfG5f 5f]/f ljZj]Zj/l;+xnfO{ ;'lDkOof] . ljZj]Zj/ l;+xsf tLg} 5f]/fx¿n] oxfFsf] ;a} hUufhldg, au}Frf / h]–hlt laS5 ;ayf]s a]lrlbP . o;/L o;sf] w]/}h;f] lx:;f laqmL x'g k'Uof] . gofF ;x/ t aGg ;s]g, aNn cfh cfP/ of] ufpFsf] ¿kdf eP klg km}nFb} uO/x]sf] 5 .

Ps ;o aL;–kRrL; jif{eGbf k'/fgf oL /fhejg, dlGb/ / cGo w/f]x/sf] ;+/If0f, dd{t / k'g?4f/k|lt /fHo;/sf/ Psbd pbf;Lg  5 . s]Gb| ;/sf/n] t o;sf] cl:tTj;Dd yfxf gkfPem}F u/]sf] 5 . ef/tLo ko{6gsf] dfglrqdf o; ;x/sf] gfd;Dd lnOFb}g .

 

@= hogu/ M

hogu/ xfd|f nflu Ps jfl0fHo s]Gb| / oftfoftsf] laGb' xf] . t/ o;sf] ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s dxŒj 7"nf] 5 . oxfFsf] hogu/ Kofn]; jf:t'lzNk rdTsf/ xf] . oxfF ;Ltf dlGb/ klg 5 . oxfFsf :yfgLox¿ s] eG7fG5g\ eg] oxLF ;Ltfdftfsf] ljjfx >L/fd;Fu ePsf] xf] . oyfy{df ljjfxd08k hgsk'/d} 5 . hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/;Fu} 5 ljjfxd08k . b/af/af6 olt 6f9f ljjfxd08ksf] sNkgf lsg u/]sf xf]nfg\ laxf/Lx¿n] <

 

$= d'DaO{

ef/tsf] cfly{s /fhwfgL xf] aDaO{  . dxf/fi6«sf] /fhwfgL klg xf] of] ;x/ . ef/tsf] klZrdL v08df bdguª\uf gbL / sf]ª\s0f ;d'b|lsgf/fdf plePsf] of] ;x/ c/a ;fu/sf dfq xf]Og ljZjs} 7"nf / cfly{s ;x/dWo] Ps xf] . k'/fgf] aDaO{ ;ft ;fgf–;fgf 6fk'n] ag]sf] lyof] / oxfF sf]nL hfltsf dflg; a:y] . oxLFsf /}yfg] d/f7LefifL /fhfx¿sf] cwLgdf /x]sf oL ;ft} 6fk' kl5 k't{ufnLsf] xftdf kg{ uP . k't{ufnL /fhs'df/L Sofyl/g a|fufGhfsf] ljjfx OªNofG8, :s6NofG8 / cfo/NofG8sf ;d|f6\ rfN;{ låtLo;Fu x'Fbf pgnfO{ of] e"efu bfOhf]:j¿k lbOPsf] lyof] . o;/L k't{ufnaf6 of] e"efu a]nfotLsf] cwLgdf cfof] . ha of] e"v08 O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] xftdf k'Uof], aDaO{sf] ljsf; ;'? eof] .

!&*@ b]lv hldg clwu|x0f ;'? eof] . oxfF ;8sdfu{, /]ndfu{ / of]hgfa4 ;x/L lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;'? eof] . o;/L of] efu c/a ;fu/sf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo aGb/ufx ;x/ aGg k'Uof] . c7f/f}F, pGgfO;f}F / aL;f}F ztfAbLdf aDaO{ ljZjsf k|d'v Jofkfl/s, cfly{s / z}lIfs s]Gb|x¿dWo] Ps aGg k'Uof]  . ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf] klg of] ;x/ Ps k|d'v s]Gb| eOlbof] .

cfh aDaO{ ef/tsf] Jofkfl/s, cfly{s, cf}Bf]lus s]Gb| t x'Fb} xf], dgf]/~hg pBf]usf] klg k|d'v s]Gb| xf] . alnj'8 ljZjsf ;a}eGbf a9L lkmNd pTkfbg ug{] s]Gb| ag]sf] 5 cfh . lzIff, :jf:Yo / ko{6gsf] klg of] Ps ljZjs]Gb| g} xf] .

d/f7fx¿sL s'nb]jL d'Daf dxf/fgLsf] gfdaf6 o;sf] gfd d'DaO{ /xguPsf] xf] . d'Daf b]jLnfO{ dxf–cDaf klg elgG5 . u'h/ftsf] sfl7ofjf8 If]qaf6 ;b{};b{} cfPsf sf]nL hfltsf dflg;sL Oi6b]jL x'g\ d'Daf . d'DaO{nfO{ ssd'rL / unh'ª\Uh eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ . ;g\ !$!@ df n]lvPsf] k't{ufnL /]s8{df o; e"efunfO{ af]DafOd elgPsf] 5  . ;g\ !((% df o;sf] cflwsfl/s gfd aDaO{af6 abn]/ d'DaO{ /flvof] . d/f7L efiffdf d'DaO{df a:g]nfO{ ’d'Da}s/’ elgG5 . ‘s/’ zAbsf] cy{ ‘lgjf;L’ .

 

d'DaO{df 3'Dg}kg{] :ynx¿ M

s= u]6j] ckm OlG8of M

u]6j] ckm OlG8of la|l6;x¿n] !(!! df agfPsf x'g\ . oxLF 5 ljZjk|l;4 tfh xf]6n . u]6j] ckm OlG8of ;LP;Pd6Laf6 glhs} 5 . of] u]6 !(!# df aGg yfn]/ !(@$ df k"/f eof] . a]nfotsf ;d|f6\ hh{ kfFrf}F / dxf/fgL d]/L ;j{k|yd ef/t e|d0fdf cfPsf] cj;/nfO{ :d/0fLo agfpg of] u]6 agfOPsf] xf] . rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg], ef/tnfO{ :jtGq b]zsf] ¿kdf d'lSt lbP/ hfg] a]nfotL clGtd ;}lgs 6's8L klg oxL u]6 eP/ uPsf lyP .

of] OG8f]–O:nflds :6fOndf ag]sf] xf] . of] nueu $* lkm6 cUnf] 5 .

oxfF dWofGxlt/ udL{sf sf/0f hfg sl7g k5{ . o;}u/L ;KtfxfGtdf klg oxfF hfg' 7Ls x'Fb}g, eL8sf sf/0f xfdL c:tJo:t aGg k'U5f}F . zlgjf/ ck/fx\g / cfOtjf/sf lbgsf] eL8n] xfdLnfO{ cTofpg] x'G5 . cfOtjf/ aDaO{sf] eL8 8/nfUbf] x'g] ePsfn] xfdLn] oxfF oftfoftdf sl7gfO ef]Ug'kg{] x'G5 . 

u]6j] ckm OlG8of 3'd]kl5 tfh xf]6]ncufl8 uP/ kmf]6f] lng x'G5 . tfh xf]6ndf g]kfnL wgf9\o ljgf]b rf}w/Lsf] 7"nf] nufgL 5 elgG5 . 

 

v= h'x' lar M

aDaO{df k|l;4 larx¿dWo] Ps . ;"of{:tsf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu km]d; .

 

u= afGb|f kmf]6{ M

of] lsNnf k't{ufnLn] agfPsf  x'g\ . o;nfO{ ‘kmf]6{ ckm b jf6/ k|mG6’ klg elgG5 . ;d'b|tkm{ ;ft ljzfn ldl;gug /flvPsf] 5 . !&#( df d/f7fn] xdnf u/]/ o; kmf]6{nfO{ sAhf u/] . t/ !&&$ ;Dd dfq oxfF d/f7fx¿n] zf;g u/] . t/ o;kl5 a]nfotLx¿n] o;nfO{ sAhf u/] . k|yd cª\u|]h–d/f7f o'4df o;sf] 7"nf] rrf{ x'G5 . oxfFaf6 dl/g a] ckm ;fpy / c/a ;fu/sf] b[Zojfnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . afGb|f kmf]6{ laxfg !) b]lv a]n'sf * ah];Dd v'nf /xG5 . of] ;d'b|sf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu ;jf{]Qd :yfg xf] . ;fgf] kfs{ klg 5 oxfF .

dfGp6 d]/L rr{ oxfFaf6 glhs} 5 . k}bn b"/Ldf . lxF8]/} hfg ;lsG5 . ljZje/af6 cfpg] kfgLhxfh p;a]nf vfg]kfgL eg{sf nflu oxfF cfpFy] . o; lsNnfn] jfr 6fj/sf] ¿kdf klg sfd uYof{] . oxfF krf;f}F alnj'8 lkmNd ;'l6ª ePsf 5g\ .

 

3= afGb|f–jnL{ ;L lnª\s M

afGb|f kmf]6{g]/} ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;:k]G;g s]an la|h agfOPsf] 5 M afGb|f–jnL{ ;L lnª\s . of] afl;lnsf ckm b cfj/ n]8L ckm b dfpG6 gfdsf] rr{g]/af6 hfG5 . kfl/ jnL{ kmf]6{ 5, x]g{ nfos . o;} u/L c6n laxf/L jfhk]oLsf] gfddf ag]sf] k'n c6n ;]t' klg x]g{ nfos 5 . 

 

ª= g]x¿ ;fOG; ;]G6/ M

!(&& df agfOPsf] o; ;]G6/nfO{ Ps Do'lhodsf em}F /flvPsf] 5  . nfO6 PG8 ;fO6 PlShla;g x'G5 oxfF . k|j]z z'Ns &).– nfU5 . of] ;]G6/ laxfg ( b]lv ;fFem & ;Dd v'nf /xG5 . lj1fgdf ?lr x'g]sf nflu of] :yfg cfsif{0fsf] 7"nf] s]Gb| xf] .

 

r= rf}kf6L lar M

dxf/fi6«sf rf/ gbL Ps;fy x'g] 7fpF xf] of] . o; 7fpFnfO{ Psbd} k|l;4 ;d'b|L lsgf/dWo] Ps dflgG5 . l:6«6 km'8sf nflu ;x/sf] of] efu gfd'b 5 . oxLF u0f]z rt'yL{kl5 u0f]z lj;h{g ul/g] ePsfn] of] :yfg w]/} gfd'b 5 . ;"of{:tkl5 oxfF cfpg' pQd x'G5 . ;fFemdf l:6«6 km'8 vfg kfOg] / ;fFemsf] lemlnldnLnfO{ d'DaO{s/x¿ ;'Gb/tf  / km';{tsf] cg'kd If0f dfGb5g\ .

 

5= dfpG6 d]/L rr{ M

afGb|fdf cjl:yt of] rr{ cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 . of] rr{ ;d'b|;txaf6 nueu *) ld6/ prfOdf Ps l9:sfdf 5 . o; rr{sf] pkrf/fTds Ifdtf 5 eg]/ dflg; ljZjf; u5{g\ . rr{ laxfg ^ b]lv a]n'sf * ah];Dd v'nf /xg]5 . oxfF æcd/ csa/ PGyf]gLÆh:tf cg]s lkmNd ;'l6ª ul/Psf 5g\ . oxfF cfpg afGb|f :6];gaf6 ;f]em} cfpg] a; kfOG5g\ .

 

h= dl/g 8«fOe M

Psbd} laxfg of t ;"of{:tsf] ;dodf oxfF cfpg' pQd x'G5 . ;fFemkv oxfF cfP/ j8f kfj vfg' clj:d/0fLo cg'ej x'g]5  . c/a ;fu/sf] /ldtf x]g{ oxfF hfgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs oftfoft kfOG5g\ . of] /ftdf 3'd] klg x'G5 . of] /ftdf g]sn];em}F b]lvG5 . dl/g 8«fOe nueu # lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] 5 . of] k}bn lxF8\g'df cs{} dhf 5 . dl/g nfOG; /]nj] :6];gaf6 Psbd glhs k5{ .

cg]s ef/tLo, vf; u/L lxGbL, lkmNddf of] :yfg b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . oxfF cfOtjf/ laxfg * b]lv !) ah];Dd oxfF cfpg' ;xL x'G5 . ;d'b|lsgf/sf] km/flsnf] ;8s, kSsL km}nfj6 / kfs{ clg l8ndf a;]sf xhf/f}F dflg;sf aLr x'g'sf] cg'ej ljlzi6 5 . ;fFemdf ;"of{:tsf] b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu oxfF xhf/f}F dflg; x'G5g\ / 7Ls;Fu a:g t s] pleg klg 7fpF kfpg sl7g kg{ ;S5 . ctM clnslt cufl8 g} oxfF cfOk'u]/ ;jf{]Qd :yfg 5fgL l8ndf a:g'k5{ . oxfF nueu cfwf 306f a:g] xf] / c¿ Ps–b'O{ 306f 6xNg kfOof] eg]of] hLjge/ ;Demg of]Uo If0f aGg]5 .

oxfF cfOk'u]kl5 gl/dg KjfOG6df k'Ug] sf]l;; ug'{k5{ . ;do ldnfpg ;Dej ePdf Tof] KjfOG6 klg b]Vg kfOG5 .

 

em= l;l4ljgfos dlGb/ M

ef/tsf ;a}eGbf a9L bz{g ul/g] dlGb/dWo] of] Ps xf] . of] u0f]zhLsf] ;a}eGbf k|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . gfª\u} uf]8f oxfF bz{gfy{ hfgfn] ;a} dgsfdgf k"/f x'G5g\ elgG5 . dª\unjf/ laxfg tLg ah]b]lv !@ ah];Dd bz{g ug{ kfOG5 . c¿ af/rflxF laxfg kfFr ah]dfq dlGb/ v'nf ul/G5 . of] :yfg bfb/ /]nj] :6];gaf6 8]9 lsnf]ld6/ k5{ .

oxfFsf u0f]zhLsf] k|ltdf :joDe" xf] eGg] dflgG5 . ;a}lt/ u0f]zhLsf] d"lt{sf] ;'F8 afofFtkm{ df]l8Psf] b]lvG5 t/ oxfFsf u0f]zhLsf] d"lt{df ;'F8 bfofFtkm{ df]l8Psf] x'G5 .

æu0fklt afKkf df]/of ÛÆ gf/fsf aLr u0fklt afafsf] bz{g ug'{ hLjgsf ;'Gb/td If0fdWo] Ps xf] . ef/tLo l;g]df / 6]lnl;l/ondf b]vfOg] u0f]zrt'yL{ tyf u0f]zelSt oxfF cfPkl5 ;To nfU5 . 

 

`= lkmNd l;6L M

d'DaO{df cfPsf] ;dodf lkmNd l;6L x]g{ hfg' w]/} h?/L 5 . aDaO{ uP/ lkmNd l;6L gx]/L cfpg' eg]sf] cw'/f] ofqf xf] . %@) Ps8df ag]sf] of] lkmNd l;6L $) hlt cfp6/ nf]s];g / ^) hlt Po/ slG8;G; nf]s];g 5g\ . lkmNd l;6L x]g{ dg 5 eg] oxfF pknAw a;;]jf k|of]u ug'{k5{ . k|ltJolSt #)) ?lkofF nfU5 . ufO8;d]t pknAw 5 . ;'l6ª klg x]g{ dg 5 eg] rflxF k|ltJolSt !&)) ?lkofF kg{ cfpF5 .

lkmNd l;6L !*(^ b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . ;j{k|yd oxfFsf] af]:6g xf]6ndf ;'l6ª ePsf] lyof] . pSt lkmNdsf 8fO/]S6/ bfbf ;fx]a kmfns] lyP . ctM o; lkmNd l;6Lsf] gfd pg}sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] 5 .

 

6= ;LP;Pd6L M

ljZj w/f]x/df ;"rLs[t 5qklt lzjfhL dxf/fh 6ld{gn ef/tsf] zfg xf] . of] 6ld{gn ejg O6flng uf]lys :6fOndf agfOPsf] 5 . haha lkmNdx¿df aDaO{ b]vfpg'kg{] x'G5, o;} :6];gnfO{ b]vfOG5 . /fj0f, :nd 8u ldn]lgo/, ld;g ODkf]l;an cflbsf] ;'l6ª o;} :6];gdf ul/Psf] lyof] . oxfF lbgsf] h'g;'s} ;dodf klg cfpg kfOG5, s'g} k|j]z z'Ns 5}g . nf]sn 6«]gdf oxfF cfpg ;lsG5 . ToxfFsf] :6];g ejg snfTdstf, Oltxf; / jf:t'lzNksf lx;fan] ljZjk|l;4 5 .

;LP;Pd6LnfO{ d'DaO{sf] / u]6j] ckm OlG8ofnfO{ OlG8ofsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fOG5 . aDaO{sf oL b'O{ 7fpFdf cg]s kmf]6f]u|fkmL lnOG5g\, cg]s lkmNd aG5g\ / ko{6ssf gh/df oL b'O{ :yfg ;j{>]i7 /f]hfOdf k5{g\ .

o; :6];gsf] k'/fgf] gfd leS6f]l/of 6ld{g; xf] . dxf/fhf 5qklt lzjfhL -!^#)–!^*)_ axfb'/ of]4f tyf 7"nf /fhf lyP . pg}sf] ;Demgf / ;Ddfgdf o;sf] gfd ‘5qklt lzjfhL dxf/fh 6ld{gn’ ;L=P;=Pd=6L= /xg uPsf] xf] .

 

7= tfh dxn Kofn]; xf]6n M

aDaO{sf] sf]nfjfgfds :yfgdf l:yt tfh dxn Kofn]; xf]6n kfFrtf/] xf]6n xf] . of] ef/tsf] zfg xf] . u]6j] ckm OlG8of;Fu} 5 . of] u]6j] ckm OlG8ofeGbf b; jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . tfh dxn l/hf]6{ PG8 Kofn];sf] of] ejg Ps lx:;f xf] . of] ejg o; ;d"xsf] k|d'v ;DklQ dflgG5 . xf]6ndf %^) sf]7f / $$ ;'O6\; 5g\ .

d'DaO{sf] klxrfg alg;s]sf] o; ejgdf dxfgu/sf wgLdfgL tyf ;De|fGt dflg;x¿ cfpg]–hfg] ub{5g\ . ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf aLr klg of] xf]6n w]/} nf]slk|o 5 .  o; xf]6naf6 ;d'b|L Jo:ttf, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf / zflGtsf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . @))* df ePsf] tfhdxn uf]nLsf08df o; xf]6nnfO{ nueu ^) 306f;Dd cftª\sjfbLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnPsf lyP .

hdz]bhL 6f6f ef/tsf 7"nf pBf]uklt lyP . pg}n] !*(* df o;sf] lznfGof; u/]sf lyP . of] !()# b]lv kfx'gfx¿sf nflu vf]lnPsf] x]f . o; xf]6nsf] lgdf{0f b 6fOD; ckm OlG8ofsf ;Dkfbsx¿sf] egfOnfO{ dfg]/ agfOPsf] xf] . ltgsf] egfO ;'g]kl5 6f6fn] klg dx;'; u/]– aDaO{nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] Ps zfgbf/ xf]6n agfpg' h?/L 5 . o;sf] s'n lgdf{0f nfut cfhsf] d"Nodf sl/a ;f9] b'O{ v/a g]kfnL ?lkofF x'g hfG5 .

oxfF k;]/ o;f] sf]N8 l8«ªs jf k|m'6 h'; vfg klg xfd|f nflu ;Dej x'Fb}g . ctM aflx/af6 o;f] kmf]6f] lnP/ xfdL ToxfFaf6 cGoq nfUg ;S5f}F . 

 

8= Plnkm]G6f s]E; M

aDaO{af6 glhs}sf oL u'kmf dlGb/x¿ eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t 5g\ . aDaO{ xfa{/af6 oxfF k'Ug nueu b; lsnf]ld6/ k"j{ Plnkm]G6f 6fk'df k5{ . oxfF kfFr lxGb" / b'O{ af}4 u'kmf 5g\ . lzjsf lqd"lt{ ;bflzj, g6/fh / of]uLZj/ ¿k oxfF ljz]if 5g\ .

logLx¿nfO{ kfFrf}Fb]lv ;ftf}F ztfAbLdf ljleGg /fhj+zn] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . u'kmfdf xfQLsf ljzfn k|ltdf b]v]/ k't{ufnLx¿n] lognfO{ Olnkm]G6f s]E; gfd lbPsf x'g\ . vf;df oxfFsf dflg;x¿ o; :yfgnfO{ 38fk'/L cyf{t u'kmfx¿sf] ;x/ eGb5g\ . oxfFsf snfsfl/tf w]/}h;f] tf]8kmf]8 ul/Psf eP klg ;g\ !()( b]lv la|l6; zf;sx¿n] logsf] ;+/If0f yfn]sf x'g\ / xfn ef/tLo k'/ftflŒjs ;j{]If0f ljefun] ;'/Iff / ;+j4{g ul//x]sf] 5 . of] ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t Ps w/f]x/ klg xf] .

;d'b|lsgf/sf] ;fgf] 6fk'df ;fgf] kxf8 5 / o;} kxf8sf] s7f]/ kTy/ sf6L oL u'kmf agfOPsf x'g\ .

u'kmf g+ ! M

u'kmf g+= ! ;a}eGbf d'Vo xf] . of] !#) ju{lkm6sf] 5 . oxfFsf d'Vo d"lt{ / u'kmfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

/fj0fg'u|x, lzjkfj{tL s}nf; kj{t, cw{gf/LZj/, ;bflzj lqd"lt{, uª\ufwf/f, lzj–ljjfx, lzj cGws ;+xf/, g6/fh, of]uLZj/, lnª\u .

k"jL{ kfvfdf sflt{s]o, dft[sfx¿, u0f]z / åf/kfn 5g\ eg] klZrdL kfvfdf of]uLZj/ / g6/fh 5g\ .  oxfF k'Ug l6s63/af6 !@) l;F9L pSn]/ hfg'k5{ .

u'kmf g+ @–% M

u'kmf g+ ! b]lv blIf0fk"jL{ v08df u'kmf g+= @ 5 . of] ck"0f{ cj:yfdf 5fl8Psf] 5 . u'kmfsf] d"nåf/ k"0f{tof gi6 ul/Psf] cj:yfdf kfOPsfdf kl5 !(&) sf] bzsdf of] k'g?4f/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;df ;fgf;fgf b'O{ sIf 5g\ .

u'kmf g+ # u'kmf g++ @ ;Fu} 5 . of] 5 :tDen] ag]sf] 5 .

u'kmf g++ $ Psbd} eUg cj:yfdf 5  eg] u'kmf g+= % ck"0f{ / nueu k"0f{ gi6 cj:yfdf  5 .

oxfFaf6 nluPsf d"lt{ / cGo snfsfl/tfx¿ ef/tel/sf ;ª\u|xfnodf k'¥ofOPsf 5g\ . o;af6 oxfFsf] :j¿k eUg cj:yfdf 5 . o;afx]s sltko d"lt{x¿ a]nfot, k|mfG; / cd]l/sf klg k'u]sf 5g\ . oxfF h]hlt 5g\ tL aaf{b cj:yfdf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu b'uf{ d"lt{sf] s'/f u/f}F . of] d"lt{ nueu gi6 5 . dlxiff;'/dlb{gL ¿ksL b]jLsf uf]8f / sDd/sf] s]xL efu ar]sf] 5 . o;}u/L oxfF cg';Gwftf / k'/ftŒjljb\x¿n] a|x\dfsf] lz/ / lji0f'sf gi6e|i6 ¿kx¿ e]6]sf 5g\ .

oxfFsf sltko u'kmf / d"lt{x¿ O;fk"j{ bf];|f] ztfAbLsf ;d]t x'g\ . h'g xfQLsf] ljzfn k|ltdfsf sf/0f o; :yfgn] gfd kfof] To; xfQLnfO{ a]nfotLx¿n] !*^$ df a]nfot nUgsf nflu pv]Ng vf]h]sf lyP . t/ o;f] ug{ v]fHbf of] km'6]/ 6'qmf6'qmf x'g k'Uof] . o;nfO{ k'gM hf]8hf8 kf/]/ xfn ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . cª\u|]hL ;flxTodf b /]h;{ Ph -;f]d/;]6 df]d_ / df]aL l8s -xd{g d]nlen]_ h:tf ljZjk|l;4 n]vssf s[ltdf logsf] rrf{ 5 .

o; :yfgsf] e|d0fsf nflu k"/f Ps lbg vr{g}k5{ .   

 

9= /fhf afO{ Sns 6fj/ M

/fhfafO{ 306f3/ aDaO{ ljZjljBfno kl/;/df ;g\ !*&* df e]lg;sf] uf]lys z}nLdf ag]sf] xf] . ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t kRrL;tn] o; w/x/fsf] pFrfO nueu @*) lkm6 5 .  p;a]nfsf] ;dodf hDdf ?= %,%),))) vr{]/ of] w/x/f agfOPsf] lyof] / o;sf] d'Vo vr{ wgf9\o k|]drGb /forGb h}gn] a]xf]/L cfkm\gL cfdf /fhfafO{sf] gfddf clk{t u/]sf lyP .

/fhfafO{ k"0f{ cGwL lyOg\ . pgL h}gwd{sL cgGof cg'ofoL lyOg\ / a]n'sf 3fd c:tfpg'cl3 g} vfgf vflGyg\ . 306f3/ ag]kl5 pgnfO{ ;dosf] hfgsf/L lng s;}sf] ;xfotf dfUg'k/]g . dflg;x¿n] k6sk6s o; 6fj/af6 xfDkmfnL cfTdxTofsf] sf]l;; u/]sfn] xfn o;nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu r9\\gdf aGb]h nufOPsf] 5 .

o;sf 306fn] pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLdf xf]d l:j6 xf]d w'g ahfpFy] . oxfF x]G8]n l;Dkmf]gLsf ;f]x| ljZjk|l;4 w'gdWo] rf/ w'g rf/ ;dodf aHy] . cr]n Psdfq w'g x/]s kGw| ldg]6df ahfOG5 . ;g\ @)!# df o;sf] dd{t ul/of] .

;do lgsfNg ;St} ;lsPg eg] of] ;8saf6 x]/] klg x'G5 .

 

0f= aDaO{ xfO{ sf]6{ M

aDaO{ xfO{ sf]6{ ef/tsf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf cbfntdWo] Ps xf] . ;g\ !*^@ df :yflkt of] pRr cbfnt xfn dxf/fi6«, uf]jf, bfb/f–gfu/ xj]nL tyf bfdg–lbpmsf nflu xf] . of] snsQf / db|f;sf cbfnt;Fu} v'n]sf] xf] . o;sf d'Vo a]Gr aDaO{d} eP klg cf}/ª\ufafb, gfuk'/ / uf]jfsf] kf]/jf]l/d -k0femL_df ;ls{6 a]Grx¿ 5g\ .

cbfntsf] xfn k|o'St ejg ;g\ !*&!–&* df ag]sf] xf] . ejg %^@ lkm6 nfdf] / !*& lkm6 rf}8f 5 . a]nfolt jf:t'ljb\ s0f{]n h]D; P= km'n/n] o;sf] l8hfOg k|frLg OªlUn; uf]lys z}nLdf u/]sf x'g\ . 

 

t= xfhL cnL b/ufx M

xfhL cnL bof / pbf/tfsf nflu gfd'b lyP . pgL pHa]ls:tfgaf6 oxfF cfPsf lyP . of] b/ufx ;g\ !$#! df ag]sf] xf] . cldtfe jRrgsf] s'nL lkmNd / d}n] t'emsf] lbn b] lbof h:tf cg]s lkmNddf o; b/ufxsf] klg ;'l6ª ul/Psf] 5 . z'qmjf/ / zlgjf/ oxfF eL8 Hofbf x'G5 . laxfg % ah]b]lv ;fFem !) ah];Dd of] :yfg v'nf /xG5 . oxfF avf{df cfpg' 7Ls x'Fb}g M xfO{ 6fO8 eO{ hn;tx a9]/ af6f] aGb x'g k'U5 .

d'DaO{ ;]G6«naf6 oxfF cfpgsf nflu a; kfOG5g\ . dg;'gsf] ;dodf oxfF cfpg] of]hgf ug'{x'Fb}g, kfgLsf] ;tx a9\gfn] oxfF cfpg] af6f] aGb ul/Psf] x'g]5 . oxfFaf6 aflx/ lg:sgf;fy l;l4ljgfossf nflu a; kfOG5g\ .

 

y= d'Daf b]jL dlGb/ M

of] dlGb/ xfhL cnL b/ufxaf6 blIf0fdf k5{ . u]6j] ckm OlG8of klg oxfFaf6 clnslt blIf0fdf xf] . ;LP;Pd6Laf6 pQ/df d'Dafb]jL / blIf0fdf u]6j] ckm OlG8of k5{{g\ . d'DaO{ 3'Dg hfg]n] ?6 ldnfP/ 3'Dg'k5{ gq bf]xf]/f] t]x]/f] kg{ hfG5 af6f] . ;do, k};f / x}/fgL a9\5 .

d'DaO{ w]/}eGbf w]/} :yn 3'Dg rfxg] xf] eg] æd'DaO{ bz{gÆ gfdsf] a; kfOG5 . of] aDaO{sf] ;LP;6L /]nj] :6];gaf6 ;'? x'G5 . o;sf] l6s6 d"No ?= @%)–#)) k5{ . o; a;n] tL;–aQL; nf]s];g 3'dfpg]5 . ko{6s ufO8;d]t pknAw x'G5 . laxfg !) of !)M#) af6 ;'? u/]/ ;fFem &M#) ;Dd 3'dfpg]5 . cfkm}F 3'Dg] xf] eg] oxfFsf /ftf ;fj{hlgs a; kqmg' 7Ls x'G5 .

 

b= 5qklt lzjfhL jf:t' ;ª\u|xfno M

ef/tsf] ejg lgdf{0f snf, jf:t'lzNksf] P]ltxfl;s ;ª\u|x ag]sf] of] Do'lhod ;'?df lk|G; ckm j]N; Do'lhod ckm j]:6g{ OlG8of gfdn] aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] ;'?df :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] .

o; Do'lhoddf %),))) hlt k|frLg ef/tLo Oltxf;sf k'/ftflŒjs ;fdu|Lx¿ ;ª\u[xLt / k|blz{t 5g\ . ef/tLo tyf j}b]lzs e"ldaf6 cfofltt ljleGg jf:t';fdu|LnfO{ tLg ju{df afFl8Psf] 5 M snf, k'/ftŒj / k|fs[lts Oltxf; .

oxfF l;Gw' 3f6Lsf] ;Eotfsf k'/ftflŒjs ;fdu|L;d]t ;ª\u[xLt 5g\ . o;}u/L u'Ktsfn, df}o{sfn, rfn'Sosfn / /fi6«s'n sfnsf ;fdu|L;d]t ;'/lIft u/L k|blz{t 5g\ . ;ª\u|xfno u]6j] ckm OlG8ofaf6 glhs} 5 . pQ/k6\l6, * ;o ld6/ dfq k5{ . x]g{ nfos .

 

 

 

 

%= gflzs

gflzs ;x/ /fdfo0fsyf;Fu hf]l8G5 . oxLF xf] sfdft'/ z"k{0fvfn] >L/fd;Fu of}g;dfudsf] dfu u/]sf] . sfdflUgn] hn]sL p;n] ;'?df p;n] /fdnfO{ k|:tfj u/L, ha /fdn] :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ 5}gg\ eGg] a'emL pm nId0ftkm{ kmsL{ cfx\jfg ug{ nfuL . ha ;LtfnfO{ p;n] b]vL, emD6L . nId0fn] /fdsf] cfb]z kfO{ z"k{0fvfsf] gfs sfl6lbP . o; 36gfn] /fj0f;Fu /fdsf] o'4sf] aLh /f]lkof] . z"k{0fvfn] cfkm\gf efO v/, b"if0f / lqlz/nfO{ cfkm"dfly cfOnfu]sf] cfklQ atfO{ . oL tLg anafx' /fIf; /fhfx¿ rf}w xhf/ ;}lgs lnP/ cfO{ /fd;Fu o'4 ug{ nfu] .

;LtfnfO{ nId0fn] ;Ltf u'kmfdf ;'/lIft /fv] .

/fIf;x¿n] eofgs cfqmd0f u/] . t/ /fd / nId0f eP/ ltgnfO{ k/f:t u/] . lqlz/, v/ / b"if0fsf] d[To' eof] . z"k{0fvf cflQFb} nª\sf k'uL . p;n] /fj0fnfO{ otfsf] eofjx va/ ;'gfO{ . /fj0fn] alxgLsf] gfs sf6\g] / dxfjL/ efOx¿sf] xTof ug{] /fd;Fu abnf lng] lgZro u¥of] .  o;}sf/0f p;n] ;Ltfsf] ckx/0f u/]/ nª\sf k'¥ofPsf] xf] .

/fd jgjf;sf] rf}w jif{dWo] s]xL ;do >L/fd / nId0f ;Ltfsf ;fy oxLF /xg'ePsf] lyof] . /fj0fn] ;Ltfsf] x/0f u/]kl5 /fdfo0fsyf pTsif{tkm{ nfUb5 . gflzs ;x/sf] k~rj6L tL 36gf–kl/36gfsf] ;fIfL xf] .

s'Ded]nfsf sf/0f klg gflzs ef/tel/ ljz]if dxŒj /fV5 .

 

gflzsdf 3'Dg'kg{] :yfgx¿

!= œoDas]Zj/ Hof]ltln{ª\u M

of] :yfg ;x/af6 klZrd–blIf0f @* lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . oxfF a|x\df, lji0f' / dx]Zj/df ;dlk{t tLg lzjlnª\u 5g\ . log} tLg lnª\usf sf/0f o; tLy{nfO{ œoDas]Zj/ elgPsf] xf] . oxfFaf6 Ps lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf a|x\dflul/ kj{t 5 . uf]bfj/L gbLsf] pb\ud :yn eg]/ o;nfO{ lrlgG5 . of] :yfg Psbd ;'Gb/ 5 . hfg nfos .

 

@= k~rj6L, ;Ltf u'kmf M

j/sf kfFr ¿vsf sf/0f o;nfO{ k~rj6L elgPsf] xf] . oxfF uP/ tL kfFr} j/sf] ¿v b]Vg kfOg]5 . ;Ltf u'kmfdf klg k:g'k5{ . ToxfF tLg lj>fd 5g\ . tLg :yfgsf] bz{gkl5 aflx/ lg:sg] af6f] pt}af6 ldNb5 . oxLF xf] ;Ltfsf] ckx/0f ePsf] .  sfnf/fd dlGb/ klg x]g{ nfos 5 . of] dlGb/ nueu @,))) jif{ k'/fgf] xf]  . eujfg\ >L/fdsf] d"lt{ sfnf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ sfnf /fd elgPsf] .

;Xofb|L kj{tdf 5 vf; ;Ltf u'kmf . rf/–kfFr ld6/ rf}8f / nueu c9fO{ ;o ld6/ nfdf] 5 of] u'kmf . of] u'kmf ;'Gb/gf/fo0f dlGb/af6 ;f9] cf7 lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf 5 . 

 

#= ;'Gb/gf/fo0f dlGb/ M

d/f7f jf:t'lzNksf] gd'gf of] dlGb/ gflzs ;x/sf] xNs/ la|hglhs} 5 .  ofbj j+zsf] ;do cyf{t\ t]x|f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] of] lji0f'sf] dlGb/ gflzssf k|d'v cfsif{0fdWo] Ps xf] . x'g t oxfF jif{el/ g} bz{gfyL{ eSthgsf] cf]O/f] nflu/xG5, t/ klg vf;u/L /fdgjdL / sflt{s k"l0f{dfdf oxfF ljz]if eL8ef8 x'G5 .

 

$= tkf]jg M

k~rj6Lsf] cf;kf;df cg]s bz{gLo :yn 5g\ . tkf]jg tLdWo] Ps xf] .  k~rj6Laf6 rf/ lsnf]ld6/ . oxfF nId0fn] z"k{0fvfsf] gfs sf6]sf lyP .

 

%= nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/ M

s'De d]nfdf cfpg] eSthgnfO{ lgMz'Ns ef]hg u/fOG5 . laxfg ;ft ah] / a]n'sf cf7 ah] x'g] cf/tL x]g{ nfos 5 . oxLF >Låf/sfwLz dlGb/ klg 5 .

 

^= d'lStwfd M

oxfF afx|} Hof]ltln{ª\usf] bz{g ldN5 . ofqf oxfFaf6 yfNg' 7Ls x'G5 . 

 

&= Outk'/L lxn :6];g M

ef/tdf haha lxn :6];gsf] s'/f cfpF5, lxdfrn k|b]z, pQ/fv08, bflh{lnª of l;lSsdsf] s'/f cfpF5 . t/ gflzsaf6 !)) lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] Outk'/L lxn :6];g :ju{eGbf sd 5}g . oxfF dg;'gsf] ;dodf hfg' ;a}eGbf pko'St 5 . o;} ;dodf oxfF ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6ssf] cf]O/f] x'G5 . oxfFsf em/gf, vf]nfvf]N;f, /s SnfOlDaª, dfpG6]g 6«]lsª oxfF ul/g] d'Vo ultljlw x'g\ .

 

*= uª\ufk'/ afFw / Aofsjf6;{ M

gflzs ;x/af6 !) lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf l:yt of] :yfg ;fyLefO ldn]/ 3'Dgsf nflu Psbd pko'St 5 .

 

(= ;'nf efOg–of8{ M

gflzs ;x/ k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf, xl/ofnL / dgf]/d zflGtsf nflu gfd'b 5 . oltdfq xf]Og oxfF jfOg pTkfbgsf nflu gfd'b of8{ 5g\ . l8G8f]/Ldf  ef/ts} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / rlr{t ;'nfjfOg of8{ 5 .   k|ltlbg oxfF ( xhf/ 6g;Dd cª\u'/ lkl;G5 / cª\u'/L /S;L agfOG5 . o; jfOg/Ldf Ps jfOg ;ª\u|xfno klg 5 hxfF jfOg agfpg] k|ljlw / Oltxf;sf] emns yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . oxfF jfOg rfVg] ;qdf ;xefuL aGg ;lsG5 . /S;Lsf ;f}lvgsf nflu of] :ju{ g} xf] .

 

!)= c~hg]/L lxN; M

gflzsaf6 sl/a @^ lsnf]ld6/ / œoDas]Zj/ dlGb/af6 nueu !) lsnf]ld6/ k/ l:yt o; kxf8nfO{ xg'dfgsf] hGde"ld klg dflgG5 . oxfF xg'dfgsf ;fy} dftf c~hgLsf dlGb/ klg 5g\ . oxfF Ps lsNnf klg 5, h;nfO{ c~hg]/L kmf]6{ elgG5 . 

 

!!=sf]Og Do'lhod M

ef/tLo d'b|fx¿sf] ljzfn ;ª\u|xfno xf] of] . Pl;of dxfb]zsf] of] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d'b|f ;ª\u|xfno xf] . !(*) df v'n]sf] .

 

!@= ;f]d]Zj/ hnk|kft M

gflzs ;]G6«n a; :6kaf6 gf} lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf uª\ufk'/ /f]8 cyf{t\ gflzsaf6 klZrd–pQ/tkm{ ;f]d]Zj/ dlGb/glhs} cyf{t\ gflzssf] pkgu/Lo e]udf ;'Gb/ ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf of] hnk|kft 5 . ;f]d]Zj/ dlGb/ klg bz{gLo 5 .

 

!#= ;Ktz[ª\uL u9 M

b]jL ;Ktz[ª\uLnfO{ zlStsf] ¿k dflgG5 . oL b]jLnfO{ gflzs ;x/sL s'nb]jLsf dfGotf 5 . gflzsaf6 nueu ^% lsnf]ld6/ pQ/sf] b"/Ldf l:yt oL b]jLnfO{ cw{zlStkL7 dflgG5 . nueu $%)) lkm6 pFrfOsf] ;Ktz[ª\uL kj{tdf oL b]jL lj/flht 5g\ . elgG5, ha ;a} b]jLb]jtfx¿n] dlxiff;'/ /fIf;sf] ljgfzsf nflu dftfsf] cf/fwgf u/], b]jL ;Ktz[ª\uL ¿kdf k|s6 x'g'ePsf] lyof] . of] k|b]zdf ;oflb|sf ;ft kj{tz[ª\vnf  5g\ . oxfF dfs{08]o kj{t klg 5 . cToGt dgf]/d k|fs[lts jftfj/0f . dfs{08]o Clif oxLF tk:of ub{y] elgG5 . 

 

!$= kf08jn]gL u'kmfx¿ M

gflzssf k|l;4 af}4 u'kmfx¿dWo] of] u'kmf;d"x Ps xf] . oxfF nueu !)) hlt u'kmf 5g\ . oL u'kmfx¿ O;fk"j{ klxnf] / bf];|f] ztfAbLdf agfOPsf x'g\ . u'kmfx¿df af}4 leIf'x¿sf nflu a:g] / Wofg ug{] :yfg agfOPsf 5g\ . cfkm\gf] ;d[4 lzNksnf, jf:t'snfsf nflu oL u'kmf gfd'b 5g\ . oL u'kmfx¿ gflzs ;x/af6 sl/a * lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fklZrd ljNxf]nL ufpF hfg] af6fdf nueu #,))) lkm6sf] prfOdf 5g\ . zfGt jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts x/fe/f ePsfn] s'g} klg ko{6s oxfF cfPkl5 dGqd'Uw x'G5 g} .

 

!%= xl/x/ kmf]6{ M

gflzs ;x/af6 nueu $) lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] of] lsNnf x]g{ nfos 5 . xl/x/ lsNnf vtgf{s k}bnofqfsf nflu r'lgG5 . of] :yfg 7f8f] eL/df 5 . of] ofqf cToGt r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . lsNnfdf k'Ug nueu !!& l;F9L r9\g'k5{ . t/ olt klg cToGt 7f8f] le/fnf] psfnf] x'gfn] vt/fk"0f{ klg 5 . sltko 7fpFdf t gAa] l8u|L psfnf] 5 . ;qf}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] of] lsNnf /f]df~rs cg'ej lbg ;dy{ 5 . dxf/fi6«sf] ko{6g ug{] of]hgf agfpFbf k}bnofqfdf ?lr x'g]n] of] :yfg 5'6fpg'x'Fb}g .

 

!^= cfl6{n/L Do'lhod

;}lgs Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08nfO{ :d/0fLo agfpgsf nflu oxfF uf]nLu6\7fsf cg]s gd'gfx¿ /flvPsf] 5 . leG6]h ldl;gug, uf]nf, aGb's / df]6f{/x¿ xftxltof/sf] ljsf;qmd emNsfpg] tl/sfn] ldnfP/ /flvPsf 5g\ . k|yd / bf];|f] ljZjo'4df k|of]u ePsf cg]sy/L tf]k / df]6f{/x¿ 5g\, ef/tLo o'4 Oltxf; / xftxltof/sf] Oltxf; emNsfpg] tf]k / uf]nfx¿ klg 5g\ .

ko{6snfO{ nlIft u/]/ xftxltof/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f;DaGwL 8s'd]G6/L, k|ToIf k|bz{gL tyf df]8]nx¿ k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 . z}lIfs ko{6gsf] k|jw{gsf nflu :s'n] ljBfyL{n] ;d]t a'em\g] u/L gd'gf k|bz{gL tyf df]8]nx¿ a'emfOG5 . lrq, gd'gf / Wjlg ld;fO{ tof/ ul/Psf j[Qlrq  / gd'gfx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ o'4;fdu|L, o'4snf / o'4sf] Oltxf; a'em\g d2t ub{5 .

of] /]lhd]G6 ckm cfl6{n/L Do'lhod 3'Dg k"/f Ps lbg 5'6\ofpg}k5{ .

 

!&= /fds'08

of] s'08 ;'Gb/gf/fo0f dlGb/g]/ uf]bfj/L gbLlsgf/df 5 . eujfg\ >L/fd jgjf;sf] qmddf oxfF cfOk'Ug'x'Fbf o; :yfgdf :gfg ug'{x'GYof] eGg] dfGotf 5 . o; v'nf d'xfgdf :gfg ugf{n] ;d:t kfk gfz x'G5g\ elgPsf] 5 . s'Ded]nfdf oxfF :gfg ug{]x¿sf] 3'OFrf] yfdLg;Sg' x'G5, kfnf] kfpg} sl7g x'G5 .

 

!*= /fhw]/ kmf]6{ M

of] lsNnf ofbjj+zsf] zf;gsfneGbf s]xL cl3 :yfkgf ePsf] dflgG5 . lsNnf ;g\ !@!^–!& df ofbjx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]s]f b]lvG5 . kl5 cnfpl2g lvnhL / kmf?vLsf] ;dodf logn] lnPsf] kfOG5 eg] !^)! df v08]z ;'afcGtu{t of] d'unx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kl5 efbufFjsf /fdhLkGtnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . avf/n] n]v]sf] ljj/0fdf km]l/ /fhw]/ kmf]6{ lzjfhL dxf/fhsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .

;g\ !&%@ sf] efnsLsf] ;lGwdf /fhw]/ lsNnf k]zjfsf lghfdx¿;dIf ;'kb{uL ePsf] kfOG5 . km]l/ !&^@ df dfwj/fj k]zjfn] of] lsNnf lj7\7n lzjb]jnfO{ jflif{s ?= b; xhf/ gh/fgf a'emfpg] ;t{df lbPsf lyP .

oxfF hfg gflzsaf6 ^* lsnf]ld6/ k/sf] rfFbjf8faf6 hfg'k5{ . lsNnfsf] tnx6Ldf /fhw]/jf8L ufpF 5, of] ufpf rfFbjf8faf6 !! lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . /fhw]/jf8Laf6 k}bn hfg'k5{ . nueu b'O{ 306fsf] k}bnofqfkl5 lsNnfsf] d"nåf/df k'luG5 . af6f] :ki6 / gcndlng] vfnsf] 5 . st} kTy/ sf6L l;F9L 5g\ t st} km/flsnf] af6f] klg 5 . jgdf ?v gx'gfn] v'Nnf b]lvG5 . rf]/8fFsfsf] 8/ klg /xFb}g .

/flqjf; M oxfFsf u'kmf / dlGb/df /flqjf; klg ug{ ;lsG5 . tnx6Lsf :yfgLox¿n] Go"gtd d"Nodf vfgkfg / cGo ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpF5g\ .

 

 

 

^= ef]kfn

ef]kfn l:6«6 km'8 / gjfaL ef]hgsf nflu k|l;4 5 . oxfF cfP/ kf]xf hn]aL, rf6 ;df];f, lrof gvfg] xf] eg] ef]kfn cfPsf] s] cy{ / < /fhf ef]hsf] gu/L ef]kfndf cfPsf] avt :ofG8ljr vfg], eftsf] emd]nf g} kb{}g . oxfF cfP/ uh6 vfg w]/}n] ;'emfp lbPsf 5g\ . uh6sf cfp6n]6dWo] Ujflno/ uh6 ;a}eGbf k|l;4 5 . ltn / u'8af6 agfOg] uh6 lgs} dL7f] x'G5 .

ef]kfn ;x/ tfnx¿sf] ;x/ xf] . oxfFsf] ck/ n]s cyf{t\ a8f n]s ljzfn 5 eg] nf]c/ n]s clns ;fgf] 5 . o;afx]s slnof;f]t, zfxk'/f, bfjf, n]lG8of tfnfa, df]ltof tfnfa, gafj d'G;L x;g vfg tfnfa, xt}v]8f hnfzo,  dflgt, s'7f/ tfnfa / s]/jf hnfzo cflb 5g\ .

oxfFsf pQ/L v08x¿df x]d" snfgL, a"/ Eofg, a}/fu9, nfn3f6L, s/f]G8, efgk'/, ?;NnL, cof]Wofgu/, cfgGbgu/, cjwk'/L, e]n cflb d'Vo x'g\ . ;x/ blIf0fdf sd 5 . otfsf v08x¿ u]x"F v]8f, ;+v]bL, ld;/f]b, lzIfs sf+u|];, a/f{O{ x'g\ . ;x/aflx/sf d'Vo a:tLx¿ sf]stf, c/]8L , ;]jlgofF cf]dsf/f, rf]k8f sng, 3f6 v]8L, lkklnof afh vfF, caf{lnof, nDafv]8f, bf]a/f, d'afl/sk'/, ef}/L, vh"/L ;8s, a/v]8f gfy", gLna8, d]G8f]/f cflb x'g\ .

 

ef]kfnsf k|d'v ko{6sLo :yn M

s= ck/ n]s M

o;nfO{ ef]h tfn of a8f tfn eg]/ klg lrlgG5 . ef/tsf dfgjlgld{t tfndWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] tfn . P3f/f}F ztfAbLsf] . /fhf ef]hn] o; tfnsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ eg]/ ljZjf; ul/G5 . sdnf kfs{ gfdsf] eJo zfxL pBfg;Fu} 5 . ef]kfnsf nflu k]o hn o;} tfnaf6 k|fKt x'G5  .

v= jgljxf/ /fli6«o pBfg M

ck/ n]s;Fu}sf] jgljxf/ /fli6«o pBfg x]g{}kg{] pBfg xf] . oxfF d[u, xfOgf, do"/, uf]xL cflb cg]s hLjhGt' / xhf/f}F jg:klt b]Vg kfOG5 . o; pBfgnfO{ ef]kfnsf] kmf]S;f] elgG5 .

u= tfh–pn d;fhL M

of] ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dl:hb xf] eg] Pl;ofsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf dl:hbdWo] Ps xf] . o; dl:hbsf cUnf ldgf/ ef]kfn ;x/sf] nueu ;a} s'gfaf6 b]lvG5g\ .

3= dWok|b]z hghftLo ;ª\u|xfno M

Do'lhodsf] k|j]zåf/df oxfFsf] a|f];/ lng' pko'St x'G5 . a|f];/ k9]kl5 oxfFsf k]lG6ª a'em\g, hghfltx¿sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] k5{ . ;ª\u|xfnonfO{ 5 Uofn/Ldf afFl8Psf] 5 . k|To]s k|v08n] ljleGg hghfltsf] hLjgz}nL, snf / ljZjf;x¿sf] aofg u5{g\ . Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / /x:odf ?lr x'g]sf nflu of] :yfg ljz]if cfsif{0f x'g]5 .

^= ef/t ejg M

of] :jtGq dlN6cf6{ sDKn]S; / Do'lhod xf] .  o;sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng dWok|b]z ;/sf/n] ub{5 . ;g\ !(*@ df :yflkt of] ejg ck/ n]s;Fu} 5 . oxfF cg]s cf6{ Uofn/L, u|flkms k]lG6ª sfo{zfnf, ;]/flds sfo{zfnf, cf]kg Po/ PlDklyP6/, :6'l8of] lyP6/, cl86f]l/od, hghftLo / nf]ssnfsf] ;ª\u|xfno, ef/tLo sfJo–sljtfsf] k':tsfno, zf:qLo ;ª\uLt tyf nf]s;ª\uLt ;ª\u|xfno 5g\ . 

&= ;}/–;kf6f M

of] ko{6g Pjd\ dgf]/~hg :yn xf] . of] klg ck/ n]ssf] lsgf/d} 5 . of] dWok|b]z ;/sf/sf] ko{6g ljsf; lgudn] ljsl;t u/]sf] sDKn]S; xf] . nueu @% Ps8df km}lnPsf] of] :yn @)!! df pb\3f6g ePsf] xf] . oxfF afnaflnsfsf] dgf]/~hgsf nflu emf]n'ª\u] k'n, 6f]o 6«]g cflb cg]syf]s 5g\ .

*= sfGxf kmg l;6L M

oxfF hnljxf/ / cGo lsl;dsf dgf]/~hgdf ?lr x'g]n] hfg}k5{ . :s'n lkslgs, skf{]/]6 kf6L{sf nflu of] ;jf{]Qd :yn xf] .

(= ef]h]Zj/ dlGb/ M

dWok|b]zsf] ef]hk'/ ufpFdf l:yt of] dlGb/ lgdf{0f–ck"0f{ dlGb/ xf] . of] lzjhLdf ;dlk{t 5 . oxfFsf] lzjlnª\u &=% lkm6 cUnf] 5 . of] dlGb/ /fhf ef]hsf] ;do cyf{t\ P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] xf] elgG5 . ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ljefun] o;nfO{ /fli6«o dxŒjsf] w/f]x/ ;+/rgf eg]sf] 5 .

!)= la8nf Do'lhod M

c/f]/f kxf8df ag]sf] of] Do'lhod lzj, lji0f'sf cg]s d"lt{sf nflu ljz]if k|l;4 5 .

!!= eLda]6sf M

cflbdfgjn] agfPsf lrq klg 5g\ oxfF .

ef]kfnaf6 glhs} j/k/sf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M

/fo;]g lsNnf, O:nfdgu/ kmf]6{, dª\unu9 kmf]6{ , kmt]xu9, luGgf]/u9, xf]zª\u zfx kmf]6{, sflnGhf/ kmf]6{, v'/fO{ kmf]6{ . ef]kfnaf6 /fo;]g, ToxfFaf6 ;fFrL / ToxfFaf6 ljlbzf hfg' 7Ls x'G5 .

 

 

&= /fo;]g

ef/tsf /x:odo lsNnfdWo] /fo;]g lsNnf Ps xf] . ef]kfn of ;fFrLaf6 oxfF hfg ;fj{hlgs a; r9]/ hfg ;lsG5 . If]qkmn nueu !) ju{lsnf]ld6/ .

oxfF l;F9L r9]/ hfg] xf] . oxfF cg]s dxnsf v08x/ 5g\ M afbn dxn, /fgL dxn, sf]r ldgf/, wf]aL dxn, dbfuGb tfnfa, k'/fgL srx/L, Oqbfg b/ufx Pjd\ dl:hb, lzj dlGb/ cflb . t/ lzjdlGb/afx]s c¿ ;a} ;+/rgf hh{/ l:yltdf 5g\ . 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf k'u]kl5 rf/}lt/sf] b[Zo eJo b]lvg]5 .

/fo;]g sf sLnf Oltxf;sf] cgf}7f syf xf] . P3f/f}F ztfAbLlt/ ag]sf] o; lsNnfdf hDdf rf}w k6s cg]s /fhfx¿n] xdnf u/] . tf]k / uf]nfx¿sf] df/ em]]n]/ klg cfh;Dd of] lsNnf 5ftL tGsfP/ v8f 5 . of] lsNnfdf cfOk'Ug'cl3 oxfFn] cg]s åf/ / b'u{ eP/ cfpg'k5{ . ;fob p; ;dosf /fhfx¿sf ;}lgs oL b'u{x¿df kx/f lbP/ a:y] .

lsNnfdf k|j]z ugf{;fy Ps ljho:tDe b]Vg'x'g]5 . z"/tf / jL/tfsf] k|tLs o; ljho:tDesf] k"j{k6\l6 Ps lzjdlGb/ b]lvg]5 . of] ;f]d]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ ljzfn kl/;/df 5 . of] dlGb/ jif{df  Ps} lbg dfq v'Nb5 M dxflzj/flqsf] lbg . oxfFleq b'O{ lzjlnª\u 5g\ . sf/0f cfh;Dd yfxf ePsf] 5}g lsg oxfF Ps};fy b'O6f lzjlnª\usf] k"hf ul/GYof] . k'/ftŒj ljefusf] xftdf cfPkl5 of] dlGb/ aGb ul/lbPsf] lyof] . t/ /fo;]g gu/sf dflg;x¿n] Psh'6 eP/ dlGb/ vf]Ng] / oxfF l:yt lzjlnª\usf] k|f0fk|lti7f u/fpg] dfu u/] .

o;af6 /fHosf d'VodGqL :jod\ cfP/ dxflzj/flqsf lbg o;sf] k|f0fk|lti7f u/fP clg ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf /flvlbP . cfh klg of] dlGb/ dxflzj/flqsf lbg v'nf /xG5 . ;f] lbg oxfF Ps d]nf klg nfU5 . dlGb/sf] leqL efusf] b[Zo cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 . ;Dk"0f{ kl/;/df ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ /rgf oxL lzj dlGb/ xf] . oxfFsf ;of}F :tDen] dlGb/nfO{ c8\ofPsf 5g\ / of] x]g{ nfos b[Zo aG5 .

dWosfndf /fo;]g ;]nxf/L ;/bf/x¿sf] dha't u9 lyof] .  afa/sf] ;dodf oxfFsf zf;s lznflbTo lyP . logn] jflno/sf ljqmdflbTo, lrQf}8u9sf /f0ff ;fª\3f, rGb]/Lsf d]lbgL /fo tyf cGo /fhfx¿;Fu ldn]/ vfG8jfsf] o'4df afa/sf] ;]gf;Fu n8fOF u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !%$# df /fo;]g b'u{df z]/ zfx ;"/Ln] cfqmd0f u/] . eofgs n8fOF n8]sf lyP .

o; n8fOFdf z]/ zfx ;"/Ln] ljho xfl;n u/] . t/ pgn] wf]sfw8L u/] . pgn] o; lsNnfsf] /Iffdf v6fOPsf /fhk"tx¿nfO{ df/] . h;nfO{ /Iff ug{] eg]/ klxn] pgn] jrg lbPsf lyP . o; s'/fn] /fhk"tx¿ z]/ zfxsf zq' ag] . o;kl5 sflnGh/sf] o'4df pgLx¿n] z]/ zfxsf] 86]/ d'sflanf u/] . /fo;]g d'unx¿sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k|zf;lgs s]Gb| lyof] . csa/sf] ;dodf of] pHh}gsf] ;"afdf ;fd]n lyof] . ‘tfl/v–P– z]/ zfxL’ gfdsf] lstfadf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M z]/ zfx ;"/Ln] rf/ dlxgf nfdf] 3]/faGbLdf klg o; lsNnfnfO{ lhTg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . o;kl5 tfFafsf l;Ssfx¿nfO{ unfP/ oxLF tf]kx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/fP . log} tf]kx¿sf] andf dfq z]/ zfxn] lht xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf lyP .

cfh klg tL tf]kx¿ ToxfF /flvPsf 5g\ .

z]/ zfxn] o; lsNnfnfO{ 3]/]sf] ;dodf /fo;]gdf /fhf k"/0fdnsf] zf;g lyof] . /fhf k"/0fdn z]/ zfxsf] wf]sfsf] l;sf/ ePsf lyP . ha pgnfO{ cfkm" wf]sfdf kl/of] eGg] yfxf eof], /fhf k"/0fdnn] cfkm\gL /fgL /TgfjnLnfO{ zq'x¿n] xft gnufpmg\ eg]/ cfkm"n] cfTdxTof ug'{cl3 ltgsf] lz/ sfl6lbP . 

oxfF d"n åf/ hlxNo} aGb /xG5 / 5]j}af6 e"ne'n}of dfu{x¿df kl;G5 . cfh ljzfn ejgx¿sf aLr of] lsNnf Psbd hh{/ b]lvG5 . of] nueu v08x/ eO;s]s]f 5 eg] x'G5 . oL v08x/ eO;Sg nfu]sf b/af/x¿, ejgx¿ b]v]/ klg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 of] lsNnf / oxfFsf b/af/x¿ slt ljzfn / eJo lyP xf]nf .

oxfF l:yt /fgLsf] dxn cToGt ;'Gb/ b]lvG5 . k/Gt' ;xL x]/ljrf/sf] cefjsf sf/0f of] eTs]sf] cj:yfdf 5 . oxfF u'Dahfsf/ cfs[lt, cUnfcUnf 9f]sfx¿, 7"nf7"nf sIfx¿ cfh klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . ef/tLo jf:t'snf, cem ljz]ifu/L dWok|b]zLo jf:t'snfsf oL kl/rfos x'g\ .

lktfk'vf{sf] gf;f] ;DxfNg w]/} sl7g x'Fbf] /x]5 . o;sf nflu Ps s'zn ;f]rsf] h?/L x'G5 . b'ef{Uojz g]kfn / ef/tdf lktfk'vf{sf] w/f]x/ hf]ufpg], ;+j4{g ug{], o;nfO{ ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf] ljifoj:t' agfpg] cflb hfFu/, ;Lk / ?lrsf] ;j{yf cefj b]lvG5 eGg] s'/fsf] of] lsNnf Ps :ki6 k|df0f xf] . o;sf nflu xfdL, xfd|f] ;dfh, /fHo jf sf] <

/fo;]g lsNnf ctLtsf] cfkm\gf] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf; Psbd lrRofO{lrRofO{ /f]O{/f]O{ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfO/x]sf] 5 . xfdL lsg alx/f ePsf <

o; b'u{leq Ps dl:hb klg 5 . oxfF dflg;x¿ ;fob gdfh k9\y] xf]nfg\ . o; dl:hbsf] k|fª\u0fdf s]xL tf]kx¿sf gfn b]lvG5g\ . oL tf]kx¿ cnu–cnu ;fOhsf b]lvG5g\ . oL pSt lsNnfsf zf}o{sf kl/rfos x'g\ . dl:hbsf] o; v08df dxnsf] Oqbfg dxn klg 5 . Oqbfg dxnsf] leqL v08df agfPsf cfnf Osf] ;fpG8 l;:6dsf gd'gf 5g\ . Pp6f cfnfdf d'v nfP/ s]xL ;fptL ug{] xf] eg] ljk/Lt lbzfdf agfOPsf] cfnfdf :ki6 ;'lgG5 . oL b'O{ cfnf nueu @) lkm6sf] b"/Ldf 5g\ . o; k|ljlwnfO{ a'em\g cfh klg ;xh 5}g .

avf{df o; b; ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] lsNnfleq kg{] ;d:t kfgL e"ldut gfnf eP/ hDdf ul/G5 .  e"ldut gfnLx¿ slt 5g\, sxfFsxfF 5g\, s;/L kfgL Psq ug{] k|aGw ldnfOPsf] 5 cfh klg :ki6 5}g . p;a]nfsf] OlGhlgol/ª dfGg}k5{ .

p;a]nfsf /fhfdxf/fhfx¿, ltgsf ;Nnfxsf/x¿, k|fljlw1x¿sf] 1fgnfO{ dfGg}k5{ .

ls+jbGtLcg';f/ oxfFsf /fhf;Fu kf/;dl0f lyof] . To; kf/;dl0fnfO{ 5'jfof] eg] kmnfd klg ;'g x'GYof] . o;} kf/; kTy/sf nflu cg]s o'4 ePsf lyP . ha o'4df oxfFsf /fhf /fh;]g xfg{ k'u], pgn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] kf/;dl0fnfO{ lsNnfdf ag]sf] Pp6f ljzfn tnfpdf km\ofFlslbP . s}of}F /fhfn] ;f] kf/; kTy/ e]6\gsf nflu lsNnfsf] cg]s 7fpFdf pTvgg u/] . t/ ltgsf] k|oTg ;kmn ePg .

cfh klg dflg;x¿ /ftsf] ;do kf/]/ tflGqsx¿ lnP/ ToxfF kf/; kTy/ v]fHg hfG5g\ . hlt u/] klg s;}n] ;f] kTy/ e]6]gg\ . o; vf]hsf] ljifodf csf{] klg syf 5 M

dflg;x¿ ljZjf; u5{g\, h;n] pSt kf/; kTy/sf] v]fhL u5{g\ ltgn] dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfpF5g\ . dflg;x¿ eG5g\ Ps lhGgn] ;f] kf/; kTy/sf] /Iff ul//x]sf] 5 .

aujf kTy/n] ag]sf] o; ljzfn lsNnfsf] rf/}lt/ Psbd cUnf] kvf{n 5 . o; kvf{ndf gf} åf/ / t]x| a'hf{ 5g\  . zfgbf/ Oltxf; af]s]sf] o; lsNnfaf6 cg]s /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/] . cfh of] lsNnf cToGt hL0f{ / hh{/ cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . c¿ b]zdf ePsf] eP o;nfO{ hL0ff{]4f/ u/L b'?:t /flvg] lyof] / ko{6sx¿nfO{ oxfF k'Ug ljjz kfl/g] lyof] xf]nf .

 

*= ;fFrL 

;fFrL :t"k af}4 wd{sf kfFr tLy{:yndWo] Ps xf] M n'lDagL, af]wuof, ;f/gfy, s'zLgu/kl5 ;fFrL g} k|d'v dxTTjsf ynf] x]f . of] dWok|b]zsf] /fo;]g lhNnfdf kg{] ;fFrL ;x/g]/sf] Ps l9:sfdf 5 . /fo;]g ahf/af6 of] nueu @# lsnf]ld6/ / ef]kfnaf6 $^ lsnf]ld6/ pQ/k"j{df k5{ .

;fFrLl:yt dxf:t"k ef/tsf ;a}eGbf k|frLg 9'ª\u] ;+/rgfdWo] Ps xf] . ef/tLo jf:t'lzNksf k|frLgtd gd'gfdWo] Ps klg xf] of] . o;nfO{ df}o{j+zsf zf;s czf]sn] O;fk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbLdf agfpg nufPsf x'g\ .

a'4sf cjz]ifdfly ;fwf/0f cw{uf]nfsf/ OF6 ;+/rgf agfO{ of] :t"k tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ 5qn] ;'zf]let ul/Psf] 5 . ;d|f6\ czf]ssL kTgL b]jL oxLFg]/sf] ljlbzf ;x/sL wgf9\o Jofkf/LsL k'qL lyOg\ . ;fFrL pgsf] hGdynf] / czf]s;Fusf] ljjfx:yn klg xf] . O;fk"j{ klxnf] ztfAbLdf ljlrq sfl/u/L ePsf tf]/0f agfOP . o; ;dodf ;fFrL :t"knfO{ j/k/ cg]s ;+/rgf yk]/ cem cfsif{s agfOof] . P3f/f}F ztfAbL;Dd o;sf] ljsf; / km}nfj6 eO/x\of] .

ef/tLo ?lkofF b'O{ ;osf] gf]6df ;fFrL :t"k lrlqt 5 . o;n] :t"ksf] dxTTj emNsfpF5 .

df}o{j+zL /fhfx¿n] agfPsf] :t"k g+ ! ;a}eGbf 7"nf], eJo / ;'/lIft 5 cfh;Dd . kl5 czf]s :tDe yk]/ o;nfO{ cem ;'zf]let ul/Psf] xf] . z"ª\u / ztjfxg /fhfx¿sf] zf;gsfndf pSt :t'knfO{ cem 7"nf] kf/L u]6x¿, /]lnªx¿ yk]/ cem ;'zflet ul/of] . kl5 o;j/k/ yk :t'kx¿, u'Dafx¿ / cGo ;+/rgf ylkP .  :t"k g+= @ / # kl5 ylkPsf dflgG5g\ .

;Fu;Fu} u'Ktsfndf ;d]t cGo dlGb/ ;+/rgfx¿ ylkP . ;fFRr} g} ;fFrL k|frLg ef/tLo jf:t'snf / af}4 jf:t'snfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ k|bz{g ug{] ;a}eGbf :ki6 ynf] xf] .

;fFrL :t'k nueu @! ld6/ cUnf] 5 . o; :t"kdf rf/ tf]/0fåf/ klg 5g\ . logn] eujfg\ a'4sf] hGdb]lv d/0f;Ddsf] syf eGb5g\ . of] :t"k o'g]:sf] ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t 5 .

ef]kfn–ljlbzf xfOj]df #)) ld6/ . ef]kfnaf6 jf /fo;]gaf6 ljlbzf hfFbf af6}df kb{5 .

 

 

 

(= ljlbzf

a]tjf gbLsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf a;]sf] of] k|frLg ;x/ O;fk"j{ kfFrf}F / 5}6f}F ztfAbLdf Ps dxTTjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t lyof] . z'ª\u, gfu, ztjfxg / u'Ktsfndf o;sf] rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . ;d|f6\ czf]ssf lktf ljlbzfsf /hf}6f lyP . pgsL a'4dfuL{ /fgL b]jL o;} ;x/df x's{]sL x'g\ . o; ;x/sf] rrf{ sflnbf;n] cfkm\gf] cd/ sfJos[lt d]3b"td\df u/]sf 5g\ .

dWosfndf ljlbzfsf] gfd e]n;f jf len;f lyof] . cem cufl8 o;sf] gfd a];gu/ jf e8\l8nk'/ lyof] . a]tjf gbL / o; ;x/sf] rrf{ k'/f0fx¿df kfOG5, /fdfo0fdf kfOG5 . /fdfo0fdf zq'£gn] oxfF zf;g u/]sf] clg kl5 pgsf sfG5f k'q zq'3l6n] klg zf;g rnfPsf] k|;ª\u cfpF5 . cn]Sh]G8/ slGgª3dn] !*&$–&% df oxfF cfO{ ;x/sf] eUgfjz]if b]vL yk rf;f] b]vfPsf lyP . ;x/sf] klZrdL efudf ljzfn ;'/Iff kvf{n 5Fb} /x]5 To; ;do;Dd . o; kvf{naflx/ k|frLg af}4 /]lnªx¿ /x]5g\ . cg]s :t"ksf eUgfjz]if kfOP . pTvggaf6 cg]s d'b|f e]l6P . oL ;an] gu/sf] P]ltxfl;stf l;4 eof] .

;g\ !@(# df cnfpl2g lvnhLn] o; ;x/nfO{ Wj:t kf/] . lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg hnfn'l2gsf hg/nsf] ¿kdf oxfF cfqmd0f ug{ cfPsf lyP . kl5 !%#@ df u'h/ftsf ;'Ntfg axfb'/ zfxn] km]l/ o;nfO{ Wj:t kfl/lbP . kl5 of] dfnjf ;'Ntfgx¿sf] xftdf uof] . cem kl5 cfP/ of] l;lGwof /fhj+z cyf{t\ Ujflno/sf dxf/fhfx¿sf] xftdf kg{ uof] .

 

ljlbzf ;x/sf d'Vo bz{gLo :ynx¿

s= x]lnof]8f]/; :tDe M

O;fk"j{ !%) df 78\ofOPsf] ljlbzfaf6 pQ/ $ lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf cjl:yt o; :tDenfO{ u?8:tDe klg elgG5 . o;nfO{ :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] vDaf afafsf ¿kdf k'Hb5g\ . of] :tDe Ps} kTy/nfO{ sf6]/ agfOPsf] 5 / of] P]ltxfl;s b[li6n] Psbd dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . xnfnL / a]tjf gbLsf] bf]efgaf6 of] :yfg glhs} 5 . bf]efgnfO{ lqj]0fL3f6 elgG5 . of] :tDe tIflznfsf OG8f]–lu|s /fhf PlG6cfzLn bf;sf /fhb"tn] agfPsf lyP . tL /fhb"t z'ª\u /fhf efueb|sf] /fh;efdf cfPsf lyP .  :tDe eujfg\ jf;'b]jdf ;dlk{t 5 . eujfg\ jf;'b]jsf] dlGb/sf cufl8 o;nfO{ 78\ofOPsf] lyof] .  

v= pbolul/ u'kmf M

pbolul/ u'kmf ljlbzf ;x/af6 nueu !) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf Ps ;fgf] kxf8df 5g\  . oxfF hfg ljlbzfaf6 pQ/ a]tjf lqj]0fL 3f6af6 hfg ;lhnf] xf]nf  . oL u'kmfx¿ ljlbzfaf6 klZrd lbzfdf 5g\ . logLx¿ e'jg]Zj/sf pbolul/ / vf08lul/h:t} nfU5g\ .  oL u'kmfx¿ kfFrf}F ztfAbL cyf{t\ u'Ktsfndf r6\6fgx¿ sf6]/ agfOPsf x'g\ .  oxfF hDdf aL; u'kmf 5g\ . u'kmf g+ % ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o 5 . oxfF eujfg\ >Llji0f'sf] afx| lkm6 cUnf] d"lt{ 5  . o;df e"b]jL cyf{t\ k[YjLsf] d'lSt b;f{OPsf] 5 . Oltxf;df ?lr /fVg]x¿n] oxfF hfg' plrt 5 . laxfg gf} ah]b]lv a]n'sf % ah];Dd hfg ;lsg] .

u= dfwj uf8{]g M

ljlbzfdf @))$ df ag]sf] of] pBfg Psbd} x/fe/f / ;'Gb/ 5 . dfwj pBfg /]nj] :6];gaf6 klZrdk6\l6 d'l:snn] %)) ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 .  of] gLdtfnsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf 5 .  of] ;x/sf] aLrdf k5{ . laxfg %–( / a]n'sf %–* ah] v'nf . tfnsf] pQ/L v08df g]kfn km'8 ;k 5 . oxfFaf6 /]ndfu{ kfl/k6\l6 z]vk'/fsf lhNnf Do'lhod / /jLGb|gfy ;f+:s[lts ejg klg glhs} k5{g\ .

3= dfnfb]jL dlGb/ M

Uof/f;k'/sf] of] Ps k|frLg  / cToGt k|l;4 h}g dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ k|ltxf/ z}nLdf agfOPsf] 5 . of] :yfg ljlbzfaf6 $) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/k"j{df ;fu/ hfg] dfu{df k5{ . o;}g]/ xf] lxG8f]nf tf]/0f klg . oL b'O{ :yfgaLr Ps lsnf]ld6/ dfq b"/L 5 . oxfF a;df cfO{ b'j} :yfg x]/]/ ptf ;fu/ hfg' 7Ls b]lvG5 . Pp6} ljzfn 9'ª\ufnfO{ sf6]/ dfnfb]jL dlGb/ agfOPsf] xf] . cUnf] kxf8df l:yt o; dlGb/af6 j/k/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg eJo x'G5 . t/ o; dlGb/leq k:g dgfxL 5 .

ª= lxG8f]nf tf]/0f M

ljlbzfaf6 ;fu/ hfg] af6fdf #% lsld pQ/–k"j{sf] Uof/f;k'/df 5 of] tf]/0f . oxfF klxn] Ps lji0f' dlGb/ lyof], h;sf] ca cjz]ifdfq 5 . of] dlGb/ dWosfnLg Oltxf;sf] Ps a]hf]8 lx:;f xf] . cfh klg oxfF lji0f'sf b; cjtf/sf snfs[lt b]Vg kfOG5 . lxG8f]nf tf]/0f ;f]xL dlGb/sf] k|j]zåf/ lyof]

r= l8l:6«S6 Do'lhod M

ljlbzfsf k'/fgf d"lt{x¿, l;Ssf, snfs[ltx¿ tyf cGo P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\u|xfno xf] of] . ;g\ !(^@ df ag]sf] o; ;ª\u|xfnodf cf7f}Fb]lv afx|f}F ztfAbLsf cg]s d"lt{x¿ ;ª\u[xLt 5g\ .  sltko d"lt{x¿ h:tfsf] t:t} 5g\ eg] sltko d"lt{rflxF b'Mvb :j¿kdf 5g\ . Do'lhod plt w]/} Jojl:yt 5}g . laxfg !) ah]b]lv ;fFem % ah];Dd of] ;ª\u|xfno v'nf /xG5 . ef/tLo gful/ssf nflu k|j]z z'Ns ?= !).– / ljb]zLsf nflu ?= !)).– k5{ . of] :yfg ljlbzf /]nj] :6];gaf6 Psbd glhs blIf0fk6\l6 z]vk'/fdf 5 .

5= nf]xfª\uL kj{t M

ljlbzf ;x/af6 nueu ! lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf of] kxf8 5 . nueu @)) lkm6 cUnf] of] l9:sfsf] syf dxfef/tsfn;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; l9:sfsf] 6'Kkfdf cg]s dlGb/, dl:hb / dsa/f ag]sf 5g\ . nf]xfª\uLdf /fhfsf 3f]8f afFWg] c:tan lyof] elgG5  . oxfF afFlwg] 3f]8f cZjd]w o1sf nflu of]Uo dflgGYof] . p;a]nf 3f]8fn] kfgL vfg] u/]sf] cfxfn cfh klg 5Fb} 5 . oxfF ;of}F jif{ k'/fgf] Ps :tDe 5, o;nfO{ ;d|f6\ czf]ssf] :tDe dflgG5 . kxf8sf] 6fs'/faf6 ljlbzf ;x/sf] ;fgbf/ b[Zo b]lvG5  . oxfF u'?k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ljzfn d]nf nfU5 . laxfg *–a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd v'nf . oxfF k'Ug ljlbzf /]nj] :6];gaf6 Ps lsnf]ld6/eGbf sd b"/L . pQ/df .

h= xnfnL afFw / em/gf M

oxfFsf] em/gf / afFw cToGt ;'Gb/ 5 . o;};Fu xnfnL l/l6«6 gfdsf] l/hf]6{ xf]6n agfOPsf] 5 . dWok|b]z ;/sf/n] agfPsf] o; l/l6«6df ljZje/sf ko{6s cfpF5g\ . l/hf]6{sf] k|j]z z'Ns  ?= !%.– dfq 5 . oxfF afnaRrfsf nflu /dfpg] :yfg, gf}sfljxf/ cflbsf nflu kof{Kt Joj:yf 5 . of] :yfg ljlbzfaf6 nueu #) lsnf]ld6/ klZrddf 5 . oxfF hfg ;fFrL / vf]xf x'Fb} hfg'k5{ .

em= aLhfd08n M

o;nfO{ ljhodlGb/ klg elgG5 . of] ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf hldgd'lgaf6 lg:s]sf] 5 . dtna of] b/af/sf] hlt efu hldgdfly 5, To;eGbf lgs} a9L efu hldgd'lg 5 . s'g} sf/0fjz o;sf] pTvgg x'g kfPsf] 5}g . of] dxn nueu Ps xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] xf] eGg] dflgG5 . ljlbzf ;x/d} 5  . of] P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf ag]sf] of] dlGb/ !^*@ df gi6 ePsf] lyof] . o;kl5 o; :yfgdf d'un ;d|f6\ cf}/ª\uh]an] dl:hbsf] lgdf{0f u/fP . /]nj] :6];gaf6 pQ/ 8]9 lsld .

o; dlGb/sf] Ps :tDedf /fhf g/jd{gsf] elSt lznfn]v 5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 oxfFsf] d"n dlGb/ b]jL ;lRrsfnfO{ ;dlk{t ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} :tDedf /fhf g/jd{g / b]jL ljhofsf] gfd klg 5 . 

6= ;f]nx vDaL dlGb/ M

of] dlGb/ ljlbzf lhNnfsf] s'8jfO{ txl;ncGtu{t a8f]xf] ;x/df 5 .

7= /jLGb|gfy 6}uf]/ ;f+:s[lts ejg M

;ª\uLt, snf, g[To / clego gf6s–3/ . of] :yfg ljlbzfsf] z]/k'/fcGtu{t tvtdn sf]nf]gLdf 5 . lhNnf ;ª\u|xfno klg oxLF 5 . ljlbzf /]nj] :6];g;Fu blIf0fk6\l6 hf]l8Psf] sf]nf]gL xf] tvtdn sf]nf]gL, z]/k'/f .

8= r/0ftLy{ dlGb/

ljlbzfsf of] dlGb/ k|d'v h}g dlGb/dWo] Ps xf] . a]tjf gbLsf] klZrdL lsgf/df ag]sf] of] h}g dlGb/ ;x/sf] d'Vo efuaf6 emGg} tLg lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df k5{ .

9= jh|gfy dlGb/ M

of] Uof/f;k'/df 5 . d'Vo dlGb/ klxn] lxGb' dlGb/ lyof] / kl5 o;nfO{ abn]/ h}g dlGb/ agfOPsf] dflgG5 . pQ/L dlGb/ eujfg\ lzjdf ;dlk{t lyof] . aLrsf] dlGb/ eujfg\ ;"o{df ;dlk{t lyof] eg] blIf0fsf] dlGb/rflxF eujfg\ lji0f'df ;dlk{t lyof] . clxn] tL tLg} dlGb/ h}g tLy{ª\s/x¿df ;dlk{t ul/Psf 5g\ . of] dlGb/ Uof/f;k'/sf dfnfb]jL dlGb/sf] 7Ls ;fd'Gg] k/ /fhdfu{–!$^ df txl;nbf/ sfof{no;Fu} 5 .

0f= /fxtu9 lsNnf

ljlbzfaf6 ;fu/ hfg] af6fdf k5{ . ;fu/sf e|d0fof]Uo :yfgdWo] Ps .

 

 

!)= ;fu/

tLglt/af6 ljGWo kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] of] ;x/ nfvf aGhf/f tfnsf] lsgf/df a;]sf] 5 . o; ;x/sf] k'/fgf] gfd ;f}u9 xf] . ;fu/ a; :6]G8af6 of] tfn Psbd glhs 5 . /]nj] :6];gaf6 Ps lsnf]ld6/hlt blIf0fdf 5 . vh'/, af]6n 6«L, czf]s, gl/jn, cfFksf ¿vx¿sf] 5fofdf tnfpjl/kl/ x]bf{x]b{} k"/} ;x/sf] kl/qmdf ul/G5 . ;x/sf] d'Vo efu tfnsf] pQ/L v08df eP klg blIf0fL v08df klg ;x/sf] s]xL efu 5 .

ljGWo kj{tsf] sfvdf a;]sf] o; ;x/sf] ;'Gb/tf oL tfn g} x'g\ eg] klg x'G5 . ;g\ @)!* df o; ;x/nfO{ b]zsf] ;a}eGbf ;'/lIft ;x/sf] bhf{ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . skf; v]tL / skf; lulgª pBf]usf sf/0f klg of] rlr{t 5 . dWok|b]zsf] k|yd ljZjljBfno o;} ;x/df v'n]sf] lyof] M 8f= xl/l;+x uf}8 ljZjljBfno .

dxfef/tsfndf o;sf] gfd ;"lStdtL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . r]lb /fhfx¿ oxfF zf;g ub{y] . kl5 oxfF clx/ /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/] . clx/x¿sf] /fhwfgL u9kx/fdf lyof] . ;g\ !^^) df pb]gzfxn] o; ;x/nfO{ k'gM a;fPsf x'g\ . ;g\ !&%^ df of] ;x/ k]zjf /fhfx¿sf] xftdf uof] . uf]ljGbkGtn] ;fu/ lemnsf] lsgf/df a;]sf] o; ;x/nfO{ /fhwfgL agfPsf x'g\ elgPsf] 5 . !*!* df lhNnfsf] clwsf+z efu k]zjf /fhf aflh/fj låtLon] cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ ;'Dk] . o;/L ;fu/ lhNnf / cf;kf;sf e"ldsf] Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g / cflwkTo ablnO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

 

;fu/sf d'Vo ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M

s= nfvf aGhf/f tfn M

:yfgLox¿sf nflu of] tfn uª\uf / gd{bfsf em}F k"hgLo 5 . nfvf aGhf/f gfdsf] Ps k|l;4 Jofkf/L lyof] . o; tfnsf] lgdf{0f p;}n] u/fPsf] xf] . To; Jofkf/L;Fu nfvf}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf kz' lyP . hGt'x¿nfO{ kfgL v'jfpg sl7g lyof] . kfgL lkpg gkfP/ ltvf{n] g} dfq klg s}of}F hGt' dg{] uy{] . o;sf/0f o; Jofkf/Ln] tfn vgfof] . hlt vg] klg oxfF kfgL lg:s]g .

s;}n] elglbof]– ævf8Lsf] aLrdf Ps gjljjflxt hf]8LnfO{ lkªdf /fv]/ xNnfpg", clg dfq tfndf kfgL knfpg]5 .Æ

nfvf aGhf/fn] cfkm\gf gjljjflxt 5f]/f–a'xf/LnfO{ o; sfo{sf nflu tof/ u¥of] . ha gjljjflxt hf]8LnfO{ lkªdf /fv]/ xNnfOof], tfndf kfgL b]vfk¥of] . t/ b'ef{Uo, tfndf kfgL olt l56f] el/of] ls gjljjflxt hf]8L ;f]xL tfnsf] ulx/f] kfgLdf 8'a] .

o;} jlnbfgsf] ;Demgf:j¿k o; tfnsf] gfd nfvf aGhf/f /x]sf] xf] . klxn] of] tfn !#)) Ps8 If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] lyof] t/ ca v'Dr]/ $)) Ps8 If]qkmndf dfq km}lnPsf] 5 . o;f] eP klg ;fu/ ;x/sf] ;'Gb/tf, zLtntf / xl/ofnL sfod /fVgdf o;sf] e"ldsf cxd\ 5 . tfnjl/kl/ 3'Dg nueu $=& lsnf]ld6/ dfu{ 5 . 

v= u8kx/f M

k'/fgf ;fu/ cyf{t\ u8kx/fsf] af/]df s] elgG5 eg] o; kxf8df x/]s /ft Ps uLt u'GhG5 . s'g} ;dodf Ps g6 cfkm\gf /fhfnfO{ v';L kfg{sf nflu uLt ufpFYof] . p;n] s}of}F /ft uLt ufP/ latfof] . s] klg elgG5 eg], oxfFsf /fhfn] Ps g6–g6LnfO{ cfkm\gf] r6s rdTsf/ b]vfpg eg] . o;sf nflu oxfFsf] kxf8b]lv b/af/sf] Ps sf]7f;Dd 8f]/L afFlwof] . g6L To; 8f]/Ldf uO/x]sL lyO{ / g6 of] uLt ufO/x]sf] lyof] . ha g6L kxf8b]lv pSt sf]7fdf k'Ug nfu]sL lyO{, /fgLn] ;f] 8f]/L sf6\g nufOg\ . o;af6 Tof] r6s b]vfpg] g6Lsf] d[To' eof]  . g6Lsf] ljof]udf g6sf] klg k|f0fkv]? p8\of] .

;f]xL ;dob]lv g6 / g6Lsf] cfTdf o; kxf8L e"lddf ef}Ftfl/O/x]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿ o; syfnfO{ ;To Oltxf; dfGb5g\ . u8kx/fsf] 6'Kkfdf xg'dfg / b]jL b'uf{sf] dlGb/ klg 5 . oxfF;Dd hfgsf nflu nueu !))–!%) l;F9L r9]/ dfly dlGb/;Dd k'luG5 . c;f/ dlxgfdf x/]s dª\unjf/ o; k|fª\u0fdf d]nf nfUb5 . d]nfsf] cfkm\g} ljlzi6 dxŒj / cfsif{0f 5 .

u= /fxtu9 M

of] d"ntM lkslgs :k6sf] ¿kdf rlr{t 5 . oxfF klg k'/fgf dlGb/ / b/af/x¿sf] cjz]if b]Vg kfOG5 . sl/a ^) Ps8df km}lnPsf] /fxtu9 lsNnf cfkm\gf] ljz]if sxfgL elg/x]sf] 5 . ;fu/ ;x/af6 ;f]em} $) lsnf]ld6/hlt klZrd ljlbzfaf6 cfpg] dfu{df aLgf gbLsf] lsgf/df ag]sf] of] ljzfn lsNnf x]g{ nfos 5 .  oxfF @^ b'u{ 5g\ . /fxtu9 em/gf aLgf gbLdf nueu %) lkm6sf] pFrfOaf6 emb{5 . 7"nf] cfjfhsf ;fy emg{] o; em/gfn] /]zdL wfufsf] cf]9\g]sf] ememNsf] ofb u/fpF5 . oxfFsf] xl/ofnL / zflGtn] ubf{ g} xf] o;n] w]/} nf]slk|o jgef]h :ynsf] ¿kdf kl/ro kfPsf] .

3= P/g M

k|frLg l;Ssfx¿df o;sf] gfd P/]lgs n]lvPsf] 5 . kfFrf}F tyf 5}6f}F ztfAbLsf] u'Ktsfnsf cg]s :df/s / dlGb/ 5g\ . P/gdf l:yt afx| lji0f' tyf g/l;+x dlGb/ ljz]if rlr{t 5g\ . of] :yfg ;fu/af6 nueu () lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . oxfF k'Ug ;8sdfu{afx]s 6«]gaf6 klg hfg ;lsG5 . aLgf ;x/af6 of] nueu !! lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf aLgf gbLsf] lsgf/df 5 .

ª= gf}/fb]xL jGohGt' cf/If M

;fu/, bfdf]x, g/l;+xk'/–hank'/ lhNnfdf km}lnPsf] of] cf/Ifdf 6«]lsª, P8e]Gr/ / jgofqfsf] cfgGb lng ;lsG5 . ;g\ !(&% df :yfkgf ul/Psf] !@)) ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] o; jGohGt' cf/Ifdf lrGsf/f, t]Gb'cf efn', xl/0f, uf]xL, ;fDaf/, lrQn / cg]s k|hfltsf  jGohLj ;'/lIft 5g\ . dWok|b]z /fHosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] jGohGt' cf/If xf] of] . oxfF k'Ug ;fu/af6 nueu gAa] lsnf]ld6/

r= rGb|f kfs{ M

of] kfs{ l;len nfOG;sf] aLrsf] uf]kfnuGhdf 5 . cf/fd ug{, tfhf xfjf lng / 3'dlkm/ ug{sf nflu of] :yn Psbd pko'St 5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu lrKn]6L cflb klg 5g\ . 

5= cfjrGbsf u'kmfx¿ M

oL u'kmfx¿ ;fu/ ;x/af6 nueu #% lsnf]ld6/ ;fu/–bdf]x dfu{df 5g\ . ;a}eGbf nfdf] u'kmf rfnL; lkm6 nfdf] 5 . ds/ ;ª\fqmflGtdf oxfF d]nf nfU5 .

h= l;6L km/]:6 M

o;nfO{ lttnL jg klg elgG5 . of] 8fF8fdf ePsfn] oxfFaf6 ;fu/ ;x/sf] zfgbf/ b[Zo b]Vg kfOG5 .  oxfF xKtfsf] ;ft} lbg laxfg 5 ah]b]lv a]n'sf % ah];Dd 3'Dg k|j]z kfOG5 .

em= j?0f :d[lt kfs{ M

of] :yfg ;fu/af6 nueu !% lsnf]ld6/ k/ pQ/k"j{df 5 . of] cToGt ;'Gb/ kfs{ xf]  . laxfg gf} ah]b]lv a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd of] v'nf /xG5 .

`= ;fu/ ljZjljBfno M

8f= xl/l;+x uf}8 ljZjljBfno .

6= c6n kfs{ M

c:ktfn /f]8 . x]g{ cToGt ;'Gb/ . c6n laxf/L jfhk]oLsf] ;Ddfgdf . ;fu/ tfnsf] blIf0fL efudf 5 .

7= efUof]bo c:ktfn M

efUof]bo tLy{ wdf{y{ Gof; . ;}lgs SofG6f]gd]G6 . /fHo Gofofnlos -km/]lG;s_ lj1fg k|of]uzfnf . k|x/L tflnd s]Gb| .

8= v'/O{ M

lbuDa/ h}g nfn dlGb/ . 8f]x]nf sLnf !&)& O{:jLdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? u/]sf, /fhf /fj v]drGb| 8fFuL .  sLnfdf ds/ ;ª\qmflGtsf] cj;/df 8f]x]nf dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf .

 

 

!!= nlntk'/

nlntk'/ pQ/k|b]zsf] Psbd blIf0fL lhNnf xf] . of] emfF;L l8lehgcGtu{t kb{5 . klxn] of] lhNnf rGb]/L lhNnfsf] Ps efu lyof] . of] a'Gb]nv08sf] ;a}eGbf d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb| /lxcfPsf] 5 . blIf0fdf ;fu/, k"j{df l6sdu9, klZrddf czf]sgu/ / lzjk'/ lhNnf 5g\ eg] pQ/df emfF;Ln] 5f]Psf] 5 . o;/L tLglt/ dWok|b]z / Psflt/ dfq pQ/k|b]zsf] lhNnfn] 5'g] of] cgf}7f] e"uf]n ePsf] lhNnf xf] .

P]ltxfl;s lx;fan] o;sf] dxŒj ef/ts} Ps dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . o; lhNnfnfO{ afFwx¿sf] lhNnf eg] klg x'G5 . oxfF kGw|j6f  hlt ljzfn afFw 5g\ . oxfFsf] uf]ljGb;fu/ afFwdf tLg 7fpFaf6 lgsf; 5g\  . o:tf afFw ef/tdf hDdf tLgj6f dfq 5g\ .

vlgh ;Dkbfsf lx;fan] klg nlntk'/ lhNnf wgL 5 . oxfFsf] u|]gfO6 ljb]zdf ;d]t lgof{t x'G5 .

c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf nlntk'/nfO{ d/f7fx¿n] rGb]nf /fhfx¿af6 vf];] . t/ !*$$ df Ujflno/sf /fhf bf}nt/fd l;lGwofn]  sAhf u/] . !*$$ df rGb]nL /fHonfO{ cª\u|]hx¿;dIf ;'lDkOof] . o;kl5 of] e"v08 la|l6; ef/tsf] rGb]/L lhNnf aGg k'Uof] . lhNnfsf] d'Vofno nlntk'/ sfod ul/of] . !*%& sf] ljb|f]xdf la|l6;x¿n] of] /fHo u'dfP . k/Gt' Ps–8]9 jif{d} la|l6;x¿n] o; /fHodfly cfqmd0f u/L sAhfdf lnOxfn] . pgLx¿n] o; e"v08sf] gfd nlntk'/ sfod u/] . pgLx¿n] o; efunfO{ emfF;L lhNnfsf] Ps efu agfOlbP .

!(&$ df cfP/ aNn of] Ps :jtGq lhNnfsf] x}l;otdf cfof] .

nlntk'/sf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M

s= b]ju9 M

nlntk'/af6 ## lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf /x]sf] b]ju9 Ps P]ltxfl;s :yn xf] . a]tjf gbLlsgf/sf] o; :yndf u'Kt, u'h{/k|ltxf/, uf}G8, a'Gb]n, d/f7f, d'un cflb cg]s /fhj+zsf P]ltxfl;s :df/s / lsNnfx¿ cfh klg 5g\ . o;afx]s oxfF cg]s lxGb" / h}g dlGb/x¿ klg 5g\ . b]ju9sf d'Vo dlGb/x¿dWo] bzfjtf/ dlGb/ d'Vo xf] . of] cfh ef/tLo k'/fŒTj ljefusf] ;+/If0fdf 5 .

bzfjtf/ dlGb/ >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t 5 . o; dlGb/sf] af/]df s] elgG5 eg] of] u'Ktsfndf agfOPsf] xf] . o; dlGb/sf] k|j]zåf/d} cg]s b]jb]jLsf d"lt{ 5g\ . of] dlGb/ k"0f{tof kTy/af6 agfOPsf] 5 . oxfF Ps lsNnf klg 5 . o;nfO{ b]ju9 lsNnf elgG5 . oxfFleq Ps h}g dlGb/ klg 5 . of] h}g tLy{ª\s/ zflGtgfydf ;dlk{t 5 . dlGb/sf] leQfdf dxfef/t / /fdfo0fsyfsf lrqx¿ agfOPsf 5g\ .

v= /fh3f6 afFw M

of] afFw dWok|b]z / pQ/k|b]z /fHox¿sf] cGt/f{HoLo afFw kl/of]hgf xf] . of] ljzfn afFw dWok|b]zsf] rGb]/Laf6 nueu !$ lsnf]ld6/ / pQ/k|b]zsf] nlntk'/af6 nueu @@ lsnf]ld6/ kb{5 .  /fh3f6 afFw a8f] dgdf]xs / ;'Gb/ 5 . o;sf] 5]psf dgdf]xs pBfgn] xfd|f] dgnfO{ df]lxt kfb{5g\ . oxfF cg]s alnj'8 lkmNdx¿sf] ;'l6ª ePsf] 5  .

u= gLns07]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ M

;x/af6 sl/a #) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf ljGWofrn kj{tdf >L gLns07]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/  5 . dlGb/sf] b'j}tkm{ em/gfx¿ aUb5g\ . of] dlGb/ cToGt cb\e't / clåtLo nfUb5 . rGb]n /fhfx¿n] o; dlGb/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ . oxfF lzj/flq cflb kj{df w'dwfd;Fu d]nf nfUb5 . kj{tsf] 6fs'/fdf cjl:yt o; dlGb/;Dd k'Ug l;F9L r9\g'kb{5 . l;F9Lsf b'j}tkm{ em/gf aUb5g\ . avf{sf] ;dodf hfg' ;a}eGbf pQd x'G5 .

3= dftf l6nf afFw M  

dftf 6Lnf afFw emfF;L ;x/sf Ps ko{6sLo :yndWo] Ps xf] . of] emfF;Laf6 nueu %) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf k5{ . of] klg a]tjf gbLdf afFlwPsf] / pQ/ k|b]z / dWok|b]zsf] ;Ldfd} 5 .  of] ;g\ !(%* df agfOPsf] xf] . afFwdf @$ u]6 5g\ . oxfF k'Ug nlntk'/af6 pQ/ tfna]x6 k'Ug'k5{ . emfF;L hfg] /f]8df k5{ . nueu %) lsnf]ld6/ hfg'k5{ . oxfF ;'Gb/ kfs{ klg 5 .

ª= tfna]x6 lsNnf M

of] lsNnf dftf l6nf afFw x]g{ hfg] af6}df k5{ . of] lsNnf !^!* df e/t zfxn] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . /fgL nIdLafO{sf] ;dodf of] If]q e/t zfxsf 5f]/f dxf/fhf db{gl;+xsf] /fHocGtu{t kYof{] . of] lsNnf ljzfn tnfp;Fu} 5 . o; lsNnfsf] kvf{n 9fn]kl5 cª\u|]hx¿ emfF;L cfqmd0f ug{ uP . lsNnfleq Ps k|l;4 g/l;+x dlGb/ klg 5 . oxfF cª\ub, xg'dfg / g/l;+xsf] k"hf ul/G5 . /fhf db{gl;+xn] cª\u|]hx¿sf lj?4 /fgL nIdLafO{nfO{ ;fy lbPsf lyP .

oxfFsf] afj8L x]g{ nfos 5 . of] eofgs ulx/f] 5 .

tfna]x6 lsNnfsf] af/]df cg]s /x:o / ls+jbGtL 5g\ . /fhf e/t zfxn] ;ft ;'Gb/L sGofnfO{ b]v] . pgsf] s'b[li6 tL o'jtLdfly kg{ uP5 . pgn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ckx/0f u/L NofP/ anfTsf/ u/] . b'gf{daf6 aRg /fhfn] tL ;ft} o'jtLsf] xTof u/] . cfh klg tL o'jtLsf] cfTdf o; lsNnfdf 3'ld/xG5 eGg] ljZjf; u5{g\ dflg;x¿ . oxfF cfh klg oL o'jtLsf] cfTdfsf] lrRofx6 ;'lgG5 . o;sf/0f dflg;x¿ o; lsNnfdf k:g 8/fpF5g\ .

e/t zfxsf k'q db{gl;+xnfO{ o; 36gfn] nlHht agfof] . pgL tL o'jtLx¿k|lt ul/Psf] b'Jo{jxf/ / xTofk|lt b'Mlvt lyP . pgn] cfkm" /fhf ePkl5 lsNnfsf] kvf{ndf tL ;ft} o'jtLsf] tl:a/ agfpg nufP . tfna]x6 ufpFsf dflg;x¿n] tL o'jtLx¿sf] >f4 u/] . pgLx¿n] tL tl:a/sf] k"hf;d]t u/] . t/ klg tL o'jtLsf] cfTdf cfh;Dd lrRofO/xG5 elgG5 . cfh klg dflg;x¿n] ltgLx¿ lrRofPsf] cfjfh ;'g]sf] bfaL u5{g\ .

tfna]x6 lsNnfaf6 tfna]x6 ;x/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg cToGt dgf]xf/L b]lvG5 . k"j{k6\l6sf] ljzfn  tfn ;'/Iffsf] lx;fan] 5 . cGoq ;'/Iff vf8L df]6 agfOPsf]  5 . of] df]6 nueu $) lkm6 ulx/f] 5 .

r= b]jf dftf dlGb/, tfna]x6 M

nlntk'/af6 tfna]x6 hfFbf zfxhfb hnfzosf] klZrdk6\l6 5 . of] dlGb/ ;fg} 5 t/ :yfgLox¿ b]jf dftf eg]kl5 >4fn] lgx'/G5g\ .  b]jf dftf dlGb/ b'uf{ dftfdf ;dlk{t 5 . oxfF pxfFsf cg]s ¿ksf d"lt{x¿sf] bz{g ug{ kfOG5 . nlntk'/ / cf;kf;sf lhNnfaf6 oxfF xhf/f}F eSthgx¿ cf]Ol/G5g\ .

tfna]x6 / j/k/sf dftf l6nf afFw, tfna]x6 lsNnf / b]jf dftf dlGb/sf] ofqf emfF;Laf6 u/] klg x'G5 .

5= d'r's'Gb u'kmf M

nlntk'/af6 blIf0f b]ju9g]/ dWok|b]z–pQ/k|b]z ;Ldfg]/ bTof eGg] 7fpFdf 5 d'r's'Gb u'kmf . d'r's'Gb >L/fdsf k"j{h lyP . of] u'kmfdf k'Ug hfvnf}gaf6 5 lsnf]ld6/ blIf0f uP/ hxfhk'/fdf a;af6 cf]n{g'k5{ xf]nf . Ps 8]9 lsnf]ld6/ kxf8 hfg'k5{ . :yfgLonfO{ ;f]w]/ af6f] kQf nufP/ dfq hfg' a]; x'G5 . :yfgLox¿ o;nfO{ d'Rs'Gb s]e eG5g\ .

c;'/x¿sf lj?4 b]jtfx¿sf] ;xfotf ug{sf nflu d'r's'Gbn] O{Zj/;Fu lgb|fsf] j/ dfu] . pgnfO{ OGb|n] eg]– æd'lStafx]s c¿ klg s]xL j/ dfUg'xf];\ .Æ

d'r's'Gbn] eg]– ædnfO{ cj/f]wljxLg lgb|fsf] j/ ldnf];\ . h;n] d]/f] lgb|f eª\u ug{]5 Tof] ToxLF t'?Gt} e:d xf];\ .Æ ===

 

!@= l6sdu9

dWok|b]zsf] ljlzi6 ;x/ l6sdu9 P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] 5 . hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ O= !(!! df agfOlbg] JolSt o;} l6sdu9sL dxf/fgL j[ifefg's'df/L x'g\ . l6sdu9nfO{ dlGb/x¿sf] ;x/ klg elgG5 .

klxn] o; ;x/nfO{ 6]x/L elgGYof] . kl5 cf]/5fsf /fhf ljqmdlhtn] o;sf] gfd abn]/ l6sdu9 /flvlbP . o; ;x/sf] d'Vo ko{6sLo cfsif{0f eg]sf] oxfFsf] lsNnf xf] . oxfFsf dx]Gb|;fu/, z}n;fu/, j[Gbfjg tfn -o;};Fusf] afu]Zj/ wfd_, l6sdu9 lsNnf, 9f]ª\uf d}bfg, zfg–P–kfs{ cflb 3'Dg nfos :yfg x'g\ .

l6sdu9sf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M

s= s'08]Zj/ wfd M

s'08]Zj/ wfd l6sdu9sf] k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo xf] . oxfFsf] lzjlnª\u Psbd cb\e't 5 . pT;jsf] ;dodf o; lzjlnª\unfO{ ljz]if lsl;dn] ;hfOG5 . o;af6 lzjlnª\u cem zf]efodfg b]lvG5 . of] lzjlnª\u oxLFsf] s'08df kfOPsf] xf] eGg] egfO 5 . o;}sf/0f o; lzjlnª\unfO{ s'08]Zj/ gfdn] hflgg] u/]sf] xf] . s'08]Zj/;Fu} e]/L 3/ gfdsf] lkslgs :k6 5 .

oxfFsf] lzjlnª\u cf]vndf kfOPsf] xf] eGg] klg syf 5 . o; dlGb/nfO{ ef/tsf] t]x|f}F Hofltln{ª\u eGg] ul/G5 . s'08]Zj/ wfddf ds/ ;ª\qmflGt / j;Gt k~rdLsf] lbgdf ljzfn d]nf nfUb5 . dflg;x¿ w]/} 6f9f6f9faf6 oxfF d]nf eg{ cfpg] ub{5g\ . of] wfd l6sdu9 ;x/af6 nueu ^ lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf Ps kxf8L 6fs'/fdf 5 .

syfcg';f/ oxfF gbLsf] s'08sf] aLrdf l:yt lzjlnª\udf k"hf ug{ jf0ff;'/sL k'qL piff k|ltlbg cfpFlyg\ . Ps lbg /fhfnfO{ yfxf eof], cfkm\gL 5f]/L k|ltlbg ;a]/} st} lg:slG5g\ . cfkm\gL 5f]/L k|ltlbg Psbd ;a]/} st} PSn} lg:s]sf] s'/f yfxf ePkl5 /fhfn] 5f]/L sxfF s]s] u5{] eg]/ lrof] ug{ u'Ktr/ v6fof] .

ha piff ;a]/} dxfb]jsf] k"hfsf nflu  lgl:sg\, u'Ktr/x¿ klg ;Fu} k'u] . ha gbLsf] hnn] /fhs'df/Lsf nflu af6f] lbof], u'Ktr/x¿ tLg5Ss k/] . /fhs'df/LnfO{ sf]xL cfkm\gf] lk5f ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] cfef; eof] . /fhs'df/Ln] lzjhL;Fu k|fy{gf ul/g\–

æx] k|e' Û xh'/n] oxfFaf6 lg:s]/ ;a}nfO{ bz{g lbg'xf];\ .Æ

cfkm\gL cgGof elStgLsf] k'sf/ ;'g]/ dxfb]j ;txdf k|s6 x'g'eof] . 

;g\ !(#& df dxf/fh aL;Ln] pTvgg u/fPsf lyP . pgn] pTvgg ubf{ cfh h'g hnx/L dfly 5 o:tf ;ft–cf7 hnx/L lg:s] . t/ oL hnx/L vl08t cj:yfdf kfOP . kRrL; lkm6;Dd vGbf aNn lzjlnª\u k|fKt eof] . o;eGbf tn vGbf hns'08 kfOof] . lzjhL o;/L s'08af6 k|s6 x'g'ePsf] k'li6 eof] .

o; wfdnfO{ dxfb]j åfk/ o'udf cf]vnLaf6 k|s6 x'g'ePsf] xf] elgG5 . syfcg';f/ o; kxf8df vl6t hfltsf dflg; a:y] . Ps lbg Ps j[4f cf]vnLdf wfg s'l6/x]sL lyOg\ . wfg s'6\tfs'6\t} crfgs cf]vnLaf6 /ut cfpg yfNof] . cf]vnL t x]bf{x]b{} /utn] 6Gg el/of] . tL j[4f x8a8fpFb} eflug\ .

pgn] ufpFsf dflg;x¿nfO{ e]nf ul/g\ . ;a} e]nf eP . o;kl5 oxfF Ps eJo dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . To;} ;dob]lv cfh;Dd oxfFsf dxfb]jnfO{ s'08]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] gfdn] k'lhFb} cfPsf] 5 . dxflzj/flq / ;fpg dlxgfdf oxfF ljz]if d]nf nfUb5  .

oxfF Ps ls+jbGtL klg k|Voft 5 M s'08]Zj/ dlGb/df eujfg\ lk08Lsf] ¿kdf k|s6 x'g'ePsf] lyof] . x/]s jif{ lzjhLn] cfkm\gf] cfsf/ rfdnsf] Ps bfgf]a/fa/ a9fO/xg'ePsf] 5 . oltdfq xf]Og, dflg;x¿ ljZjf; u5{g\ cfh klg jf0ff;'/k'qL piff oxfF lzjhLnfO{ hnfk{0f ug{ cfpFl5g\ . t/ pgnfO{ s;}n] b]Vg ;St}gg\ .

v= anb]ju9sf] lsNnf M

anb]ju9sf] lsNnf l6sdu9sf ;a} k|frLg u9x¿dWo] Ps xf]  . of] :yfg l6sdu9 ;x/af6 nueu @% lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf d'+ujf/L / 5t/k'/ hfg] af6fdf kb{5 . of] Ps ljzfn kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf agfOPsf] 5 . anb]ju9 lsNnf;Fu} Ps 7"nf] tnfp klg 5 . o;nfO{ Ujfntfnfa gfdn] lrlgG5 . oxfF hfg l6sdu9af6 5t/k'/tkm{ hfg] a;df hfg ;lsG5 .

!&&^ b]lv !*!& sf] aLrdf ag]sf] anb]ju9 lsNnfsf] lgdf{0f dxf/fhf ljqmdlht l;+xn] u/fPsf x'g\ . o; lsNnfsf] tLglt/ kxf8L v08 5 eg] Psftkm{rflxF tnfp 5 .

!&*# df /fhf ljqmdlht l;+xn] d/f7fx¿sf] cftª\saf6 eoeLt eP/ cfkm\gf] /fhwfgLnfO{ cf]/5faf6 ;f/]/ oxfF l6sdu9df :yflkt u/]  . o;kl5 cfkm\gf] /fHonfO{ dha't kfg{sf nflu ;}Go c8\8f / xftxltof/ Pjd\ cGo o'4;fdu|Lsf] e08f/0fsf nflu  o; lsNnfsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ . oxfF cToGt w]/} uf]nfaf?b / tf]kx¿ /flvPsf lyP . of] lsNnf ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . a'Gb]nf :yfkTosnfsf] cfsif{s gd'gfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] b'u{ ko{6sLo lx;fan] cToGt dxŒjsf] 5 . 

oxfFsf tf]kx¿sf] af/]df cg]s ls+jbGtL ;'Gg kfOG5 . oL tf]k ci6wft'n] ag]sf 5g\ /  ha tf]k k8\sGy], #^ lsnf]ld6/ k/;Dd ;d:t w/tL y/{ sfFKYof] . dlxnfx¿ / hLjhGt'sf] ue{;d]t ktg x'GYof] . o;}sf/0f oxfFsf /fhfn] of] tf]k rnfpg k|ltaGw nufP .

cfh klg a'Gb]nv08df s;}n] wDSofof] / Psbd} ulh{of] eg] eGg] ul/G5 M æltdL anb]ju9sf tf]k xf} ls s;f] <Æ

oL tf]ksf] rrf{ cg]s b]z;Dd k'u]sfn] cfh klg cg]s b]zaf6 oL tf]k x]g{ ko{6sx¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . t/ ToxfFsf ljzfn tf]kx¿sf] ;+/If0f 7Ls tl/sfn] eO/x]sf] b]lvFb}g .  

u= dfG5L em/gf M

of] em/gf df5L ufpFdf 5 . vf;u/L a;f{tsf] ;dodf x]g{ hfg' pQd x'G5 . avf{ nfu]kl5 gbLsf] hjfgL x's{]/ cfPsf] x'G5 .

3= kkf]/f h}g dlGb/ M

 l6sdu9 ;x/af6 nueu % lsld k/ Ps k'/fgf] ufpF 5 . oxfF sl/a @$ k'/fgf h}g dlGb/ 5g\ . oxfF h}g tLyf{n'x¿n] /xgsf nflu Ps wd{zfnf klg agfOPsf] 5 .

ª= ;'hf/f afFw M

of] ljzfn afFw b;f/f gbLdf agfOPsf]  5 . of] Ps lkslgs :yn klg ag]sf] 5 clxn] . oxfFsf] afFwsf] rlt{snf x]g{sf nflu a;f{tsf] ;dodf cfpg' plrt x'G5 . avf{ofddf gbLdf af9L cfO{ cf]e/km\nf] x'G5 / ljzfn em/gf lgdf{0f x'G5g\  . 

r= ;"o{dlGb/, dwv]8f  M

d8v]/fsf] of] ;"o{dlGb/ *&% O{= df ag]sf]  xf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . l6sdu9af6 k[YjLk'/ x'Fb} cf]/5f hfg] af6}g]/ kg{] of] dlGb/ l6sdu9 ;x/af6 @) lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf k5{ . wd{ / Oltxf;sf] ;ª\ud b]Vg kfOg] dlGb/ xf] of] . o; dlGb/sf] ue{u[xdf ;a}eGbf klxn] ;"o{sf] k|sfz k5{ . of] ef/tsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] ;"o{ dlGb/ xf] elgG5 . o;sf/0f oxfF tLy{ofqL eSthgdfq xf]Og ko{6s klg plQs} cfpF5g\ .

a'Gb]nv08sf] If]q ;bf;bfb]lv wfld{s tyf snfTds b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ /xLcfPsf] 5 . ;of}F jif{klxn] oxfF ;"o{sf] pkf;gf ul/GYof] . o;}sf/0f oxfF olt 7"nf] ;"o{dlGb/ ag]sf] xf] . dlGb/ k"/f kTy/n] dfq ag]sf] 5 . 9'ª\ufx¿nfO{ Psdfly csf{] ub{} a8f] ;'Gb/ 9ª\un] ldnfP/ /flvPsf] 5 . o; dlGb/sf kTy/df h;/L h:tf snfs[lt s'FlbPsf] 5, ltgn] To; ;dosf] snfsf] gd'gf k|:t't ub{5g\ .

dlGb/sf] rf/}tkm{ b]jLb]jtfx¿sf cg]s d"lt{x¿ 9'ª\uf sf6]/ agfOPsf 5g\ .

5= zLzdxn M

/S;Lsf vfnL af]tnx¿n] agfOPsf] ;fgf] dxn xf] of] . o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0fsf] af/]df Pp6f rfvnfUbf] syf 5 . /fhfn] !(#% df cfkm\gf ljb]zL kfx'gfx¿sf nflu cfkm\gf] kmfd{xfp;df o; dxnsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ . ha /fhfsxfF s'g} ljb]zL kfx'gf cfpFy], ltgLx¿ a:g / /ft latfpgsf nflu o; dxnsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ .

o; dxndf knªb]lv lnP/ afy–6a;d]t sfFrsf] agfOPsf] lyof] . t/ /]vb]vsf] cefjdf qmdzM eTsFb} uof] . of] dxn /fh3/fgfsf] lghL ;DklQ ePsf] / cfh;Dd k'/fŒTj ljefun] ckgTj glnPsfn] o;sf] cj:yf ;xL gePsf] xf]  .

dxf/fh jL/l;+x låtLon] nueu !(#( df o; dxnsf] lgdf{0f u/fPsf x'g\ . :yfkTosnfsf] Ps ljlzi6 gd'gf xf] of] . :yfgLox¿ o;nfO{ af]6n xfp; gfdn] hfGb5g\ . /S;Lsf vfnL l;;Ln] agfOPsf] x'gfn] of] Psbd jftfg's"lnt 5 . vfnL l;;Ln] e]So'dsf] sfd ub{5 . l6sdu9sf /fhf dw's/ zfxsxfF ljb]zL kfx'gfx¿ k|z:t cfpFy] . kfx'gfn] ljb]zL /S;L klg /fhfsf nflu pkxf/:j¿k NofpFy] . ha /S;Lsf af]tnx¿ y'lk|g yfn], /fhfsf] dgdf ;f]rfO knfof], log} vfnL af]tnsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;fgf] eP klg zLz dxnsf] lgdf{0f u/] s;f] xf]nf <clg t l;;fsf af]tn / r'gf k|of]u u/]/ o; dxnsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . cfhsf] dflg;sf nflu of] ejg ;fg} nfUg]5 . t/ ;fFemdf ha oxfF dxlkmn hDYof], To;sf] aofg;d]t ug{ sl7g  5 . olb o;nfO{ /fd|/L x]/ljrf/ ug{] xf] / k'/fŒTj ljefun] o;sf] :jfldTj lng] xf] eg] o;sf] ko{6sLo dxŒj a9]/ hfg]5 .

 

 

!#= cf]/5f

a'Gb]nv08sf] /fhwfgL;d]t ag]sf] P]ltxfl;s t/ ;fgf] ;x/ xf] cf]/5f . dWok|b]zsf] l6sdu9af6 *) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df kg{] cf]/5f ;x/sf] cfkm\gf] 5'6\6} Oltxf; 5 . ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf a'Gb]nx¿n] a;fPsf] ;fgf] ;x/ cfh cg]s lx;fan] rlr{t 5 . d"ntM of] ;x/ ‘/fhf /fdsf] gu/L’ eg]/ lrlgG5 . ‘cf]/5f’ zAbsf] cy{ ‘u'Kt’ cyf{t\ ‘n's]sf]’ eGg] x'G5 . Oltxf;sf] nfdf] sfnv08;Dd of] gu/L 9flsP/ /x]sf] lyof] . cyf{t\ aflx/L b'lgofFnfO{ o;sf] cl:tTj nueu yfxf lyPg . s;}n] o;sf] vf]hL ub}{gYof] .

ca oxfF cg]s tLy{ofqL / ko{6s cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;x/ ca n's]sf] cj:yfdf 5}g . o; ;x/sf] k|l;l4 qmdzM a9\bf] 5 . cf]/5f d"ntM wfld{s ;x/ xf] . vf;u/L oxfF /fhf /fdsf] Ps dlGb/sf sf/0f oxfF dflg;x¿ wfld{s ko{6g ug{ cfpg] u5{g\ . a]tjf gbLsf] lsgf/df a;]sf] o; ;x/df /fhf /fdsf] dlGb/afx]s rt'e'{h dlGb/ klg rlr{t 5 . oxfF s}of}F P]ltxfl;s :df/s, b/af/ / cGo ejg 5g\ . cf]/5fsf] ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ ef/tLo ;+:s[ltsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] .

cf]/5fsf] ko{6gsf nflu b'O{ lbg kof{Kt x'G5 . cf]/5fsf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] /]nj] :6];g emfF;L xf] . emfF;Laf6 !& lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 cf]/5f . oxfF hfg ;]o/ c6f] ef8f k|ltJolSt $)–%) ?lkofFhlt k5{ / ;do nueu $) ldg]6 nfU5 . ;fj{hlgs a; klg pknAw 5g\ . cf]/5f udL{sf] df};ddf hfg' cToGt si6s/ x'G5 . ;]K6]Da/–cS6f]a/b]lv km]a'|c/L–dfr{;Dd pko'St x'G5 .

cf]/5f k'Ugf;fy xf]6nx¿ vf]Hg' 7Ls x'G5 . oxfF x/]s k|sf/sf xf]6n 5g\ .  /fhf /fd dlGb/sf 5]p5fpsf xf]6ndf a:g' pko'St x'G5 . cf]/5fsf lsNnf / dlGb/x¿sf nflu Ps} k|j]z–l6s6n] sfd u5{ . Tof] cf]/5f lsNnfdf kfOG5 .

cf]/5fdf 3'Dg'kg{] :yfgx¿ M

s= /fhf /fd dlGb/ M

of] Psdfq dlGb/ xf] hxfF eujfg\ /fdnfO{ /fhf /fd gfdn] k'sfl/G5 . dlGb/df /fhf /fdsf nflu uf8{ ckm cg/ cyf{t\ dWok|b]z ;/sf/sf Ps hgf k|x/L rf}aL;} 306f ;'/IffsdL{sf] ¿kdf lbOPsf] x'G5 . dlGb/df s'g} k|j]z z'Ns 5}g  . ;fFem / laxfgsf] cf/tL sfo{qmd cToGt eJo x'G5 . dlGb/leq kmf]6f] lel8of] lvRg kfOFb}g, aflx/ cfP/ lvRg'kg{] x'G5 . dlGb/aflx/ ;fgf] ahf/ 5 . lsgd]n ug{ rfxg]x¿sf nflu of] ahf/ ;:tf] / pko'St  5 .

v= rt'e'{h dlGb/ M

of] dlGb/ /fhf /fddlGb/af6 glhs} g} k5{ . elgG5 rt'e'{h dlGb/ >L/fds} nflu agfOPsf] lyof] t/ s'g} sf/0fjz To;f] x'g ;s]g . rt'e'{h dlGb/ >Llji0f'df ;dlk{t 5 .

u= cf]/5f lsNnf M

sd;] sd b'O{ 306f 5'6\ofpg'k5{ o;sf] e|d0fsf nflu . k|j]z z'Ns lt/]/ k:g'k5{ . oxfF sf6]sf] l6s6n] 5qe'h dlGb/ nufot cg]s 7fpFdf sfd nfU5 . lsNnfleq Sofd/fsf nflu z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . /fhf dxn, hxfFlu/ dxn . of] lsNnf cf]/5fsf k|yd /fhf ?b|k|tfk l;+xn] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . lsNnfsf] k|j]z ;do laxfg * ah]b]lv a]n'sf % ah];Dd x'G5 . ;fFemkv nfO6 PG8 ;fpG8 sfo{qmd x'G5 . lxGbL / c+u|]hLdf Tof] sfo{qmd x'G5 .

lsNnfleq hxfFlu/ dxn 5 . hxfFlu/sf] :jfutsf nflu agfOPsfn] o;nfO{ hxfFlu/ dxn elgPsf] xf] . cgf}7f] s] 5 eg] s}of}F jif{ nufP/ hxfFlu/sf nflu agfOPsf] o; dxndf l;km{ Ps lbg dfq hxfFlu/ a;] .

cf]/5f lsNnf Psbd} 7"nf] 5 . 7"nf7"nf rf]s–cfFugx¿, ;efsIfx¿ 5g\ . x/]s v08sf] cfkm\g} ljz]iftf 5 . ;a}lt/ 3'Dg' t lbgel/sf] sfd xf] . sDtLdf b'O{ 306f 5'6\ofpg'k5{ o; lsNnfsf nflu .

/fhf dxnsf leQfx¿df ePsf k]lG6ª s'g} g s'g} eujfg\df ;dlk{t 5g\ . sxLF lji0f'hLsf] syf eG5g\, st} /fdsf] t st} s[i0fhLsf] .

ToxfFsf] lzzdxnnfO{ xfn xf]6ndf ablnlbOPsf] 5 . oxfF tLg lsl;dsf sf]7f pknAw x'G5g\ M dxf/fhf l:j6, dxf/fgL l:j6, P;L l8nS; . P;L l8nS; ?dsf] Ps /ftsf] ef8f % xhf/af6 ;'? x'G5, dxf/fgL l:j6sf] sf]7fef8f !@ xhf/ x'G5 eg] dxf/fhf l:j6sf] sf]7fef8f k|ltlbgsf] !% xhf/ k5{ .

lsNnf;Fu}sf] pF6 vfgf x]g{ nfos 5 . ;Fu}sf] v08x/ x]g{ ;do k'¥ofOof] eg] xfd|f] dg–dl:tis Oltxf;df kms{g kfpg]5 .

cf]/5f lsNnfsf] aflx/ vfglkgsf nflu cg]s /]:6'/fF 5g\ . d"No ;fdfGo 5 / ;/;kmfO klg /fd|f] 5 . 

3= 5t/L lul/, :ofgf] 6K; M

oxfF sl/a kGw|;f]x|j6f 5t/Lx¿ agfOPsf] 5 . /fhf–dxf/fhfx¿sf] ;Demgf / ;Ddfgdf oL 5t/Lx¿ agfOPsf x'g\  . lognfO{ zfxL 5t/L elgG5 . cf]/5fsf ;a} 7fpFsf nflu Ps} l6s6n] sfd u5{ . ctM l6s6sf] ;'/Iff ug'{ h?/L 5 . /f]on 5t/Lsf] kmf]6f] a]:6 lng] xf] eg] of t laxfg rfF8} ug'{k5{, x}g eg] ;fFem kg{ nfUbf lng'k5{ . /f]on 5t/Lsf] nfOl6ª x]g{ ;fFemdf k'Ug'k5{ . Psbd ;'Gb/ x'G5 . oxfFaf6 b]lvg] ;"of{:tsf] b[Zo klg dgdf]xs x'G5 .

leQfx¿ dWok|b]zLo cyjf a'Gb]nv08L lrqsf/Ln] 9flsPsf x'G5g\ .

oL :yfgafx]s oxfF  nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/, a]tjf gbLlsgf/sf] ;"of{]bo / ;"of{:t, a]tjf gbLsf] sf~rgf 3f6df :gfg /  ;fFemsf] cf/tL eJo x'G5 .  

 

 

 

!$= emfF;L

emfF;L ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]zsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt a]tjf gbLlsgf/sf] Ps P]ltxfl;s ;x/ xf] . s'g} ;dodf of] ;x/ cf]/5f /fHosf] Ps efu lyof]  . To; ;dodf o;nfO{ anjGtgu/ elgGYof] . xfn emfF;L ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a %,%),))) 5 .

k|l;4 uLtsf/ ;'eb|fs'df/L rf}xfgsf] ef/tel/ cToGt nf]slk|o ag]sf] / kf7\ok':tsx¿df ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] uLtsf] Ps c+z x]/f}F M

a'Gb]n] x/ af]nf]+ s] d'Fx xdg] ;'gL sxfgL yL

v"a n8L dbf{gL jx tf] emfF;L jfnL /fgL yL . 

                                      –;'eb|fs'df/L rf}xfg

dxf/fi6«L dxfslj aL=cf/= tfDa] emfF;LsL /fgLsf glhs}sf gft]bf/ lyP . emfF;LsL /fgL Ujflno/g]/sf] o'4df axfb'/Lk"j{s n8\bfn8\b} dfl/Pkl5 kl5 ;f]xL :yfgdf k'u]/ dxfslj tfDa]n] d/f7L efiffdf n]v]sf] sljtf+z x]/f}F M

/] lxGbaf+wjf, yf+j of :ynL+ c>' bf]g 9fnL+

tL k/fqmdfrL Hof]t dfjn] Oy] emfzLjfnL .

============== .

3f]8\ofj/ v+b\of :jf/, xftft g+uL tjf{/ .

v0fv0ff sl/t tL jf/ .

uf]¥of+rL sf]+8L kmf]l8t jL/ Oy] cfnL .

dbf{gL emfzLjfnL Û

emfF;L ef/tLo dfq xf]Og cGt/f{li6«o ;flxTodf klg rlr{t 7fpF xf] . ljZjk|l;4 a]nfotL n]lvsf lqml:6gf /f]h]6\6Ln] emfF;Ldfly Ps ;'Gb/ sljtf /r]sL 5g\ . emfF;Ls} jl/kl/ cg]s pkGof;, syf / gf6s ag]sf 5g\ . emfF;Ldfly cg]s lkmNd / 8s'd]G6/L ag]sf 5g\ .

emfF;Ldf 3'Dg'kg{] :yfgx¿ M

s= emfF;Lsf] lsNnf M

;g\ !^!# df /fhf jL/l;+x b]jåf/f lgld{t . auL/f sL rf]6Ldf ag]sf] . !*%& df O:6 OlG8of sDkgL;Fu ePsf] n8fOFdf o;sf] s]xL lx:;f gi6 ePsf] lyof]  . o; lsNnfdf dlGb/ 5g\, Do'lhod 5g\ / ;'Gb/ kfs{x¿ klg 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿ dg k/fpg] ko{6sx¿sf nflu of] :yfg ljz]if dxŒjsf] 5 . eujfg\ u0f]zsf] dlGb/, lzj dlGb/, s8s lahnL tf]k / Do'lhod oxfFsf ljz]if cfsif{0f x'g\  . of] lsNnf /]nj] :6];gaf6 nueu # lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . oxfF ;lxb :df/s klg 5 . laxfg * ah]b]lv ;fFem ^ ah];Dd b]Vg kfOG5 .

jL/l;+xsf 5f]/f em'em/l;+xsf] kfnfdf emfF;L d'unx¿sf] xftdf uPsf] xf] . !**( df oxfF /]n cfOk'u]sf] xf] . 

v= emfF;L u0f]z dlGb/ M

lsNnfleqsf] of] dlGb/sf] ljz]if dxŒjrflxF /fgL nIdLafO{sf] ljjfx emfF;Lsf /fhf uª\ufw/ /fj;Fu o;} dlGb/df ePsf] xf] . x/]s lbg w]/} ;ª\Vofdf eSthgx¿ cfO{ oxfF k"hf–cr{gf ub{5g\ . 

u= s8s lahnL tf]k M

of] emfF;L lsNnfsf] Ps d'Vo cfsif{0f xf] . of] tf]k w]/} k'/fgf] dflgG5 . of] lsNnfs} d'vdf /flvPsf] 5 .

3= jL/fª\ugf dxf/fgL nIdLafO{ kfs{ M

emfF;L ;x/df 3'Dg] :yfgdWo] of] klg Ps xf] . of] emfF;L ;x/sf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] kfs{ xf] . of] emfF;L lsNnf;Fu} 5 .

ª= /fgL dxn M

of] b'O{tn] ejg emfF;Lsf] zfxL dxn xf] . of] dxn g]jNs/ /fhj+zsf /3'gfy låtLon] agfpg nufPsf lyP . of] dxn /fgL nIdLafO{sf] lgjf;:yn lyof] . 5j6f ljzfn xn / cfFugx¿ 5g\ .  o;sf] Ps lx:;fdf Do'lhod klg 5 . o;df nIdLafO{sf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt j:t'x¿ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g\ . of] b/af/sf] jf:t'snf bz{gLo 5 . ;fyL / kl/jf/hgsf ;fydf oxfF cfpg' pQd x'G5 .

emfF;L lsNnfaf6 of] glhs} 5 . k}bn g} hfg ;lsG5 . 

r= /fhsLo ;ª\u|xfno emfF;L M

emfF;LsL /fgL nIdLafO{df ;dlk{t of] Do'lhod emfF;Ldfq xf]Og, ;d:t a'Gb]nv08sf] Oltxf;;d]t b;f{pFb5 . oxfF /fhf/fgL;Fu ;DalGwt cg]sf}F P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . emfF;Lsf] Oltxf; hfGg rfxg'x'G5 eg] of] Do'lhodeGbf pQd :yfg s'g} x'g ;St}g . ef/tsf k|d'v ;ª\u|xfnodf o;sf] klg uGtL cfpF5 . k|frLg ef/tLo lrqsnf k]lG6ª / d"lt{snf oxfFsf d'Vo ljz]iftf x'g\ . sltko d"lt{ t rf}yf] ztfAbLsf klg x'g\ . oxfF k|frLg efF8fs'F8f, xftxltof/ cflb klg ;ª\u[xLt 5g\ .

of] :yfg emfF;L lsNnfaf6 glhs} 5 . k}bn of c6f]l/S;fdf hfg ;lsG5 . oxfF laxfg !) b]lv ;fFem % ah];Dd hfg ;lsG5 .

5= /fhf uª\ufw/ /fj sL 5t/L M

of] 5ftf klg emfF;Lsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s :yn xf] . /fgL nIdLafO{n] cfkm\gf klt emfF;Lsf /fhf uª\ufw/sf] lgwgkl5 pg}sf] ;Demgfdf agfpg nufPsL x'g\ . o; 5t/Ln] emfF;Lsf] k|frLg jf:t'snfsf] emns lbG5 . o;sf] cf;kf;df xl/of au}Frf / tnfpx¿ 5g\ . jl/kl/ kvf{n 78\ofP/ o;nfO{ ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . of] emfF;Lsf] lsNnfaf6 nueu @ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf cjl:yt 5 . 

h= ;]G6 h'8\; rr{ M

emfF;Lsf ko{6sLo :yfgx¿df o;sf] klg gfd ljz]if ¿kn] lnOG5 . of] rr{ cª\u|]z zf;gsfndf cª\u|]hx¿n] agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . jf:t'snfsf lx;fan] of] cToGt ;''Gb/ 5 / Sofyf]lns ;d'bfo / ko{6sx¿sf aLr sfkmL nf]slk|o 5 . la|l6; ejg–lgdf{0f snfsf] of] pQd gd'gf xf] . ef/tsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf rr{dWo] of] Ps xf] . of] /]nj] :6];gaf6 tLgrf/ lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . 

em= s/u'jfF h}g dlGb/ M

nueu ;ft ;o jif{ k'/fgf] of] dlGb/ emfF;Lsf] Ps k|d'v tLy{:yn xf]  . of] dlGb/ h}g wd{sf t]O;f}F tLy{ª\s/ kfZj{gfydf ;dlk{t 5 . oxfF 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf h}g wdf{jnDaL >4fn'x¿ cfpF5g\ . oxfF eujfg\ kfZj{gfysf] ljzfn d"lt{ :yflkt 5 . h}g wd{nfO{ lrGg / a'em\gsf nflu of] /fd|f] :yfg xf] .  lbuDa/ h}gx¿sf k|d'v tLy{:yndWo] of]  Ps xf] . 

`= a?jf ;fu/ M

emfF;Lsf k|d'v cfs{if0fdWo] a?jf ;fu/ Ps xf] . of] tfn ;'Gb/tf / P]ltxfl;stf b'j} lx;fan] dxŒjsf] 5 . of] tfn;Fu} cg]s dlGb/, lsNnf / b/af/sf cjz]if klg 5g\ . nueu @@ lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf 5 .

6= a?jf;fu/sf] lsNnf M

a'Gb]nf /fhf cf]/5f dxf/fh plbtl;+xn] ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLdf agfpg nufPsf x'g\ . oxfF Ps lzj dlGb/ klg 5 . a?jf;fu/sf] 5]pdf s}nfz kj{t klg 5 . s] ljZjf; ul/G5 eg] lzjhLn] o; kj{tdf cfkm\gf] Ps kfp /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . o;} kj{tdf lzjhLsf] Ps dlGb/ klg agfOPsf] 5 .

7= a?jf;fu/sf] em/gf M

of] klg k|l;4 ko{6sLo :yn xf] . kTy/}kTy/sf] of] em/gf x]g{] / oxfF kf}8L  v]n]/ /dfpg]sf] eL8 hlxNo} plQs} b]lvG5 . 

8= dxfnIdL dlGb/ M

wg / ;f}efUosL b]jL nIdLdf ;dlk{t of] dlGb/ emfF;Lsf k|d'v / k'/fgf  dlGb/dWo] Ps xf] . :yfgLo dfq xf]Og, eSthgx¿ 6f9f6f9faf6 klg oxfF b]jLsf] bz{gfy{ cfpF5g\ . /fgL nIdLafO{n] k"hf ug{] nIdLsf] dlGb/ ePsfn] ef/tLo ko{6gx¿sf nflu of] tLy{:yn vf; cy{ /fV5 .

9= xa{n uf8{]g M

6fOu/ k|f]nsf] gfdn] k|l;4 of] xa{n uf8{]g cf}ifwLo k|hfltsf jg:kltsf sf/0f ljz]if ko{6sLo :yn xf] . oxfF aL; xhf/eGbf a9L hfltsf cf}ifwLo k|hfltsf jg:klt kfOG5 . ko{6sx¿ cf/fd ug{ / Wofgdf a:gsf nflu oxfF cfpg ?rfpF5g\  . of] uf8{]g s]G6 Pl/ofdf 5 .

0f= k~rtGq kfs{ M

of] kfs{ lji0f' zdf{åf/f lnlvt k':ts ‘k~rtGq’df cfwfl/t Plgdn lyd kfs{ xf] . of] kfs{ vf;u/L afnaflnsfsf nflu l8hfOg u/L agfOPsf] xf] . of] :yfg lrqf rf}/fxfsf] glhs} 5 . oxfF lrKn]6L / lkª w]/} 5g\ .

t= O:sf]g dlGb/ emfF;L M

emfF;Ldf dflg;x¿ 3'Dg hfg] :yfgdWo] O:sf]g dlGb/ klg Ps xf] . of] ;]tf ;ª\udd{/n] agfOPsf] cToGt ;'Gb/ dlGb/ xf] . oxfFsf] cfWoflTds / zfGt jftfj/0fn] dflg;nfO{ nf]EofpF5 . oxfF /fwf / s[i0fsf d"lt{ 5g\ . hlxNo} ehgsLt{g eO/xG5 . 

y= d]h/ WofgrGb sL k|ltdf M

d]h/ WofgrGb xsLsf hfb'u/ lyP . Ps kxf8L l9:sfdfly ag]sf] o; k|ltdf:ynaf6 emfFsLsf] dgf]/d b[[Zo b]Vg ;lsG5 . oxfF;Dd k'Ug l;F9L r9]/ hfg'k5{ . 

b= k/L5f afFw M

a]tjf gbLdf la|l6; sfndf agfOPsf] of] afFw pQ/ k|b]z / dWok|b]zsf] ;Ldfdf 5 . afFwn] Ps ljzfn / ;'Gb/ tnfpsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .

w= ;'sdf–b'sdf afFw M

o;nfO{ alagf afFwsf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . a]tjf gbLdf afFlwPsf] of] afFw emfF;L ;x/af6 nueu #% lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 . of] afFw ;'Gb/ em/gfem}F nfUb5 .

g= dftf 6Lnf afFw M

dftf 6Lnf afFw emfF;L ;x/sf Ps ko{6sLo :yndWo] Ps xf] . of] emfF;Laf6 nueu %) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf k5{ . of] klg a]tjf gbLdf afFlwPsf] / pQ/ k|b]z / dWok|b]zsf] ;Ldfd} 5 .  afFwdf @$ u]6 5g\ .

k= ef/t dftf dlGb/ M

o; dlGb/sf] d'Vo cfsif{0f dlGb/dfly ag]sf] ljzfn lzjlnª\u xf] .

km= u8dpm emLn M

;'Gb/ kxf8x¿n] 3]l/Psf] of] ;'Gb/ tfn emfF;L ;x/af6 nueu !% lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf 5 .

a= /fhsLo pBfg gf/fo0fjfu M

;'Gb/ kfs{ . ;s];Dd hfg' 7Ls 5 .

e= ljZjljBfnox¿ M

a'Gb]nv08 ljZjljBfno / /fgL nIdLafO{ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljZjljBfno .

d= emfF;L SofG6f]gd]G6 l;d]6/L M

of] o'/f]k]nLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s l;d]6/L xf] . of] emfF;L SofG6f]gd]G6leq 5 . emfF;L ljb|f]x !*%& sf] ;dodf dfl/Psf ;}lgs clwsf/Lx¿ / ;j{;fwf/0fx¿nfO{ oxfF ufl8Psf] xf] . oxfF ef/tLo ljb|f]xsf] qmddf dfl/Psf la|l6; clkm;/x¿, ltgLx¿sf kTgLx¿, afnaflnsfx¿ tyf /]nj] sd{rf/L / >lds Pjd\ ltgsf kl/jf/hg klg oxLF bkmgfOP . o;}u/L ef/tLo ljb|f]xsf] 36gfdf dfl/Psf la|l6; OlG8og cfdL{sf ef/tLo, :sl6;, j]N; / klZrd clk|msL  /]lhd]G6sf ;}lgsx¿ klg oxLF bkmgfOP . o;afx]s klxnf] ljZjo'4df dfl/g]x¿ la|l6; OlG8og cfdL{sf ;}lgs / clkm;/x¿ klg oxLF bkmgfOP . 

o= ljlzi6 JolStx¿ M

of]4f /fgL nIdLafO{, :jtGqtf ;]gfgL rGb|z]v/ cfhfb,  v]nf8L d]h/ WofgrGb, slj d}lynLz/0f u'Kt, u'unsf l;lgo/ efO; k|]l;8]G6 cldt l;+3n

 

))))

 

!%= cf;fd

ef/tsf] pQ/k"jL{ /fHo cf;fd a|x\dk'q tyf af/fs gbLsf pkTosfdf /x]sf] 5 . c;d /fHo lrof / /]zdv]tLsf nflu gfd'b 5 . o; /fHosf] /fhsLo efiff c;ldof / af]8f] xf] . a/fs pkTosfsf tLg lhNnfsf] /fhsLo efiffrflxF aª\ufnL xf] .

Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] t]nvfgL cf;fdd} l8«n ul/Psf] xf] .

cf;fd Psl;Fu] u}F8f, Pl;ofnL xfQL, af3, ag]n cflbsf nflu ljZjdf rlr{t 5 . o;afx]s cg]s hftsf r/f klg cf;fddf kfOG5g\ . sflh/ª\uf g];gn kfs{, dfg; g];gn kfs{, lba|' ;fOvf]jf g];gn kfs{ cflb ljZjw/f]x/sf] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t 5g\ . ef/tdf ;a}eGbf a9L kfgL kg{] If]q klg oxL xf] . a|x\dk'qsf] kfgLsf] 7"nf] ;|f]t cf;fdsf ;of}F gbLx¿ x'g\ .

P]ltxfl;s sfndf cf;fd If]q ls/fte"ld xf] . cf;fdnfO{ klxn] sfd¿k tyf k|fUHof]ltif elgGYof] . ha cxf]d clw/fHosf] cEo'bo eof], 5 ;o jif{;Dd k"jL{ cf;fddf logsf] zf;g /x\of] . c;d zAb log} cxf]dx¿sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] x'g ;S5 . d'unx¿n] o; If]qnfO{ cfkm\gf] e"lddf gldnfpGh]n cxf]d clw/fHo zlStzfnL lyof] . cxf]dx¿sf] ;dodf klg klZrdL v08nfO{ sfd¿k g} elgGYof] .

kfiff0f o'ub]lv g} cf;fddf dfgj a;f]jf; /x]sf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L pRr kxf8L e"efudf dflg; al;cfPsf lyP . cf}nf] cflb /f]usf sf/0f d}bfgL efudf dflg; kftnf] u/L a;] . ;Eotfsf] lx;fan] klg kxf8L ;Eotf g} c;ldof ;Eotfsf] hu xf] . uf}xf6Lsf] cfdaf8Ldf z'ª\u–s'iff0f sfnsf cjz]if kfOg'n] o;sf] k|frLgtfnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . cfdaf8Ldf l;F9L / dfgjlgld{t kfgLsf] cfxfn kfOPsf] 5, 3/]n' efF8fs'F8f, cf}hf/ cflb klg kfOPsf] 5 . oL ;a}n] oxfF O;fsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] ztfAbLb]lv g} dfgj a;f]jf; ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 .

sNsL k'/f0fsf cg';f/ dlx/ª\u bfgj oxfFsf /fhf lyP . bfgj j+zsf /fhfx¿nfO{ ldlynfsf g/sf;'/ gfdsf /fhfn] o'4df x/fO{ ef}dj+zsf] zf;g;Qf :yfkgf u/] . ef}dj+zsf clGtd /fhfsf] gfd klg g/sf;'/ g} lyof] . lognfO{ >Ls[i0fn] jw ug'{eof] . g/ssf 5f]/f efubQn] dxfef/tsf] o'4df sf}/j kIfaf6 o'4 n8]sf lyP . logn] ls/ft, rLg / k"jL{ /fHox¿sf /fhfx¿;Fu o'4 n8] . ;f] ;dodf k"jL{ / pQ/L c;ddf c;'/ /fhfx¿sf] zf;g lyof] .

>L;"o{ kxf8df e]l6Psf] r6\6fg s'Fb]/ agfOPsf] :t"knfO{ O;fk"j{ bf];|f] ztfAbLsf] xf] egL dflgPsf] 5 . ;d'b|u'Ktn] rf}yf] ztfAbLdf k|ofudf v8f u/]sf] :tDedf sfd¿k clw/fHo / b]js b]zsf] k|;ª\u pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . tL b'j} b]znfO{ u'Kt ;fd|fHocGtu{t egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Dn]R5 / ls/ftx¿n] ;lbofb]lv ;d:t a|x\dk'q pkTosf, aª\unfb]zsf] lgs} efu, k'l0f{ofFnufotsf] laxf/sf] sltko e"lddf zf;g u/] . cfhsf] c;d, d]3fno, lqk'/f, klZrd aª\ufnsf] s]xL efu, aª\unfb]zsf] s]xL efu / laxf/sf] k"jL{ efu;d]tnfO{ sfd¿k clw/fHoleq ufe]/ tLg /fhj+zn] zf;g u/] . To; ;dodf cfhsf] t]hk'/ -xf?Kk]Zj/_, u'jfxf6L -k|fUHof]ltifk'/_/ gy{ u'jfxf6L -b'h{o_ /fhwfgL lyP .

oL tLg} /fhj+zn] cfkm"nfO{ g/sf;'/sf j+zh egL bfaL ub{y] .

t]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] ;'?d} ptf adf{af6 cxf]d hflt cfO{ oxfFsf /}yfg]x¿nfO{ k/flht u/] . o;af6 ls/ft / Dn]R5 hfltsf] ktg eof] . pgLx¿n] :yfkgf u/]sf] /fhj+zn] nueu 5 ;o jif{;Dd c6"6 zf;g rnfof] . ;g\ !*@^ df t'sL{, ckmufg / d'unx¿sf] ;+o'St ;}GozlStn] lognfO{ x/fPkl5 cxf]d ;fd|fHosf] klg ktg eof] . kl5 ha adf{n] cfqmd0f u/L o; efunfO{ cfkm"df ldnfof], o; e]usf] ;d:t uf}/jzfnL Oltxf; k"0f{¿kdf gi6e|i6 eof] .

pQ/L cf;fd, c?0ff~rn k|b]z / cf;kf;sf e"efudf r'ltof / af]8f]x¿sf] zf;g;Qf lyof] . ljZjgfyb]lv a'l/lblxª;Dd r'ltof af]8f]–s5f8L hfltn] zf;g uy{] . !%@$ df lognfO{ x/fO{ cxf]dx¿n] o; efunfO{ klg cxf]d clw/fHodf ldnfPsf lyP . s5f8Lx¿n] o; e]udf zf;g rnfpFbf cxf]dx¿sf] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsfdf /xL cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf pkef]u ug{ kfPsf lyP .

klZrdL c;ddf sf]rx¿n] zf;g;Qf rnfPsf lyP . /fhf g/gf/fo0fsf] d[To'kl5 logsf tLg 5f]/fn] /fHonfO{ tLg efudf afF8]/ zf;g u/] . sf]rx¿sf] d'Vo /fhwfgL s'rlaxf/ xf] . cfh klg To; ;x/df kl5Nnf] sfnv08df ag]sf b/af/x¿ 5g\ .

a]nfotLx¿n] cf;fddf lrof v]tL ;'? u/]sf x'g\ .

;g\ !(%) d} cf;fd :jtGq ef/tsf] Ps /fHosf] klxrfg lnP/ p7]sf] lyof] . kl5 o;af6 d]3fno, ldhf]/d / gfufNofG8 hGd]sf x'g\ . ef/t / rLgsf] ;g\ !(^@ sf] o'4kl5 c?0ffrn k|b]z klg 5'6\ofOPsf] xf] .

cf;fddf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|fs[lts k|sf]k af9Lsf] xf] .

c;dsf] k|fs[lts ljefhg M

k"jL{ kxf8, pQ/L v08 a|x\dk'qsf] d}bfg, 8]Ssg pRr;d:ynL sfaL{ cfªnª u/L tLg v08df afFl8Psf] 5 . a|x\dk'q gbL o; /fHosf] hLjgbflogL gbL xf] . a|x\dk'qnfO{ lxdfnoeGbf h]7f] dflgG5 . a|x\dk'q / a/fs gbLkl5 oxfFsf d'Vo gbLx¿df cfO{, afnl;/L, af/flnof, af]/ufª, agf{8L, ef]ubf]O{ / a]sL cflb ulgG5g\ . oL gbLx¿ of t a|x\dk'qdf ldl;G5g\ of t a/fs gbLdf .

a/fs gbL aª\unfb]zdf k;]kl5 b'O{ eFufnfdf afFl8G5 . cem tn uP/ o;nfO{ d]3gf gfdn] lrlgG5 . ;d'b|df nLg x'g'cl3 d]3gf, a|x\dk'q -aª\unfb]zdf o;nfO{ hd'gf elgG5_ / uª\ufsf cg]s eFufnf cfk;df ldl;G5g\ .

cf;fdleq a|x\dk'qsf bflxg]k6\l6af6 cfO{ ldl;g] ;xfos gbLx¿ nf]lxt, lbafª, ;'agl;/L, lhofe/nL, wgl;/L, dfg;, tf]/;f / ;gsf]; x'g\ . l6:6f gbL klg a|x\dk'qdf uO{ ldNb5 . b]a|]k6\l6af6 cfO{ ldl;g] ;xfos gbLx¿ a"9L lblxª, b];fª, lbvpm, wg;/L / sf]lknL x'g\ .

a/fs gbLsf ;xfos gbLx¿df 9n]Zj/L, lh/L, lr/L, dw'/f, nf]ª\ufO{, ;f]gfO{, ?sgL / l;ª\uf d'Vo x'g\ .

c;dsf ;a}eGbf 3gf a:tL ePsf If]qx¿ sfd¿k, gufpF, zf]l0ftk'/, a/k]6f, w'a/L, b/ª / s5f8 x'g\ . oxfF nueu ^! k|ltzt lxGb' / #$ k|ltzt d';ndfg 5g\ . lqml:6ogx¿ $ k|ltzteGbf sd 5g\ . cxf]d wd{ / a'4 wd{ dfGg]x¿sf] klg ;fgf] ;ª\Vof 5 . hghfltsf] hg;ª\Vof !# k|ltzt 5 / hghfltleq af]8f]x¿ nueu $) k|ltzt 5g\ .

u'jfxf6LnfO{ ljZjsf ;a}eGbf tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf !)) ;x/sf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 . u'jfxf6LnfO{ pQ/k"jL{ ef/tsf] k|j]zåf/ elgG5 . cf;fddf u'jfxf6Lafx]s l;nr/ / lba|'u9 c¿ 7"nf ;x/ x'g\ .

If]qkmn M &*, $#* ju{ lsld

hg;ª\Vof M #,!!,^(,@&@

bhf{ M !% cf}F 7"nf]

/fhwfgL M lb;k'/

;aeGbf 7"nf] ;x/ M u'jfxf6L

;a}eGbf xf]rf] hldg M $% ld=

;a}eGbf cUnf] e"ld M !,(^) ld= s5f8 lxn

/fhsLo efiff M c;ldof, af]8f]

cltl/St /fhsLo efiff M aª\ufnL

efiffx¿ M

          c;ldof– !=% s/f]8, aª\ufnL– () nfv, af]8f]– !% nfv, lxGbL– !) nfv, ;fb/L– & nfv,      ldl;ª– ^=! nfv, g]kfnL– ^ nfv .

 

lhNnfx¿ M #! 

       != tLg;'lsof, @= lba|'u9, #= w]dfhL, $= r/}b]j, %= lzj;fu/, ^= nlvdk'/, &= dfh'nL, *=       hf]/xf6, (= uf]nf3f6, !)= sfaL{ cfªnª, !!= zf]l0ftk'/ -ljZjgfy lhNnf ;dflxt_, !@= gufpF       -xf]hfO{ lhNnf ;dflxt_, !#= sfaL{ cfªnª klZrd, !$= l8df x;f} !%= s5f/, !^= x}nfsfGbL,          !&= sl/duGh, !*= df]/LufpF, !(= pbfnu'8L, @)= b/ª, @!= sfd¿k d]6«f], @@= aS;f, @#=     gnaf8L, @$= sfd¿k, @%= a/k]6f -ahnL lhNnf ;dflxt_, @^= lr/fª, @&= af]FufOufpF, @*=      uf]cfnkf8f, @(= sf]qmfemf/, #)= w'a/L, #!= blIf0f ;fndf/f dgs5f/

 

d'Vo tLy{:ynx¿ M

sfdfVof dlGb/, gLnfrn kj{t, %! zlStkL7dWo] Ps

g]3]l/l6ª lzj bf}n

s]bf/]Zj/ dlGb/

cZjqmfGtf dlGb/

jl;i7 dlGb/

w]lsofvf]jf af]g{d3/

e}/jL dlGb/

pdfgGb dlGb/

 

d'Vo gbLx¿ M

a|Xdk'q, af/fs

ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] k'n M af]uLlan k'n, a|x\dk'q gbLdf .

;lbof hfg] k'n M 8f= e"k]g xfhf]l/sf ;]t' wf]nf ;lbof k'n

ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL 6fk' M dfh'nL, cf;fd, a|x\dk'q gbLn] agfPsf] . #%@ ju{ lsld .

a|x\dk'q gbL ef/tsf] ;ftf}F 7"nf] gbL . o;nfO{ lbxfª / n'Ot klg elgG5 ef/tdf .

cf;fdsf @! lhNnfn] a|x\dk'q gbLnfO{ 5'G5g\ .

aª\unfb]zdf a|x\dk'q gbLnfO{ hd'gf / rLgdf of/nf]ª hfª\kf] elgG5 .

gLnf] kfgL ePsf] gbL M lbvf]pm .

 

d'Vo ;x/x¿ M

          u'jfxf6L -(=% nfv_, l;nr/ -@=# nfv_, lba'|u9 -!=% nfv_,, hf]/xf6 -!=% nfv_,, af]ª\ufO{ufpF -!=# nfv_,, ltg;'lsof -!=@ nfv_,, t]hk'/ -! nfv_ .

P]ltxfl;s ;+/rgf–ejgx¿ M

/ª\u 3/ M ‘sf]nf]lhod ckm b O:6’ M lzj;fu/ . a|x\dk'qg]/ .

xfhf] kf]jf dSsf M dSsfsf] Ps rf}yfO{ M u'jfxf6Laf6 a|x\dk'qkfl/, #) lsld

tfnftn 3/ M cxf]dx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dGo'd]G6, lzj;fu/ ;x/d}

;"o{ kxf8 M cls{of]nlh:6x¿sf] uf]N8 dfOg . a|x\dk'qkfl/ af]+ufO{ufpFaf6 hfg] .

vf;k'/ M s5f/L /fhdxn, s5f8, l;nr/g]/

r/}b]j M cf;fdL lk/fld8, lzj;fu/glhs}, ;'vkmf cxf]d /fHosf ;+:yfksn] agfPsf

;'vkf ;dGgo If]q M ;'vkf :d[lt If]q, lzj;fu/af6 hf]/xf6 %) lsld clg !$ lsld

;q M leIf'x¿sf] If]q, hf]/xf6af6 kfl/, km]/L r9]/ hfg] .

ufosx¿ M

       e"lkg xfhf]l/sf, h'aLg uu{, vu]g dxGt, cr{gf dxGt, bLknLgf 8]sf, kl/0fLtf af]/7fs'/, k/aLg     ;'Ntfgf, g}o/f g"/, sNkgf kf6f]jf/L, Knljtf af]/7fs'/, npm dhpm, kfkf]g, cldt kn, tf/fnL ;df{,         gLn cfsfz, s';'d s}nf;, /fs]z l/ofg .

lkmNdL snfsf/M

ax¿n O:nfd, hh{ a]s/, OGb| aflgofF, cfgGbrGb| a?cf, s]GgL af;'dftf/L, slkn af]/f .

sljn]vs M

zª\s/b]j, x]drGb| a?cf, nIdLgfy a]haf?, OlGb/f uf]:jfdL, cg'/fwf ;df{ k'hf/L, /Ltf rf}w/L, hfx\gjL a?cf, ;Togfy af]/f, xf]d]g af]uf{]xfOg, nIdLgfy a]ha?cf, dfdf]gL /fO;d uf]:jfdL, x]drGb| uf]:jfdL, kb\dgfy uf]xfOg a?cf, c?0f zdf{, j|hgfy zdf{, gjsfGt a?cf, lji0f'k|;fb /fef,

g]kfnL n]vs M

nLnaxfb'/ IfqL, uLtf pkfWofo, u'Kt k|wfg, sfn''l;+x /0fkx]nL, ;'wf Pd /fO{, /fh]Gb| e08f/L, j;Gts'df/ /fO{,

g]kfnL n]vssf 7]ufgf M

u'jfxf6L M b]j]g ;fksf]6f, kGhfaf/L . uf]kfnaxfb'/ g]kfnL, a8fufpF . gj;fksf]6f, a8fufpF . kLtfDa/         u'?ª, lv|:6fg a:tL . zflGt yfkf, b'uf{;/f]j/ . lg? zdf{ k/fh'nL, l;n'k'v'/L . nLnaxfb'/ IfqL,    d/fvnL . b'uf{ vltj8f, k"j{ dfnLufpF . 8f= vu]g zdf{, u'jfxf6L @* . OGb'k|efb]jL, u'jfxf6L–& .

l8uaf]O{ M v8s/fh lu/L, 8LPdPr Pl/of !&)@ aL .

lba|'u9 M lzjs'df/ g]jf/, b'lnofhfg .

zf]l0ftk'/ M /f]lxt uf}td, b'wg} . l8NnL/fd vgfn, aflnhfg . /lZd/]vf zdf{, w]g'w/f, uxk'/ . kb\d 9sfn, gnaf/L, ;ltof . 1fgaxfb'/ If]qL, rfGbdf/L, t]hk'/ . 8f= uLtf pkfWofo, rfGbdf/L, t]hk'/–! . 8f=   v]d/fh g]kfn, ljZjgfy rf/cfnL . k"0f{s'df/ zdf{, ;df/bngL .

gufpF M df]xg ;'j]bL, xf]hfO{ . vu]Gb| bfxfn, xf]hfO{, . OGb| clwsf/L, efª\ufdlGb/, aflnhfg .

aS;f M g]qe"if0f v8\sf, gofFa:tL . uf]kfn v8\sf, gofF a:tL . hof e08f/L, wg>Lk'/ . s]zj pk]|tL,         e'6fgv'6L . czf]s a/fn, lgsf;L . ab|L u'/fufO{F, lgsf;L .

lr/fª M uf]ljGb zfl08No, pQ/ cfd6]sf, a]ltgL .

          uf]jfnkf8f M bLkf zdf{, l;dnLtf]nf .

w]dfhL M 8f= hdblUg pkfWofo, w]dfhL l;ljn xl:k6n .

 

 

 

!^= ltg;'lsof

of] cf;fdsf] ;a}eGbf pQ/sf] c?0ffrn /fHo;Fu hf]l8Psf] lhNnf xf] . a|x\dk'q gbLn] o; lhNnfnfO{ pQ/L / blIf0fL efudf lr/]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf d'Vo ;x/L If]qx¿ M l8uaf]O{, 8'd8'df, hfu'g, sfsf]kfyf/, n]8f] 6fpg, dfs'd, ;lbof, ;fkmfvf]cf, l8uaf]O{, df3]{l/6f, ltg;'lsof, rfGbdf/L, 9sfnufpF, b'lnofhfg, aflnhfg, 9]lsofh'/L, afxaf/L, km/]:6 len]h nvLkfyf/, sf5'hfg, afnLhfg, afxaf/L, km/]:6 len]h nvLkfyf/, sf5'hfg, lnDa'u'8L, df]xfsfnL, gufpF, l;dfn'u'8L, kunfa:tL, ;fOv'jf 3f6 .

dWosfndf of] efu r'ltof clw/fHocGtu{t kYof{] . ha cxf]dx¿ cfP, logn] of] v08 sAhf u/] . cxf]dn] k|;]gd'ª af]/uf]xfOgnfO{ ;lbof–vf]jf af]xfOg If]qsf] If]qLo k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf lgo'St u/] . cxf]d clw/fHoleq} df]cfdf]l/of ljb|f]x ePkl5 o; e"v08n] :jtGq /fHosf] x}l;ot kfof] / df]6f]s /fHosf] lgdf{0f eof] . ltg;'lsof ;x/sf] k'/fgf] gfd a]ªdf/f lyof] . ;j{gGb l;+x gfdsf cxf]d /fhkl/jf/sf Ps ;b:on] df]6f]s /fHo agfP . /ª\uu9 pgsf] /fhwfgL aGof] . of] ;x/ u'Ohfg gbLsf] lsgf/df lyof] .

;g\ !&(! df /fhf ;j{gGb l;+xn] /ª\uu9af6 /fhwfgL ;f/]/ a]ªdf/fdf ;f/] . /fhfn] uf]kLgfy a?cf gfdsf dGqLsf] ;xfotfn] o; ;x/sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(*( df lba|'u9 lhNnfnfO{ 6'qmØfP/ t]O;f}F lhNnfsf] ¿kdf ltg;'lsof lhNnfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .

/fhf ;j{gGb l;+xsf] kfnfdf cg]s kf]v/L vlgP . ltgLx¿df rf}nw'jf k'v'/L, sf8fdf]gL k'v'/L, bf w?jf k'v'/L, dfWjf k'v'/L, af6f]/ k'v'/L, nfuf]gL k'v'/L, gf–k'v'/L, b]jL k'v'/L, s'DeL k'v'/L, ¿kfxL k'v'/L cflb d'Vo x'g\ . oxfFsf k|frLg ;8snfO{ logsf kfnfdf :t/f]Gglt klg ul/of] . kf]v/Lx¿afx]s cg]s gofF ;8s klg vlgP .

a]nfotLx¿n] !*@# df ;lbofdf ;j{k|yd lrofsf af]6 e]6] . o;kl5 logn] oxLFaf6 Jofj;flos ¿kn] lrof v]tL ;'? u/]sf x'g\ . ltg;'lsofg]/sf] rfa'jfdf ;j{k|yd a]nfotLx¿åf/f cfw'lgs / Jofj;flos lrof v]tL ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . rfa'jf gfd rf cyf{t\ lrof / a'jf cyf{t\ KnfG6];gaf6 ag]sf] xf] .

!**@ df ltg;'lsofdf /]n cfOk'Uof] . /]n;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] o; If]qsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf cfd"n kl/jt{g eof] . dflg;sf] hLjg:t/ x\jfQ} plS;of] .

ltg;'lsof cf}Bf]lus lhNnf xf] . Pl;ofs} ;a}eGbf klxnf] t]nvfgL oxLF vlgPsf] xf] . l8uaf]Osf] t]n k|zf]wg sf/vfgf ef/ts} ;a}eGbf h]7f] xf] . df3{]l/6f / n]8f] cf]kg sf:6 sf]n dfOgsf nflu k|l;4 5g\ . ef/tdf ;a}eGbf a9L lrof pTkfbg / k|zf]wg ul/g] lhNnfdWo] ltg;'lsof Ps xf] . lrof, sf]Onf, t]n, sfi7, KnfOp8 pBf]usf nflu of] lhNnf gfd'b 5 . cf;fdsf] ;a}eGbf Hofbf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ug{] lhNnfdWo] Ps eP klg oxfF lrof, wfg, cb'jf, ;'Gtnf, sfutL cflb cg]s pTkfbgsf nflu of] lhNnf cu|0fL 5 .

;f+:s[lts pT;jx¿df lax', b'uf{ k"hf, sfnL k"hf, s/d, t';' pT;j, 57, cln cn lnufª, df]/g lax', d]8d d]kmL d'Vo x'g\ . hg;ª\Vofsf] *( k|ltzt lxGb", % k|ltzt lqml:6og, # k|ltzt d';ndfg / c¿ cNk;ª\Vofdf 5g\ . $& k|ltztn] c;ldof, !$ k|ltzt ;fb/L, !) k|ltzt aª\ufnL, *=% k|ltzt lxGbL, &=% k|ltzt g]kfnL efiff af]Ng]x¿ 5g\ .

ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M

l8uaf]O{ M Ps ;o jif{ k'/fgf] t]n vfgL cfh klg rfn' 5 . rfn' t]n k|zf]wg sf/vfgfdWo] ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] sf/vfgf oxLF 5 . of] lrof pTkfbgsf lx;fan] klg ax'd"No :yn xf] . ;kmf df};ddf oxfFaf6 pQ/tkm{ lxdfR5flbt lxdfno kj{tsf] b[Zofjnf]sg dgf]xf/L x'G5 .

/fli6«o t]n kfs{ M t]n Do'lhod, hª\unL xfQL, af3 / cg]s hfltsf r/fx¿ oxfFsf cfsif{0f x'g\ .

o'4 zjbfx:yn M bf];|f] ljZjo'4df hfkfgL kmf}h l8uaf]O{sf] Psbd} glhs cfOk'u]sf] lyof] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4df dfl/Psf of]4fx¿sf] ;fd"lxs bfx;+:sf/ :yn oxfFsf] Ps cfsif{0f xf] .

df3{]l/6f M lrof aufg / k|zf]wg sf/vfgfx¿, KnfOp8 km\Sof6/Lx¿, sf]Onf / t]nvfgL tyf l/kmfOg/Lx¿, lblxª gbLlsgf/sf] afn'jfsf lkslgs :k6x¿ oxfFsf d'Vo cfsif{0f x'g\ . oxfFsf lrofsf af]6x¿ ;DejtM ljZjs} pTs[i6 x'g\ .

l6lnª\uf dlGb/ M lnDsf a's ckm /]s8{;\sf cg';f/ ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L 306L ePsf] dlGb/ oxL xf] .

lzjwfd M

;lbof M ?lSd0fLsf] vf; hGde"ld xf] elgG5 . r'ltof clw/fHosf] /fhwfgL ;x/ ;lbof xf] . ?lSd0fL pBfg x]g{] . zxLb c?0fs'df/ /fO{ . a"9fa"9Lyfg .

v]ns'b M l8uaf]O{ v]nk|]dLx¿sf] :ju{ xf] . oxfFsf] !*–xf]n uf]Nkm sf];{ :sl6;x¿sf] b]g xf] . l8uaf]O{nfO{ uf]lNkmª l/hf]6{ eg]/} elGbP x'G5 .

g];gn kfs{x¿ M oxfFsf] lba|'–;fOv'jf /fli6«o lgs'~h ljZjk|l;4 5 . b]lxª–k6sfO{ jGohGt' cf/If cf;fdsf] nueu clGtd ;dzLtf]i0f a]F;Lsf] l;d;f/ jg:klt tyf hLjhGt' cf/If xf] .

oxfFsf df]/fg hfltnfO{ :jfoQtf lbO{ df]/fg c6f]gf]d; If]q lbOPsf] 5 . cf;fddf o:tf kfFr–5 j6f c6f]gf]d; If]qx¿ tf]lsPsf 5g\ .

r'gk'/f k'Ug], oxfFsf] r'gk'/f xfO{ :'snaf6 b'O{ lsnf]ld6/hlt pQ/df kfyLe/f dlGb/ 5 . ToxfF klg k'Ug] . of] 7fpF hfg clDasfk'/af6 xfO{ :s'naf6 ;f9] kfFr lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf k5{ . 

 

 

!&= lba|'u9

lba|'u9 cf;fdsf] /fhwfgL lb;k'/af6 nueu $#% lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df /x]sf] Ps dxfgu/ xf] . of] lhNnf ;b/d'sfdsf ;fy} ;f]gf]jn s5f/L c6f]gf]d; sfplG;nsf] ;b/d'sfd klg xf] . ;f]gf]jn s5f/L cflbjf;Lx¿ vf;u/L cf;fdsf] o; e]sdf dfq 5g\ .

P]ltxfl;s ;x/ lba|'u9nfO{ @)@$ df cf;fdsf] bf];|f] dxfgu/ 3f]lift ul/of] . nlvdk'/af6 !(&! df o;nfO{ cnu lhNnfsf] dfGotf ldn]sf] x]f . lba|'u9af6 k'gM km'6]/ !(*( df ltg;'lsof lhNnf cnUu} agfOof] . lba|'u9nfO{ ef/tsf] lrofsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ elgG5 .

 

e|d0fof]Uo :yfg M

/fwfs[i0f dlGb/, huGgfy dlGb/ -& lsld_, gx/sl6of, b]lxª kf]6s} jGohGt' cf/If, hf]Ok'/ /]g km/]:6, a|x\dk'q gbL, af]lulan k'n, $=% lsld_ gfDkmfs] ufpF . lba|'u9 ljZjljBfnon]sO{ 5]ltof d}bfg, b]lxª ;q, /}8f]ª\luof 8f]n, alxvf]jf d}bfg, aa{?jf d}bfg, Anhd OUhf]l6sf . l8Uaf]O{df ;a}eGbf klxn] vlgh t]n pTvgg ePsf] lyof] . cfh lba|'u9 lhNnfsf b'lnofhfg, lbsf]d, 6]ª\ufvft / df]/g t]n pTkfbgsf nflu d'Vo :yfg x'g\ .

lba|'u9sf ljlzi6 JolStx¿ M

!= Hof]ltk|;fb cu/jfnf M ef/tLo gf6ssf/, uLtsf/, slj, lkmNdd]s/

@= k/]z a?cf M pNkmf g]tf

#= kl/0fLtf af]/7fs'/ M cleg]t[

$= /~hg uf]uf]O{ M k|wfg GofofwLz

%= gLndf]gL km'Ssg M c;ldof n]vs, slj, :jtGqtf ;]gfgL, /fhg]tf

 

 

!*= zf]l0ftk'/

of] lhNnf sfaL{ cfªnª lhNnfkl5sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] lhNnf xf] . t]hk'/nfO{ ‘l;6L ckm O6g{n /f]dfG;’ elgG5 . oxfFsf] lrqn]vf pBfg Psbd} rlr{t / ;'Gb/ 5 . oxfFsf] ef]df]/fu'8L lznfn]v k|frLg xf] . jf0ff;'/n] cfkm\gL 5f]/L piffsf nflu agfPsf] lsNnf clUgu9 xf] . >Ls[i0fsf gflt clg?4 / jf0ff;'/sL Psnf}6L 5f]/L piffsf] k|]dsyfn] o;nfO{ cgGt k|]dsf] ;x/ agfPsf] xf] . 5f]/LnfO{ k|]dnLnf ug{ glbg / PsfGtjf;df kfg{sf nflu agfPsf] lsNnf xf] clUgu9 . clg?4n] piffnfO{ eufPkl5 jf0ff;'/n] ltgLx¿nfO{ kqmL y'Gof] . >Ls[i0fn] clg?4 / piffnfO{ jf0ff;'/;Fu o'4 u/L d'St u/fPsf] o'4e"ld g} t]hk'/ xf] .

kbdkf]v/L M of] kf]v/Lsf] aLrdf Ps ;fgf] 6fk' 5 . oxfF;Dd hfgsf nflu kmnfd] k'n agfOPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ 8'ª\uf r9]/ hfg ?rfpF5g\ . 6fk'nfO{ ;'Gb/ pBfgsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/Psf] 5 .

sf]lno ef]df]/f ;]t' M cxf]d ;]gfklt sf]lno ef]df]/f km'sgsf] gfddf agfOPsf] kSsL k'n . a|x\dk'q gbLdf . tLg lsnf]ld6/eGbf s]xL nfdf] of] k'n x]g{ nfos 5 . o;n] zf]l0ftk'/ / gufpF lhNnfnfO{ hf]8\b5 .

e}/jL dlGb/ M o;nfO{ :yfgLox¿ dfO{yfg of e}/jL b]jfno eGb5g\ . of] dlGb/ sf]lno ef]df]/f k'naf6 glhs} 5 . jf0ff;'/sf] b/af/sf] eUgfjz]if afd'gL kxf8df 5 . of] eUgfjz]if e}/jL dlGb/af6 b'O{ lsnf]ld6/hltsf] b"/Ldf 5 . jflnsf Ho]i7k'q jf0ff;'/sL ¿kjtL sGof piff o; dlGb/df k"hfcr{gfsf nflu k|ltlbg cfpg] uly{g\ eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 .

cr]n o; dlGb/df v;Laf]sf / uf]?sf] aln lbOG5 .

s]6s]Zj/ b]jn M s]6s]Zj/ b]jndf /x]sf] lzjlnª\u ljZjsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf lzjlnª\udWo] Ps xf] . k6sk6s ePsf e"sDksf sf/0f of] lzjlnª\u ufl8Psf] 7fpFaf6 pv]lnP/ clnslt klt{/ clxn] ePsf] 7fpFdf /xg k'u]sf] elgG5 .

dxfe}/j dlGb/ M t]hk'/ ;x/leqsf] of] dlGb/ /fhf af0ff;'/n] kf}/fl0fs sfnd} :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

xn]Zj/ M t]hk'/ ;x/af6 b; lsnf]ld6/hlt k/ 5 of] dlGb/ . s'g} ;dodf ls;fgn] xnf] hf]Tb} ubf{ oxfFsf] lzjlnª\u e]6]sf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . oxfF Ps dlGb/ aGof] . kl5 cxf]d /fhf ?b| l;+xn] ;g\ !&)% df cfhsf] ljzfn dlGb/ agfPsf] xf] elgG5 .

?b|kfb dlGb/ M lzjhLsf kfpsf] lrx\g ePsf] :yndf agfOPsf] dlGb/ . oxfF lzjhLn] af0ff;'/nfO{ bz{g lbg'ePsf] lyof] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . kl5 ;g\ !&#) df cxf]d /fhf ?b|l;+xn] oxfF ljzfn dlGb/ agfOlbP . t/ a|x\dk'qsf] l8ndf ag]sf] ;f] dlGb/ Ifo x'g uO{ xfn /x]sf] :yfgdf ;fl/Psf] dflgG5 .

cy{tGq M oxfFsf c;L k|ltzt dflg;sf] d'Vo cfosf] ;|f]t k/Dk/fut s[lif xf] . ;fdfGotof Ps afnL cGg kmnfpFb} cfPsf ls;fg cr]n cfw'lgs cf}hf/, pRr k|ljlw, pGgt aLp–dn cflbsf] pknAwtfn] ax'afnL nufpg], jif{df b'O{ afnL kmnfpg] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . wfg g} d'Vo v]tL /xFb} cfPsfdf a]nfotL zf;gsfndf lrofn] klg oxfF k|j]z kfof] . cfh lrof bf];|f] 7"nf] pTkfbg xf] . oxfF &# j6f lrofaufg 5g\ . cr]n ;'Fu'/kfng, dT:okfng, tfgdf sk8f a'Gg] tyf /]zdv]tL klg Jofj;flos :t/df ug{] ul/G5 .

zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf jGohGt' cf/If / /fli6«o lgs'~hsf sf/0f klg gfd'b 5 . gfd]/L /fli6«o lgs'~h / cf]/ª /fli6«o lgs'~hn] o;nfO{ jghª\un, jGohGt' / kof{j/0f /Iffsf] lhNnf agfPsf 5g\ . af]/gfbL / wgl;/Lh:tf gbLsf] aLrsf] of] lhNnf w]/} lx;fan] dxŒjsf] 5 .

t]hk'/df g]kfnL efifL ;flxTosf/ nLnf ltlD;gf / aGw' u0f]z kf}8\ofnnfO{ e]6\g'k5{ .

 

 

 

!(= w]dfhL

of] c;d /fHosf] pQ/L v08df a|x\dk'qsf] bfofF lsgf/fdf c?0ffrn /fHo;Fu hf]l8Psf] lhNnf xf] . lhNnfsf d'Vo ;x/L If]qx¿ w]dfhL, lbdpm, uf]ufd'v, hf]gfO{ ahf/, l;nfkfyf/, l;d]g 5fkf]/L, l;l:;af]/ufpF, t]nd cflb x'g\ .

w]dfhLsf d'Vo ko{6sLo :ynx¿ M

u]?sfd'v M a|x\dk'qsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;xfos gbL ;'agl;/L u]?sfd'vdf ldNb5 . of] :yfg w]dfhLaf6 $% lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df 5 . lxpFbsf lbgdf of] 7fpF lkslgs :k6 xf] . lgdf{0ffwLg ;'agl;/L afFwsf sf/0f klg of] rlr{t 5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePkl5 of] ef/tsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hnljB't\ cfof]hgf x'g]5 .

dflngLyfg M of] k|frLg dlGb/x¿sf] eUgfjz]if ePsf] :yfg c?0ffrn k|b]zdf kb{5 . nueu #) lsnf]ld6/ k5{ w]dfhLaf6 .

dfF dl0fk'/L yfg M of] w]dfhL ;x/af6 @% lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fklZrddf l:yt dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ cxf]d zf;gsfndf ag]sf] xf] .

3'u'xf 8f]n M Ps hgf cxf]d /fgL, 3'u'xL, sf] ;Ddfgdf agfOPsf] dlGb/ . w]dfhLaf6 nueu aL; lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fk"j{df 5 .

 

 

@)= gufpF

;g\ !*## df o; lhNnfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;nfO{ la|l6;x¿n] tLg ;Lsf] gfdn] lrGy]M lrs]g, lrN8]«g / s];]h cyf{t\, s'v'/f, afnaRrf / d'2f . ;g\ !**# sf] cf;fd ljb|f]xdf g]NnL / j/k/sf ufpFdf ePsf] cfdxTofnfO{ g]NnL cfdxTofsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . ltjf, aª\ufnL lxGb' / c;ldof eL8n] rnfPsf] pSt cfdxTofdf ;f]x| ;ob]lv b'O{ xhf/hlt aª\ufnL d';ndfgx¿sf] xTof ePsf] lyof] .

o; lhNnfsf] hldg ;fFRr} c;dfg 5 . kxf8, d}bfg, gbL / gbL–pkTosfn] o; lhNnfnfO{ ‘c;dfg‘ cyf{t\ ‘c;d’ agfPsf] 5 . cfh lhNnfsf] hg;ª\Vof nueu #) nfv 5 . ;fdfu'8L, lwª / ¿kfxL If]q d'l:nd ax'n 5 . afFsL If]q lxGb' ax'n 5g\ . gufpF ef/tsf d'l:nd hg;ª\Vof ax'dt ePsf sd} lhNnfdWo] Ps xf] .

;g\ @)!^ df xf]hfO{, bf]af]sf / nª\sf txl;nnfO{ ;d]6]/ 5'6\6} xf]hfO{ lhNnfsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . To;cl3 gufpF cf;fdsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf] lhNnf lyof] . k|l;4 c;ldof j}i0fj ;Gt zª\s/b]jsf] hGde"ld af]bf{]jfsf sf/0f of] k|l;4 tLy{:yn xf] . oL ;Gt kGw|f}F–;f]x|f}F ztfAbLsf x'g\ . xf6af/ / af]/w'jf gfd3/x¿ gufpFsf dlGb/x¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . gfd3/ eGgfn] sLt{g3/ a'em\g''k5{ otf .

ko{6sLo cfsif{0f M

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rDkfjtL s'08 M rDkfjtL gfnfdf /x]sf] of] em/gf xf] .

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slnofaf]/ M of] cxf]d /fHosfndf af]/km'vfgx¿sf] s]Gb| lyof] . slnofaf]/ d'unx¿sf lj?4 nl8Psf cg]s n8fOFsf] e"ld xf] .

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/fxf M cxf]d /fHosfndf /fxf Ps k|d'v Jofkfl/s gfsf lyof] . cfh klg h'6, wfg / t]nxgsf] Jofkf/sf nflu of] k|l;4 5 . oxfF xfn dT:okfng tflnd s]Gb| 5 .

sfdfVof dlGb/ M u'jfxf6Ls} h:tf] oxfF klg Pp6f sfdfVof dlGb/ 5 . x/]s jif{ oxfF czf]s ci6dL -r}qz'Sn ci6dL_ d]nf w'dwfdsf ;fy dgfOG5 . oxLFg]/ l;n3f6 lqz"nwf/L dlGb/ klg 5 . a|x\dk'qsf] ;'Gb/ b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu of] :yn pko'St 5 .

km'nfu'8L M ;g\ !*^! df km'nfu'8L w]jf ePsf] 7fpF xf] of] . k"jf{]Q/ ef/tdf ;a}eGbf klxn] ls;fg ljb|f]x oxLF ePsf] xf] . s[lif pkhdf la|l6; ueg{d]G6n] nufPsf] cTolws s/n] ls;fgsf] 9f8 efFr]sf] lyof] . w]jf ljb|f]xdf la|l6; clkm;/ SofK6]g l;ª\u/ dfl/Psf lyP . ljb|f]xLx¿n] pgsf] nf;nfO{ glhs}sf] sf]nf]ª gbLdf axfOlbPsf lyP .

sflh/ª\uf g];gn kfs{ M ;g\ !(&$ df sflh/ª\uf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . kfs{ uf]nf3f6 lhNnfdf klg km}lnPsf] 5 .

nfcf]vf]jf jGohGt' cf/If M of] cf/If klg gufpF lhNnfdf k5{ . Psl;Fu] u}F8f, lrt'jf, af3, cgf{, efn', d[u cflb cg]s hGt' oxfF kfOG5g\ . o;} u/L ljleGg k|hfltsf r/f / hnhGt' klg oxfF 5g\ . ljleGg hftsf uf]xLx¿ oxfFsf csf{ cfsif{0f x'g\ .

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hvfnaGbf M t]hk'/af6 gufpF hfg'cl3 hvfnaGbf hfg' 7Ls x'G5 . oxfF dlxiff;'/dlb{gLsf] k|Voft dlGb/ 5 . o;nfO{ Ps zlStkL7sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . t]hk'/af6 a|x\dk'q t/L sflnofaf]/, 5GTofn ufpF x'Fb} hfg'k5{ . t]hk'/af6 nueu #) lsnf]ld6/ / sflnofaf]/af6 !) lsldhlt k5{ .

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